1970:(OHP) has predominantly been quantitatively oriented, some OHP researchers have employed qualitative methods. Qualitative research efforts, if directed properly, can provide advantages for quantitatively oriented OHP researchers. These advantages include help with (1) theory and hypothesis development, (2) item creation for surveys and interviews, (3) the discovery of stressors and coping strategies not previously identified, (4) interpreting difficult-to-interpret quantitative findings, (5) understanding why some stress-reduction interventions fail and others succeed, and (6) providing rich descriptions of the lived lives of people at work. Some OHP investigators have united qualitative and quantitative methods within a single study (e.g., Elfering et al., ); these investigators have used qualitative methods to assess job stressors that are difficult to ascertain using standard measures and well validated standardized instruments to assess coping behaviors and dependent variables such as mood.
1680:. From the perspective of the scientist, data collection, data analysis, discussion of the data in the context of the research literature, and drawing conclusions should be each undertaken once (or at most a small number of times). In qualitative research however, data are collected repeatedly until one or more specific stopping conditions are met, reflecting a nonstatic attitude to the planning and design of research activities. An example of this dynamism might be when the qualitative researcher unexpectedly changes their research focus or design midway through a study, based on their first interim data analysis. The researcher can even make further unplanned changes based on another interim data analysis. Such an approach would not be permitted in an experiment. Qualitative researchers would argue that recursivity in developing the relevant evidence enables the researcher to be more open to unexpected results and emerging new
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Compared to something like a written survey, qualitative interviews allow for a significantly higher degree of intimacy, with participants often revealing personal information to their interviewers in a real-time, face-to-face setting. As such, this technique can evoke an array of significant feelings and experiences within those being interviewed. Sociologists Bredal, Stefansen and Bjørnholt identified three "participant orientations", that they described as "telling for oneself", "telling for others" and "telling for the researcher". They also proposed that these orientations implied "different ethical contracts between the participant and researcher".
51:
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1550:, pay attention to how the subjectivity of both the researcher and the study participants can affect the theory that develops out of the research. The symbolic interactionist approach to qualitative research examines how individuals and groups develop an understanding of the world. Traditional positivist approaches to qualitative research seek a more objective understanding of the social world. Qualitative researchers have also been influenced by the
1817:, qualitative researchers assert that by clearly articulating their definitions of the codes they use and linking those codes to the underlying data, they preserve some of the richness that might be lost if the results of their research boiled down to a list of predefined categories. Qualitative researchers also assert that their procedures are repeatable, which is an idea that is valued by quantitatively oriented researchers.
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1833:, interviewer corroboration, peer debriefing, prolonged engagement, negative case analysis, auditability, confirmability, bracketing, and balance. Data triangulation and eliciting examples of interviewee accounts are two of the most commonly used methods of establishing the trustworthiness of qualitative studies. Transferability of results has also been considered as an indicator of validity.
1497:. The historical transitions or 'moments' in qualitative research, together with the notion of 'paradigms' (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), have received widespread popularity over the past decades. However, some scholars have argued that the adoptions of paradigms may be counterproductive and lead to less philosophically engaged communities.
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The abundance of self-disclosure on social media has presented an unprecedented opportunity for qualitative and mixed methods researchers; mental health problems can now be investigated qualitatively more widely, at a lower cost, and with no intervention by the researchers. To take advantage of these
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ethnographers get to understand a culture by directly participating in the activities of the culture they study. Participant observation extends further than ethnography and into other fields, including psychology. For example, by training to be an EMT and becoming a participant observer in the lives
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without detailed hand coding or labeling. Such programs do not supplant the interpretive nature of coding. The programs are aimed at enhancing analysts' efficiency at applying, retrieving, and storing the codes generated from reading the data. Many programs enhance efficiency in editing and revising
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In general, coding refers to the act of associating meaningful ideas with the data of interest. In the context of qualitative research, interpretative aspects of the coding process are often explicitly recognized and articulated; coding helps to produce specific words or short phrases believed to be
1914:
Edwin
Farrell used qualitative methods to understand the social reality of at-risk high school students. Later he used similar methods to understand the reality of successful high school students who came from the same neighborhoods as the at-risk students he wrote about in his previously mentioned
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Glaser and
Strauss, influential members of the qualitative research community, pioneered the idea that theoretically important categories and hypotheses can emerge "naturally" from the observations a qualitative researcher collects, provided that the researcher is not guided by preconceptions. The
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Since the advent of social media in the early 2000s, formerly private accounts of personal experiences have become widely shared with the public by millions of people around the world. Disclosures are often made openly, which has contributed to social media's key role in movements like the #metoo
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carrying forward Katz's point wrote that "objects can be classified and can become similar or dissimilar, only in this way--by being related to needs and interests. This rule applied not only to animals but also to scientists." Popper made clear that observation is always selective, based on past
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in order to collect data that is rich in detail and context. Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena or to gain insight into people's experiences and perspectives on a particular topic. It is particularly useful when researchers want to understand the meaning that people
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Sometimes researchers rely on computers and their software to scan and reduce large amounts of qualitative data. At their most basic level, numerical coding schemes rely on counting words and phrases within a dataset; other techniques involve the analysis of phrases and exchanges in analyses of
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Research interviews are an important method of data collection in qualitative research. An interviewer is usually a professional or paid researcher, sometimes trained, who poses questions to the interviewee, in an alternating series of usually brief questions and answers, to elicit information.
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The
Baconian character of qualitative research refers to the idea that a qualitative researcher can collect enough observations such that categories and hypotheses will emerge from the data. Glaser and Strauss developed the idea of theoretical sampling by way of collecting observations until
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According to
Krippendorf, "Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inference from data to their context" (p. 21). It is applied to documents and written and oral communication. Content analysis is an important building block in the conceptual analysis of
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refers to the fact that people often behave differently when they know they are being observed. Over-identifying with participants refers to a sympathetic investigator studying a group of people and ascribing, more than is warranted, a virtue or some other characteristic to one or more
1476:
Qualitative research has been informed by several strands of philosophical thought and examines aspects of human life, including culture, expression, beliefs, morality, life stress, and imagination. Contemporary qualitative research has been influenced by a number of branches of
1927:, qualitative methods have become increasingly employed in research on understanding health and illness and how health and illness are socially constructed in everyday life. Since then, a broad range of qualitative methods have been adopted by health psychologists, including
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qualitative data. It is frequently used in sociology. For example, content analysis has been applied to research on such diverse aspects of human life as changes in perceptions of race over time, the lifestyles of contractors, and even reviews of automobiles.
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According to Doldor and colleagues organizational psychologists extensively use qualitative research "during the design and implementation of activities like organizational change, training needs analyses, strategic reviews, and employee development plans."
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Qualitative researchers use different sources of data to understand the topic they are studying. These data sources include interview transcripts, videos of social interactions, notes, verbal reports and artifacts such as books or works of art. The
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Wertz, Charmaz, McMullen. "Five Ways of Doing
Qualitative Analysis: Phenomenological Psychology, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Research, and Intuitive Inquiry". 16-18. The Guilford Press: March 30, 2011. 1st ed.
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Qualitative research is not without limitations. These limitations include participant reactivity, the potential for a qualitative investigator to over-identify with one or more study participants, "the impracticality of the
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suggested that there can be no orderly arrangement of observations such that a hypothesis will jump out of those ordered observations; some provisional hypothesis usually guides the collection of observations.
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Elfering, A.; Grebner, S.; Semmer, N. K.; Kaiser-Freiburghaus, D.; Lauper-Del Ponrte, S.; Witschi, I. (2005). "Chronic job stressors and job control: Effects on event-related coping success and well-being".
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Schonfeld, I. S., & Farrell, E. (2010). Qualitative methods can enrich quantitative research on occupational stress: An example from one occupational group. In D. C. Ganster & P. L. Perrewé (Eds.),
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Phenomenology refers to the philosophical study of the structure of an individual's consciousness and general subjective experience. Approaches to qualitative research based on constructionism, such as
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refers to the emergent nature of research design. In contrast to standardized research methods, recursivity embodies the idea that the qualitative researcher can change a study's design during the
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Schonfeld, I.S., & Mazzola, J.J. (2013). Strengths and limitations of qualitative approaches to research in occupational health psychology. In R. Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. Tetrick (Eds.),
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A central issue in qualitative research is trustworthiness (also known as credibility or, in quantitative studies, validity). There are many ways of establishing trustworthiness, including
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Autobiographical narrative research has been conducted in the field of community psychology. A selection of autobiographical narratives of community psychologists can be found in the book
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Qualitative researchers may gather information through observations, note-taking, interviews, focus groups (group interviews), documents, images and artifacts.
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wrote "a hungry animal divides the environment into edible and inedible things....Generally speaking, objects change...according to the needs of the animal."
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idea that hypotheses arise from data unsullied by prior expectations," the inadequacy of qualitative research for testing cause-effect hypotheses, and the
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Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. Teachers College Press, 1998, pg.49
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conversations. A computerized approach to data analysis can be used to aid content analysis, especially when there is a large corpus to unpack.
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1591:, the study of self, is a qualitative research method in which the researcher uses his or her personal experience to understand an issue.
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is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals'
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attach to their experiences or when they want to uncover the underlying reasons for people's behavior. Qualitative methods include
1521:. Several philosophical and psychological traditions have influenced investigators' approaches to qualitative research, including
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Challenges for a Service System in Transition: Ensuring Quality Community Experiences for Persons with Developmental Disabilities
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is an inductive type of research, based on ("grounded" in) a very close look at the empirical observations a study yields.
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of EMTs, Palmer studied how EMTs cope with the stress associated with some of the gruesome emergencies they deal with.
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is obtained and no additional observations are required to understand the character of the individuals under study.
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codes, which allow for more effective work sharing, peer review, data examination, and analysis of large datasets.
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A criticism of quantitative coding approaches is that such coding sorts qualitative data into predefined (
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Recursivity in qualitative research procedures contrasts to the methods used by scientists who conduct
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Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research
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research and the investigators' goals and motives and that preconceptionless research is impossible.
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Contemporary qualitative data analyses can be supported by computer programs (termed
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exemplifies qualitative researchers' preference for depth, detail, and context. Data
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Qualitative researchers have a number of analytic strategies available to them.
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2169:
King, Gary; Keohane, Robert O.; Verba, Sidney (2021-08-17).
1806:) categories that are reflective of the categories found in
3179:
3177:
3175:
2765:
Qualitative communication research methods: Second edition
2690:
Bredal, Anja; Stefansen, Kari; Bjørnholt, Margunn (2022).
2634:(1st edition). Routledge (reprinted as an e-book in 2017).
3864:
Qualitative research & evaluation methods ( 3rd ed.)
3348:
The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology
3156:
Qualitative research in education : a user's guide
2516:
Marshall, Catherine & Rossman, Gretchen B. (1998).
2484:
Ralph, N.; Birks, M.; Chapman, Y. (29 September 2014).
2105: – Psychological research with qualitative methods
3265:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994
3078:
3076:
4065:
Living Theory Approach to Qualitative Action Research
3857:
Epistemology and Metaphysics for Qualitative Research
3458:
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
3094:
3092:
2407:
The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods
2270:
2268:
2075: – Theory and methodology of text interpretation
2011:
Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal
1859:
and certain types of nonexperimental research (e.g.,
4054:
Qualitative analysis, with a focus on interview data
3701:
The SAGE Handbook of qualitative research ( 4th ed.)
2938:
Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology
2916:. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. pp. 381–403.
2212:
International Journal of Social Research Methodology
2067:
Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
1770:
Common qualitative data analysis software includes:
1760:
computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software
4960:
4894:
4771:
4710:
4627:
4574:
4386:
4355:
4270:
4214:
4158:
4127:
4035:
Analyzing and Reporting Qualitative Market Research
3909:. Göttingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
3869:Pawluch D. & Shaffir W. & Miall C. (2005).
3777:
Doing and Writing Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition
3319:
Qualitative health psychology: Theories and methods
1949:published a special issue on qualitative research.
1605:is primarily used to analyze spoken conversations.
1613:, based on biographical narratives and documents.
2466:
2464:
2462:
2288:(3rd ed.), pp. 191-215. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
1587:is also a strategy used in qualitative research.
1436:. Qualitative research methods have been used in
3350:, 2nd ed. (pp.522-542). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3317:Murray, M. & Chamberlain, K. (Eds.) (1999).
3158:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
1855:participants. Compared to qualitative research,
3873:. Toronto, ON Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press.
2620:(2nd ed.). Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.
2087: – Approach to research in social sciences
4612:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
3330:Gough, B., & Deatrick, J.A. (eds.)(2015).
2855:Holstein, J. A.; Gubrium, J. F., eds. (2012).
2632:Qualitative methods and health policy research
2117: – Medical data derived from many sources
2081: – Epistemological position in praxeology
1621:that people use to describe their experience.
4101:
3235:Kelly, J.G. & Song, A.V. (Eds.). (2004).
2872:The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers
2767:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
2569:Social Interpretive Research. An Introduction
1381:
525:
8:
4991:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4297:
3934:Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods
3699:Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011).
3692:Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000).
3332:Qualitative research in health psychology .
2840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3968:Real Science: what it is, and what it means
3920:Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences
3845:Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994).
3694:Handbook of qualitative research ( 2nd ed.)
3084:The Oxford handbook of qualitative research
2826:Gubrium, J. F. and Holstein, J. A. (2009).
2763:Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002)
2572:. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
2093: – Method to develop and test theories
4571:
4560:
4124:
4108:
4094:
4086:
3706:DeWalt, K. M. & DeWalt, B. R. (2002).
3239:. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press.
3112:Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016).
2424:Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016).
1762:). These programs have been employed with
1388:
1374:
559:
543:
532:
518:
49:
29:
4515:Relationship between religion and science
3871:Doing Ethnography: Studying Everyday Life
3821:
3401:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
3362:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
3252:. New York: Teachers College Press: 1990.
3086:. (pp. 606–638). Oxford University Press.
3056:
2715:
2705:
2501:
2314:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2286:The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research
3534:. Big data in the behavioural sciences.
1953:Industrial and organizational psychology
1941:interpretative phenomenological analysis
1741:
1609:is concerned with the reconstruction of
1601:involves analyzing patterns of meaning.
1434:interpretative phenomenological analysis
463:Library and information science software
4836:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
3866:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3696:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3438:(pp. 137-197). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
3395:Schonfeld, I.S.; Mazzola, J.J. (2015).
2128:
551:
41:
4191:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
4076:Yale University series by Leslie Curry
3532:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
2833:
2652:: Wadsworth Cengage. pp. 303–04.
2470:Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967).
2400:
2398:
2396:
2099: – Subfield of geographic methods
1746:A screenshot of a user coding text on
458:Geographic information system software
3689:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3102:. Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications.
3098:Lincoln, Y. & Guba, E. G. (1985)
2894:Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1990).
1665:In qualitative research, the idea of
7:
2303:
2301:
2247:Transactions on Software Engineering
3963:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
3956:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
3710:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
3187:(pp. 268-289). New York: Routledge.
2912:. In Hayden, M.; Abery, B. (eds.).
2601:Savin-Baden, M.; Major, C. (2013).
2553:10.17730/humo.39.4.x42432981487k54q
2311:The Science of Qualitative Research
1850:character of qualitative research.
1837:Limitations of qualitative research
4468:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
4041:Overview of available QDA Software
3444:10.1108/S1479-3555(2010)0000008007
2798:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00114.x
2786:Journal of Occupational Psychology
2616:Taylor, S. J.; Bogdan, R. (1984).
2103:Qualitative psychological research
1966:Although research in the field of
25:
4796:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4780:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
4636:The Course in Positive Philosophy
3703:. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
3226:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2908:Racino, J.; O'Connor, S. (1994).
1993:Consumption Markets & Culture
3859:. London, UK: Sage Publications.
3840:Argonauts of the Western Pacific
2998:Administrative Science Quarterly
2050:
2036:
1355:
4788:History and Class Consciousness
3760:Questioning Qualitative Inquiry
3649:(1943). "Recent anthropology".
3640:, 19(40): 1-25. Available from
3224:A history of western philosophy
2857:Varieties of Narrative Analysis
2811:Riessman, Catherine K. (1993).
2630:Murphy, E; Dingwall, R (2003).
941:Peace, war, and social conflict
4652:Critical History of Philosophy
2518:Designing Qualitative Research
2175:. Princeton University Press.
1968:occupational health psychology
1962:Occupational health psychology
1:
4860:Knowledge and Human Interests
4196:Rankean historical positivism
3770:What is qualitative research?
3737:The consequences of modernity
3732:". London/New York. Routledge
3121:British Journal of Management
2952:American Journal of Sociology
2646:The Basics of Social Research
2433:British Journal of Management
2085:Participatory action research
4978:
4644:A General View of Positivism
4004:Resources in other libraries
3961:Ethnography: A way of seeing
3902:Interpretive Social Research
3838:Malinowski, B. (1922/1961).
3713:Fischer, C.T. (Ed.) (2005).
3582:Sociological Research Online
3544:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.005
3485:Media, Culture & Society
3277:Journal of Health Psychology
2566:Rosenthal, Gabriele (2018).
1998:Journal of Consumer Research
4844:Conjectures and Refutations
4676:The Logic of Modern Physics
4493:Deductive-nomological model
3918:Stebbins, Robert A. (2001)
3779:. London: Sage Publications
3671:10.1126/science.98.2546.334
3058:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.014
2828:Analyzing Narrative Reality
2520:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
5060:
4804:The Poverty of Historicism
4700:The Universe in a Nutshell
4684:Language, Truth, and Logic
4668:The Analysis of Sensations
3972:Cambridge University Press
3922:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3849:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3794:Princeton University Press
3657:(2546): 311–314, 334–337.
3374:10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.136
3289:10.1177/135910539800300301
3200:. London: Longmans, Green.
3154:Lichtman, Marilyn (2013).
2859:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2830:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2815:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2405:Given, L. M., ed. (2008).
1726:
1699:
1636:
612:Human environmental impact
5044:Psychological methodology
5012:
4884:The Rhetoric of Economics
4570:
4565:Positivist-related debate
4559:
4123:
4026:Participant Observation,
3999:Resources in your library
3847:Qualitative Data Analysis
3842:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
3741:Stanford University Press
3728:Franklin, M. I. (2012), "
2940:. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
2707:10.1177/14687941221138409
2379:. London: Haworth Press.
2224:10.1080/13645570902966056
1715:Pattern thematic analysis
1456:, social work, folklore,
485:Qualitative data analysis
4820:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4537:Structural functionalism
4463:Naturalism in literature
3775:Holliday, A. R. (2007).
3685:Creswell, J. W. (2003).
3497:10.1177/0163443715608259
3213:. New York: Basic Books.
2936:Krippendorf, K. (1980).
2870:Saldana, Johnny (2012).
2503:10.1177/2158244014552425
2320:10.1017/cbo9780511779947
1702:Coding (social sciences)
1541:Philosophical traditions
706:Structural functionalism
4947:Willard Van Orman Quine
4660:Idealism and Positivism
4252:Critique of metaphysics
4186:Sociological positivism
3959:Wolcott, H. F. (1999).
3952:Wolcott, H. F. (1995).
3708:Participant observation
3470:10.1348/096317905x40088
3133:10.1111/1467-8551.12188
2445:10.1111/1467-8551.12188
2358:Creswell, John (2008).
2343:Creswell, John (2006).
2308:Packer, Martin (2010).
1974:Social media psychology
1943:. In 2015, the journal
1654:participant observation
1648:Participant observation
1531:symbolic interactionism
726:Symbolic interactionism
621:Industrial revolutions
18:Qualitative methodology
4992:
4961:Concepts in contention
4602:
4592:
4582:
4473:Objectivity in science
4371:Non-Euclidean geometry
4337:Methodological dualism
4298:
4015:Qualitative Philosophy
3862:Patton, M. Q. (2002).
3638:The Qualitative Report
2954:. 114 Suppl: S106-37.
2496:(3): 215824401455242.
2079:Methodological dualism
2024:The Qualitative Report
1910:Educational psychology
1882:theoretical saturation
1852:Participant reactivity
1750:
1552:sociology of knowledge
1527:social constructionism
1515:development psychology
716:Social constructionism
364:Inferential statistics
310:Descriptive statistics
257:Human subject research
4868:The Poverty of Theory
4488:Philosophy of science
4377:Uncertainty principle
3879:Ragin, C. C. (1994).
3855:Pernecky, T. (2016).
3772:, London, Bloomsbury.
2989:Evans, James (2004).
2644:Babbie, Earl (2014).
2578:10.17875/gup2018-1103
2109:Quantitative research
2097:Qualitative geography
1857:experimental research
1745:
1607:Biographical research
1603:Conversation analysis
1501:Approaches to inquiry
1454:communication studies
1091:Conversation analysis
666:Social stratification
148:Philosophical schools
5034:Qualitative research
4876:The Scientific Image
4547:Structuration theory
4510:Qualitative research
4411:Criticism of science
4406:Critical rationalism
4342:Problem of induction
3990:Qualitative research
3966:Ziman, John (2000).
3954:The art of fieldwork
3883:, Pine Forge Press,
3790:Games Prisoners Play
3735:Giddens, A. (1990).
3222:Russell, B. (1945).
3100:Naturalistic Inquiry
2697:Qualitative Research
2605:. London: Routledge.
2018:Qualitative Research
1898:Community psychology
1639:Interview (research)
1466:software engineering
1458:educational research
1401:Qualitative research
473:Reference management
423:Scientific modelling
165:Critical rationalism
4852:One-Dimensional Man
4300:Geisteswissenschaft
4283:Confirmation holism
3897:Rosenthal, Gabriele
3663:1943Sci....98..334B
2650:Belmont, California
2373:Racino, J. (1999).
2004:Qualitative Inquiry
1861:prospective studies
1519:cultural psychology
1462:information science
1409:in-depth interviews
676:Social cycle theory
547:Part of a series on
453:Argument technology
4927:Hans-Georg Gadamer
4728:Alexander Bogdanov
4604:Positivismusstreit
4399:Post-behavioralism
4363:history of science
4215:Principal concepts
4171:Logical positivism
3832:10.1093/pan/mpj017
3810:Political Analysis
3786:Kaminski, Marek M.
3717:. Academic Press.
2813:Narrative Analysis
2540:Human Organization
2474:. Chicago: Aldine.
2136:Creswell, John W.
1937:narrative analysis
1929:discourse analysis
1751:
1430:discourse analysis
1417:field observations
1362:Society portal
985:History of science
966:Race and ethnicity
646:Social environment
447:Tools and software
391:Secondary research
315:Discourse analysis
5021:
5020:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4902:Theodor W. Adorno
4718:Richard Avenarius
4594:Werturteilsstreit
4555:
4554:
4503:Sense-data theory
4201:Polish positivism
4176:Positivist school
3985:Library resources
3970:. Cambridge, Uk:
3926:Taylor, Steven J.
3334:Health Psychology
3196:Katz, D. (1937).
3165:978-1-4129-9532-0
2923:978-1-55766-125-8
2745:. techsociety.com
2587:978-3-86395-374-4
2411:SAGE Publications
2386:978-0-7890-0597-7
2259:10.1109/32.799955
2182:978-0-691-22464-0
2058:Psychology portal
1987:Academic Journals
1946:Health Psychology
1933:thematic analysis
1925:health psychology
1919:Health psychology
1808:objective science
1615:Narrative inquiry
1599:Thematic analysis
1581:case study method
1511:learning sciences
1446:political science
1398:
1397:
1116:Social experiment
996:Social psychology
641:Social complexity
542:
541:
508:Philosophy portal
416:Systematic review
401:Literature review
359:Historical method
342:Social experiment
277:Scientific method
262:Narrative inquiry
113:Interdisciplinary
107:Research strategy
16:(Redirected from
5051:
5039:Research methods
4997:
4983:
4907:Gaston Bachelard
4828:Truth and Method
4812:World Hypotheses
4692:The Two Cultures
4607:
4597:
4587:
4572:
4561:
4303:
4257:Unity of science
4166:Legal positivism
4125:
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4096:
4087:
4077:
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3835:
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3739:. Stanford, CA:
3682:
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3594:10.5153/sro.3001
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1923:In the field of
1886:Bertrand Russell
1729:Content analysis
1723:Content analysis
1568:Harold Garfinkel
1554:and the work of
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1111:Network analysis
1001:Sociocybernetics
991:Social movements
721:Social darwinism
671:Social structure
563:
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480:Science software
379:Cultural mapping
347:Quasi-experiment
337:Field experiment
305:Content analysis
200:Critical realism
118:Multimethodology
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4453:Instrumentalism
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3906:An Introduction
3823:10.1.1.135.3256
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1589:Autoethnography
1576:
1574:Sources of data
1564:Thomas Luckmann
1560:Peter L. Berger
1548:grounded theory
1543:
1507:social sciences
1503:
1491:critical theory
1481:, for example,
1474:
1426:grounded theory
1394:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1224:
1150:
1136:
1134:Major theorists
1126:
1125:
1061:
1051:
1050:
741:
731:
730:
701:Critical theory
696:Conflict theory
691:
681:
680:
651:Social equality
592:
538:
502:
501:
448:
440:
439:
386:Phenomenography
325:Autoethnography
290:
282:
281:
242:Grounded theory
237:Critical theory
232:Art methodology
227:Action research
222:
212:
211:
150:
140:
139:
108:
100:
99:
63:
61:Research design
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4984:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Émile Durkheim
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4599:
4589:
4584:Methodenstreit
4578:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4525:Social science
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4480:
4478:Operationalism
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4388:
4387:Related topics
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4293:Falsifiability
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Antipositivism
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Postpositivism
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4072:
4061:
4048:
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4023:
4018:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:External links
3977:
3976:
3975:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3947:Van Maanen, J.
3944:
3930:Bogdan, Robert
3923:
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3913:
3910:
3894:
3891:
3877:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3816:(3): 227–249.
3805:
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3773:
3763:
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3711:
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3697:
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3643:
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3622:
3619:
3616:
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3565:
3518:
3491:(3): 365–380.
3475:
3464:(2): 237–252.
3447:
3426:
3407:(4): 501–513.
3387:
3368:(2): 136–143.
3352:
3339:
3323:
3321:. London: Sage
3310:
3283:(3): 291–445.
3267:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3215:
3202:
3189:
3171:
3164:
3146:
3127:(4): 649–665.
3104:
3088:
3072:
3031:
2981:
2960:10.1086/592206
2942:
2929:
2922:
2900:
2887:
2881:978-1446247372
2880:
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2776:
2756:
2731:
2682:
2673:
2658:
2636:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2586:
2558:
2547:(4): 302–309.
2529:
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2439:(4): 649–665.
2416:
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2253:(4): 557–572.
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2044:Society portal
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1637:Main article:
1634:
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1611:life histories
1575:
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1495:constructivism
1487:postpositivism
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1405:social reality
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411:Scoping review
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354:Field research
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252:Historiography
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205:Subtle realism
202:
192:
187:
185:Postpositivism
182:
177:
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160:Constructivism
157:
155:Antipositivism
151:
146:
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142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
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120:
115:
109:
106:
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64:
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55:
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46:
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39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5056:
5045:
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5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5016:
5011:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:György Lukács
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
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4833:
4830:
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4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4763:Vienna Circle
4761:
4759:
4758:Berlin Circle
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Eugen Dühring
4736:
4734:
4733:Auguste Comte
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
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4662:
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4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
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4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:Contributions
4626:
4619:
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4606:
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4585:
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4562:
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4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Structuralism
4540:
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4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Phenomenalism
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
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4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:Behavioralism
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Human science
4320:
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4308:
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4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Pseudoscience
4245:
4243:
4242:Justification
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
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4207:
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4143:
4141:
4138:
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4133:
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4130:
4126:
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4118:
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4099:
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4046:
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4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:0-471-16868-8
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:0-8039-9021-9
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3802:0-691-11721-7
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3766:Hammersley, M
3764:
3761:
3757:
3756:Hammersley, M
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:0-12-088470-4
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
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3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
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3576:
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3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
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3533:
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3498:
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3448:
3445:
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3398:
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3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
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3356:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3320:
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3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
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3278:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
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3245:
3242:
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3199:
3193:
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3089:
3085:
3079:
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3068:
3064:
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3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:Energy Policy
3042:
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3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
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3007:
3003:
2999:
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2819:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2773:0-7619-2493-0
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:11250/3052848
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:9781133594147
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
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2612:
2609:
2604:
2597:
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2589:
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2570:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:0-7619-1340-8
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
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2477:
2473:
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2329:9780521768870
2325:
2321:
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2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:(2): 139–55.
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2019:
2015:
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2012:
2008:
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2001:
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1994:
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1986:
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1961:
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1948:
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1938:
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1926:
1918:
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1909:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1893:In psychology
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1890:
1887:
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1877:
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1870:
1864:
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1688:Data analysis
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1679:
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1586:
1585:triangulation
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1561:
1557:
1556:Alfred Schütz
1553:
1549:
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1538:
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1528:
1524:
1523:phenomenology
1520:
1516:
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1327:Organizations
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1081:Computational
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602:Globalization
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468:Bibliometrics
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406:Meta-analysis
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396:Bibliometrics
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267:Phenomenology
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4618:Science wars
4509:
4416:Epistemology
4347:Reflectivism
4307:Hermeneutics
4159:Declinations
4135:Antihumanism
4128:Perspectives
4034:
4027:
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3989:
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3960:
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2806:
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2764:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2734:
2695:
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2676:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2617:
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2602:
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2568:
2561:
2544:
2538:
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2479:
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2436:
2432:
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2246:
2240:
2215:
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2171:
2164:
2137:
2131:
2073:Hermeneutics
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1944:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1840:
1831:member check
1828:
1819:
1812:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1732:
1718:
1709:abstractions
1705:
1691:
1675:
1664:
1651:
1642:
1628:
1617:studies the
1593:
1577:
1544:
1509:, including
1504:
1475:
1442:anthropology
1413:focus groups
1400:
1399:
1312:Bibliography
1226:
1154:
1153:
1140:
1106:Mathematical
1086:Ethnographic
1070:
1066:Quantitative
751:Architecture
689:Perspectives
661:Social power
247:Hermeneutics
135:Quantitative
122:
4973:Objectivity
4942:Karl Popper
4932:Thomas Kuhn
4912:Mario Bunge
4663:(1879–1884)
4598:(1909–1959)
4332:Metaphysics
4312:Historicism
4227:Demarcation
4222:Consilience
4145:Rationalism
3647:Boas, Franz
3051:: 590–606.
3004:(1): 1–38.
1873:Karl Popper
1867:ethologist
1678:experiments
1667:recursivity
1661:Recursivity
1422:ethnography
1317:Terminology
1286:Baudrillard
1162:Tocqueville
1076:Comparative
1071:Qualitative
1041:Victimology
871:Immigration
856:Generations
771:Criminology
320:Ethnography
220:Methodology
175:Fallibilism
123:Qualitative
93:Referencing
5028:Categories
4753:Ernst Mach
4748:Ernst Laas
4723:A. J. Ayer
4711:Proponents
4530:Philosophy
4327:Humanities
4271:Antitheses
4140:Empiricism
4117:Positivism
2123:References
1979:movement.
1869:David Katz
1815:subjective
1804:nomothetic
1682:constructs
1633:Interviews
1619:narratives
1535:positivism
1483:positivism
1479:philosophy
1472:Background
1468:research.
1450:psychology
1342:By country
1096:Historical
1021:Technology
961:Punishment
946:Philosophy
921:Mathematic
911:Literature
876:Industrial
866:Historical
791:Demography
711:Positivism
636:Popularity
591:Key themes
495:Statistics
490:Simulation
428:Simulation
369:Interviews
332:Experiment
300:Case study
272:Pragmatism
190:Pragmatism
180:Positivism
170:Empiricism
4994:Verstehen
4980:Phronesis
4968:Knowledge
4952:Max Weber
4772:Criticism
4520:Sociology
4458:Modernism
4436:pluralism
4421:anarchism
4317:Historism
4237:Induction
4150:Scientism
3818:CiteSeerX
3768:. (2013)
3758:. (2008)
3610:145413033
3602:1360-7804
3552:2352-1546
3538:: 43–49.
3513:147158910
3505:0163-4437
3336:, 34 (4).
3141:157986703
3067:0301-4215
3026:154743637
2836:cite book
2792:: 83–86.
2749:7 October
2726:254487490
2668:824081715
2490:SAGE Open
2453:157986703
2232:143736805
2197:"QUALITI"
2156:859836343
1797:QDA MINER
1438:sociology
1158:Martineau
1101:Interview
1026:Terrorism
1006:Sociology
951:Political
891:Knowledge
811:Education
553:Sociology
128:Art-based
5015:Category
4431:nihilism
4426:idealism
4356:Related
4232:Evidence
3899:(2018).
3788:(2004).
3679:17794461
3632:46597302
3560:53273218
3421:25705913
3382:17469996
3305:22277174
3297:22021392
2976:13552528
2968:19569402
2874:. Sage.
2069:(CAQDAS)
2030:See also
1848:Baconian
1775:ATLAS.ti
1337:Timeline
1322:Journals
1290:Bourdieu
1282:Habermas
1278:Luhmann
1274:Foucault
1218:Mannheim
1198:Durkheim
971:Religion
931:Military
896:Language
881:Internet
836:Feminist
820:Jealousy
806:Economic
801:Disaster
796:Deviance
739:Branches
617:Identity
295:Analysis
88:Argument
78:Question
73:Proposal
43:Research
35:a series
33:Part of
4895:Critics
4620:(1990s)
4614:(1980s)
4608:(1960s)
4588:(1890s)
4441:realism
4373:(1830s)
4361:in the
4081:YouTube
4070:YouTube
4059:YouTube
3659:Bibcode
3651:Science
3018:4131454
2362:. Sage.
2347:. Sage.
1780:Dedoose
1707:useful
1673:phase.
1294:Giddens
1292:·
1288:·
1280:·
1268:·
1266:Goffman
1262:Schoeck
1248:·
1240:·
1216:·
1214:Du Bois
1212:·
1204:·
1200:·
1192:·
1186:Tönnies
1184:·
1170:Spencer
1168:·
1146:·
1059:Methods
1036:Utopian
981:Science
926:Medical
916:Marxist
906:Leisure
816:Emotion
781:Culture
597:Society
576:Outline
571:History
374:Mapping
289:Methods
195:Realism
83:Writing
4887:(1986)
4879:(1980)
4871:(1978)
4863:(1968)
4855:(1964)
4847:(1963)
4839:(1962)
4831:(1960)
4823:(1951)
4815:(1942)
4807:(1936)
4799:(1934)
4791:(1923)
4783:(1909)
4703:(2001)
4695:(1959)
4687:(1936)
4679:(1927)
4671:(1886)
4655:(1869)
4647:(1848)
4639:(1830)
4575:Method
4448:Holism
4379:(1927)
4047:Videos
3987:about
3940:
3887:
3820:
3800:
3721:
3677:
3630:
3608:
3600:
3558:
3550:
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3503:
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3295:
3162:
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2920:
2878:
2771:
2724:
2666:
2656:
2584:
2524:
2451:
2383:
2326:
2292:
2275:Print.
2230:
2179:
2154:
2144:
1939:, and
1915:book.
1786:MAXQDA
1738:Issues
1696:Coding
1566:, and
1533:, and
1493:, and
1432:, and
1332:People
1270:Bauman
1250:Nisbet
1246:Merton
1238:Gehlen
1234:Adorno
1227:1900s:
1202:Addams
1194:Simmel
1190:Veblen
1182:Pareto
1174:Le Bon
1155:1800s:
1148:Sieyès
1141:1700s:
1121:Survey
1046:Visual
956:Public
861:Health
851:Gender
841:Fiscal
831:Family
435:Survey
68:Ethics
4987:Truth
3606:S2CID
3578:(PDF)
3556:S2CID
3509:S2CID
3301:S2CID
3137:S2CID
3117:(PDF)
3022:S2CID
3014:JSTOR
2994:(PDF)
2972:S2CID
2743:(PDF)
2722:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2429:(PDF)
2228:S2CID
1792:NVivo
1748:NVivo
1415:, or
1305:Lists
1254:Mills
1230:Fromm
1222:Elias
1210:Weber
1144:Comte
1031:Urban
1016:Sport
1011:Space
976:Rural
936:Music
886:Jewry
786:Death
746:Aging
581:Index
3938:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3798:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3675:PMID
3628:OCLC
3598:ISSN
3548:ISSN
3501:ISSN
3417:PMID
3378:PMID
3293:PMID
3160:ISBN
3063:ISSN
2964:PMID
2918:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2842:link
2769:ISBN
2751:2010
2664:OCLC
2654:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2152:OCLC
2142:ISBN
1517:and
1464:and
1258:Bell
1242:Aron
1206:Mead
1178:Ward
1166:Marx
846:Food
766:Body
4079:on
4068:on
4057:on
3828:doi
3667:doi
3590:doi
3540:doi
3493:doi
3466:doi
3440:doi
3409:doi
3370:doi
3285:doi
3129:doi
3053:doi
3006:doi
2956:doi
2794:doi
2712:hdl
2702:doi
2574:doi
2549:doi
2498:doi
2441:doi
2316:doi
2255:doi
2220:doi
1652:In
901:Law
756:Art
5030::
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