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they would accept, leading some to discriminate against children from low-income backgrounds or non-traditional family structures (e.g. inviting "both" of a child's parents to an informal meeting with the headteacher so as to determine by stealth whether the child comes from an "appropriate" family). Open enrollment also led popular schools to expand their intake, leading to the growth of very large schools with resulting discipline problems, at the expense of smaller schools and rural schools.
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Most democratic countries place a premium on equal access to education and healthcare. Paternalism is also present; resource redistribution is conditional on the consumption of some services having a 'public' component. The government frequently provides finance to a large number of vendors, who then compete to provide the service in a quasi-market. By forcing suppliers to compete for customers and funding, this competition is intended to promote efficiency and quality.
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quasi-markets as providers attempt to reduce their expenses and maximise their profits by moving the responsibility for providing care or services to other providers or the government. Quasi-markets can generate an administrative burden for governmental organisations, providers, patients, and students, particularly if there are numerous financing streams and providers to monitor. As a result, this will cost more money.
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emphasises the distinction between markets for tax-financed services and typical markets, specifically that the consumed services are paid for by a third party—the government. The existence of political aims that would not be met in a free market is the normative rationale for the government to pay.
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A market is a form of exchange mechanism of goods and services that is used to align supply and demand commonly by using the act of price adjusting. As such, a market also can be considered a self-adjusting financial incentive device that impacts the behaviour of each producer and purchaser so that
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For example, the introduction of open enrollment in UK secondary schools after 1988 (whereby parents could choose which secondary school to send their child to, rather than being limited to the nearest) led to popular schools being oversubscribed. This allowed these schools to select which pupils
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are structured to create and enhance consumer benefits and advantages, requiring producers to be responsive to the given alternatives. Inside the private sector's inner markets, pricing has a direct effect on internal resource allocation, although it does not directly have an impact on a firm's
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suggests that each purchaser and producer are separate entities and that there are multiple producers. This process in which some companies are given consumer status and the exclusive perks that come alongside such status and where the firms are given consumer status and fewer limitations and
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have been criticised for a number of reasons, including the fact that they might not allow for fair competition between public and private operators and that they might lead to unequal access to services for more disadvantaged people or communities. As a result, cost-shifting may occur in
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are markets which can be supervised and organisationally designed that are intended to create greater desire and more efficiency in comparison to conventional delivery systems, while supporting more accessibility, stability and impartiality than traditional markets.
135:, who competed against one another for the fundholding GPs' custom. There was a marginal rise in the rate of increase in NHS productivity, to set against higher transaction costs, but healthcare remained free at the point of service and financed through taxation.
139:'s famous essay "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care" outlines the difficulties of applying principles of competition in the medical care industry. The system was regarded by some as a success: the 1997
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are also an exchange system; they aim to comply with the characteristics of competitive markets by attempting to be self-correcting, inducement structures that impact purchasers and producers' behaviours.
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are a market system, due to each producer competing to draw the maximum amount of consumers whilst competing with other producers. In the public sector, producers are often non-government companies (
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said the NHS is neither an effective market nor a managed system. She argued that her hospital was suffering financially because of its success in attracting patients from outside the City.
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differ, however, by possessing characteristics and aspects at both the supply and demand stages that are not shared in traditional markets.
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67:'s). Producers can also be segments or sectors of a specific firm that internally exchange their services inside a certain form of
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267:"Quasi-market shaping, stewarding and steering in personalization: the need for practice-orientated empirical evidence"
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as purchasers of healthcare. As Klein says this was "universalising fundholding while repudiating the concept".
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should be allowed to turn away patients from outside its immediate catchment area. Chief
Executive Dame
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Carey, Gemma; Malbon, Eleanor; Green, Celia; Reeders, Daniel; Marjolin, Axelle (2020-01-02).
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Critics of quasi-markets argue that they can lead to problems of so-called "
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Valkama, Pekka; Kankaanpää, Jari; Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko (June 2018).
392:"Perspectives on Public Sector Outsourcing: Quasi-markets and Prices"
318:"Perspectives on Public Sector Outsourcing: Quasi-markets and Prices"
119:: under this system, the purchase and provision of healthcare in the
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boundaries, and encouragement of self-governance is referred to as a
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for services that are primarily funded by taxes. The phrase
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government did not entirely abolish it on taking office.
482:"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care"
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The Labour
Government and the National Health Service
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University
Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
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National Health
Service and Community Care Act 1990
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127:fundholders "purchasing" healthcare from
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27:also can be referred to as internal or
208:Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy
123:was split up, with government-funded
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316:Jordahl, Henrik (19 December 2019).
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433:"Markets, politicians, and the NHS"
554:. Oxford Review of Economic Policy
431:Klein, Rudolf (27 November 1999).
115:Internal Market introduced by the
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512:Case Studies on Transport Policy
480:Arrow, Kenneth (December 1963).
358:Quasi-Markets and Social Policy
147:was abolished, but replaced by
111:A notable example would be the
390:Jordahl, Henrik (2019-12-01).
59:In the context of the supply,
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133:district health authorities
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271:Policy Design and Practice
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449:10.1136/bmj.319.7222.1383
367:10.1007/978-1-349-22873-7
489:American Economic Review
230:The Other Invisible Hand
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437:British Medical Journal
396:CESifo Economic Studies
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73:; this is known as an
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202:Microeconomic reform
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