360:, including a belief in the spiritual equality of the sexes, who were held "separate but equal." Each gender had separate Meetings for Business. This practice was considered to give the women more power and was not meant to demean them. During the 18th century, some Quakers felt that women were not participating fully in Meetings for Business as most women would not "nay-say" their husbands. The solution was to form the two separate Meetings for Business. Many Quaker meeting houses were built with a movable divider down the middle. During Meetings for Worship, the divider was raised, although men and women remained in their separate sections. During Business meetings the divider was lowered, creating two rooms. Each gender ran their own separate business meetings. Any issue which required the consent of the whole meeting—building repairs for example—would involve sending an emissary to the other meeting.
685:, had travelled up Yonge Street and found a fertile area where he thought he could create a new community that would unite Friends in Canada - until then split between two Yearly Meetings. He applied for and received a grant for land totalling 40 farms, each of 200 acres (0.8 km), and subsequently returned to Vermont to recruit families to operate those farms. By February 1802, he had set out for King Township with the first group of settlers for those forty farms. A second group followed later that month settling in neighbouring Whitchurch township.
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220:, in reference to its monthly business meeting. The Monthly Meeting admitted members, disciplined them, and created committees of oversight. The Monthly Meeting had oversight of its constituent meetings for worship, which, when meeting for business, were called Preparative Meetings. The Monthly Meeting, in turn, reported to a Quarterly or Half Yearly regional meeting, which in turn joined other regional meetings in a
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sect into a church—by adopting mainstream
Protestant orthodoxy". Hicksites, though they held a variety of views, generally saw the market economy as corrupting and believed Orthodox Quakers had sacrificed spirituality for material success. Hicksites viewed the Bible as secondary to the individual cultivation of God's light within. Hicksite beliefs were similar to those of the Children of Peace in their liberalism.
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286:. Quakers believe that nonviolent confrontation of evil and peaceful reconciliation are always superior to violent measures. Peace testimony does not mean that Quakers engage only in passive resignation; in fact, they often practice passionate activism. The Peace Testimony is probably the best known testimony of Friends. Because of their peace testimony, Friends are considered as one of the historic
407:") in front of others. When this happens, Quakers believe that the spirit of God is speaking through the speaker. After someone has spoken, more than a few minutes pass in silence before further vocal ministry is given. Sometimes a meeting is entirely silent, sometimes many speak. Those who worship in this style hold each person to be equal before God and capable of knowing
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for goods rather than bargaining. Early
Friends also objected to the names of the days and months in the English language, because many of them referred to Roman or Norse gods, such as Mars (March) and Thor (Thursday), and Roman emperors, such as Julius (July). As a result, the days of the week were
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The
Hicksite-Orthodox split arose out of both ideologic and socioeconomic tension. Hicksites tended to be agrarian and poorer than the more urban, wealthier, Orthodox Quakers. With increasing financial success, Orthodox Quakers wanted to "make the society a more respectable body—to transform their
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Friends believed that it was important to avoid fanciness in dress, speech, and material possessions, because those things tend to distract one from waiting on God's personal guidance. They also tend to cause a person to focus on himself more than on his fellow human beings, in violation of Jesus'
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Friends practiced plainness in speech by not referring to people in the "fancy" ways that were customary. Often
Friends would address high-ranking persons using the familiar forms of "thee" and "thou", instead of the respectful "you". Later, as "thee" and "thou" disappeared from everyday English
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In this period, Friends adhered to the practice of spontaneous ministry. They would gather together in "expectant waiting upon God" to experience his voice leading them from within. There is no plan on how the meeting will proceed. Friends believe that God plans what will happen, with his spirit
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region of Upper Canada in 1798. These new
Canadian meetings thus remained in touch with their home meetings (and relatives left behind) and their Yearly Meeting. They also served as a receiving station, easing the flow of settlers from east to west and ensuring they had an established network of
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The consolidation of the
Children of Peace in Hope was accompanied by their adoption of a cooperative economy. Through cooperative marketing, the establishment of a credit union, and a land-sharing system, the Children of Peace all became prosperous farmers in an era when new farmers frequently
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to acknowledge them before speaking. Direct replies to someone's contribution are not permitted, with an aim of seeking truth rather than of debating. A decision is reached when the meeting, as a whole, feels that the "way forward" has been discerned (also called "coming to unity"). There is no
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described in
Revelation 21, and used once a month to collect alms for the poor; two other meeting houses in the village of "Hope" were used for regular Sunday worship. The Children of Peace, having fled a cruel and uncaring English pharaoh, viewed themselves as the new Israelites lost in the
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usage, many
Quakers continued to use these words as a form of "plain speech", though the original reason for this usage disappeared, along with "hath". In the twentieth century, "thou hath" disappeared, along with the associated second-person verb forms, so that "thee is" is normal.
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Quaker settlers who planned on moving were to request a "minute of membership" to bring to the Quaker meeting in their new neighbourhood. This was to ensure that
Quakers remained in touch even in frontier regions. As Quakers moved westward, into unsettled regions like
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penned the 'Observations on the
Slavery of the Africans' in 1811 (2nd ed. 1814), urging the boycott of the products of slave labor. Many families assisted slaves in their travels through the Underground Railroad, to ultimately settle in Upper Canada.
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was sent to be the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Early Quaker settlements were attempted in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and at Farnham in Quebec in the late 1700s. Permanent communities were realised at
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The Children of Peace played a critical role in the development of democracy in Canada through their support of William Lyon Mackenzie; and by ensuring the elections of both "fathers of responsible government,"
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Friends believe that all people are created equal in the eyes of God. Since all people embody the same divine spark all people deserve equal treatment. Friends were some of the first to value women as important
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553:, visited Norwich Township, and in June, 1810, with his brother-in-law, Peter De Long, purchased 15,000 acres (61 km) of land in this area. That autumn Lossing brought his family to
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wilderness of Upper Canada; here they would rebuild God's kingdom on the principle of charity. The village of "Hope" was their new Jerusalem, the focal point of God's kingdom on earth.
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known as "First Day" for Sunday, "Second Day" for Monday, and so forth. Similarly, the months of the year were "First Month" for January, "Second Month" for February, and so forth.
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voting. On some occasions a single Friend delays a decision because they feel the meeting is not following God's will. Because of this, many non-Friends describe this as
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of 1827, which resulted in a parallel system of Yearly Meetings in America and Upper Canada. The followers of Hicks were referred to by their opponents as
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failed. The Children of Peace were never communal like many of the other new religious movements then sprouting up in the United States (like the
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in the lower Hudson River Valley of New York state thus authorized a Preparative Meeting for its emigrating members to West Lake in the
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leading people to speak. When an individual Quaker feels led to speak, he or she will rise to their feet and share a spoken message ("
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after a schism in York County. A further schism occurred in 1828, leaving two branches, "Orthodox" Quakers and "Hicksite" Quakers.
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and a frame meeting house, planned in 1812, was erected in 1817. These resourceful pioneers founded one of the most successful
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and to contradict Quakers' historical orthodox Christian beliefs and practices. His preaching and teaching precipitated the
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in the Niagara District before 1800. Quakers immigrated to Canada from New York, the New England States, and Pennsylvania.
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dress: often in dark colors and lacking adornments such as fancy (or any) pockets, buttons, buckles, lace, or embroidery.
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and to campaign for women's rights; they became leaders in the anti-slavery movement, and were among the first to pioneer
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1207:'Union is Strength': W.L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
1177:'Union is Strength': W.L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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Union is Strength': W.L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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directly. Both men and women could minister. Anyone present may speak if they feel led to do so. Traditionally,
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and early in 1811 settled in Norwich Township. The De Long family and nine others, principally from
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Quakers Living in the Lion's Mouth: The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia, 1730-1865
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Friends to turn to. This is a classic example of the process known as chain migration.
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rather than making an oath or shaking hands to agree upon a deal, and setting
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peace testimony is largely derived from beliefs arising from the teachings of
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Showing the divisions of Quakers occurring in the 19th and 20h centuries.
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area, where he became known as the President of the Underground Railroad.
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154:(Society of Friends) have had a presence in Canada since 1670, when
1062:' religious views, like those of David Willson, were claimed to be
1209:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–149, 211–243.
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Farnworth One-Name study - article comparing Quakers and Puritans.
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Friends tradition of simplicity in dress, more properly called
1179:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 41–49, 115–8.
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teaching to "love thy neighbor as thyself." This emphasis on
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generally meant wearing clothes that were very similar to
1224:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 145.
1194:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 97–124.
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Canada Half Yearly Meeting under New York Yearly Meeting
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282:to love one's enemies and Friends' belief in the
363:Quakers were also prominently involved with the
1074:. Quakers in Great Britain only recognized the
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754:. Today, they are primarily remembered for the
303:meeting for worship with a concern for business
829:Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends
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761:The group founded the community of Hope (now
415:were recognised for their particular gift in
371:started helping runaway slaves as a child in
216:The basic unit of Quaker organization is the
163:on the Bay of Quinte and at the same time at
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375:. Later in his life, Coffin moved to the
356:Quakers hold a strong sense of spiritual
309:at which all members can attend. As in a
1697:Friends World Committee for Consultation
1677:Evangelical Friends Church International
802:, Canada's first farmers' co-operative.
187:Preparative meetings and chain migration
1805:Businesses, organizations and charities
1276:Prominent 19th-century Canadian Quakers
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541:In 1809 Peter Lossing, a member of the
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307:meeting for worship for church affairs
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822:Hicksite-Orthodox schism 1828
731:, Sharon, Ontario circa 1860.
709:Pickering Preparative Meeting
694:Queen St. Preparative Meeting
234:Nine Partners Monthly Meeting
1717:Quaker United Nations Office
1128:"Quaker Jane" on Plain dress
704:Uxbridge Preparative Meeting
78:Yonge Street Monthly Meeting
1205:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1190:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1175:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
474:Nine Partners meeting house
245:Philadelphia Yearly Meeting
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1220:Crothers, Glenn (2012).
497:Canada Half Year Meeting
170:A Canadian Quaker sect,
1722:Szechwan Yearly Meeting
1611:John Greenleaf Whittier
800:the Farmers' Storehouse
429:Testimony of Simplicity
250:New York Yearly Meeting
82:Canadian Yearly Meeting
1692:Friends United Meeting
1662:Britain Yearly Meeting
1328:William Pearce Howland
1115:The Quakers in America
1096:Upper Canada Rebellion
921:Friends United Meeting
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1657:A Quaker Action Group
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744:The Children of Peace
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349:for individuals with
332:Testimony of equality
172:the Children of Peace
57:The Children of Peace
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1601:Mary Coffin Starbuck
881:Conservative Friends
640:Yonge Street Quarter
392:Spontaneous ministry
365:Underground Railroad
1912:Quakerism by region
1891:ASFC Nobel nominees
1753:Integrity ("Truth")
1436:Kenneth E. Boulding
1323:Lawrence Hartshorne
1308:Joshua Gwillen Doan
681:Monthly Meeting in
311:meeting for worship
112:Religion portal
1830:Book of Discipline
1826:Faith and Practice
1541:Zephaniah Kingsley
1496:Joseph John Gurney
1151:2008-09-21 at the
1133:2008-04-15 at the
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877:
871:
869:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
841:
839:
834:
831:
830:
823:
820:
808:Robert Baldwin
720:
717:
715:
712:
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530:
522:
521:
514:
513:
507:
506:
505:
503:
502:Pelham Quarter
500:
498:
495:
427:Main article:
424:
421:
417:vocal ministry
405:vocal ministry
396:Main article:
393:
390:
373:North Carolina
358:egalitarianism
327:
324:
295:
292:
288:peace churches
269:Main article:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
222:Yearly Meeting
207:
206:
199:
198:
192:
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188:
185:
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180:
146:
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143:
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135:
128:
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102:
87:
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32:
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25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Perfectionism
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Homosexuality
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
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1796:
1790:
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1779:Latin America
1777:
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1774:North America
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1606:Jessamyn West
1604:
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1599:
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1596:Bayard Rustin
1594:
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1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
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1572:
1571:Parker Palmer
1569:
1567:
1566:Richard Nixon
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Lucretia Mott
1554:
1552:
1551:Dave Matthews
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Henry Hodgkin
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Ruth Harrison
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Elizabeth Fry
1489:
1487:
1484:
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1481:Margaret Fell
1479:
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1416:William Allen
1414:
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1394:
1389:
1387:
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1374:
1371:
1359:
1358:David Willson
1356:
1354:
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1336:
1334:
1333:Samuel Hughes
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
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1314:
1311:
1309:
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1303:Ebenezer Doan
1301:
1299:
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1129:
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1118:
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1097:
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1077:
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1061:
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1024:
1021:
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1005:
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1000:
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988:
983:
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979:
978:
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931:
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927:
926:
923:
922:
915:
914:
908:
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900:
899:
896:
895:
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883:
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876:Conservative
875:
874:
867:
866:
860:
859:
853:
852:
845:
844:
838:
837:
833:
832:
828:
827:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
780:
779:New Jerusalem
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
756:Sharon Temple
753:
752:David Willson
749:
745:
737:
730:
729:Sharon Temple
725:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:
684:
680:
657:
646:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
596:
595:
591:
586:
581:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
531:
511:
501:
496:
494:
491:
487:
482:
475:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
435:
430:
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420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
391:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
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344:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:
239:
238:Bay of Quinte
235:
231:
225:
223:
219:
196:
186:
181:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
157:
156:Charles Bayly
153:
141:
136:
134:
129:
127:
122:
121:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:
91:
90:
89:
88:
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68:
63:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1922:Upper Canada
1851:Inward light
1829:
1825:
1626:John Woolman
1581:William Penn
1561:James Nayler
1546:Benjamin Lay
1511:Edward Hicks
1476:Joshua Evans
1446:John Cadbury
1353:Elias Rogers
1338:Samuel Moore
1318:Joseph Gould
1298:Willet Casey
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1141:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:universalist
1058:
1017:
986:
935:
932:Evangelical
919:
879:
816:Orange Order
804:
790:, the early
784:
760:
743:
742:
676:
669:Yonge Street
598:Adolphustown
592:Adolphustown
571:Upper Canada
555:Upper Canada
540:
490:fixed prices
483:
479:
452:
443:
440:
401:
362:
355:
339:
310:
306:
302:
297:
274:
230:Upper Canada
226:
215:
169:
161:Adolphustown
149:
1736:Testimonies
1616:John Wilbur
1531:Rufus Jones
1516:Elias Hicks
1456:Anne Conway
1451:Levi Coffin
1408:Individuals
1343:Elias Moore
1060:Elias Hicks
615:Green Point
476:, New York.
455:plain dress
448:plain dress
423:Plain style
398:Inner light
385:Elias Hicks
369:Levi Coffin
284:inner light
260:Testimonies
176:War of 1812
1906:Categories
1758:Simplicity
1591:Betsy Ross
1576:Alice Paul
1506:Carl Heath
1486:George Fox
1471:Judi Dench
1466:James Dean
1101:References
987:Beaconite
916:Gurneyite
901:Gurneyite
868:Wilburite
625:Cold Creek
620:Wellington
437:Quaker Cap
299:Governance
182:Settlement
1767:By region
1080:Hicksites
1072:Hicksites
1006:Hicksite
846:Orthodox
630:Haldimand
610:West Lake
486:affirming
463:Mennonite
444:plainness
409:the light
343:ministers
294:Consensus
208:West Lake
1876:Tapestry
1748:Equality
1149:Archived
1131:Archived
1076:orthodox
777:and the
605:Kingston
582:Malahide
577:Yarmouth
551:New York
276:Friends'
65:Meetings
44:Timeline
21:a series
19:Part of
1881:Wedding
1871:Schools
1836:History
1810:Science
1400:Quakers
794:or the
792:Mormons
788:Shakers
714:Schisms
683:Vermont
563:Quakers
381:Indiana
152:Quakers
1789:Africa
1784:Europe
1635:Groups
771:Temple
763:Sharon
567:Quaker
523:Pelham
165:Pelham
23:on the
1886:Women
1866:Query
1815:Clerk
1798:Other
1743:Peace
765:) in
679:Danby
635:Leeds
545:from
459:Amish
315:clerk
280:Jesus
810:and
727:The
377:Ohio
334:and
150:The
1828:or
305:or
1908::
1082:.
818:.
573:.
549:,
419:.
290:.
224:.
1392:e
1385:t
1378:v
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
379:-
139:e
132:t
125:v
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