42:
1612:
1705:) of the system at any instant during the whole process; otherwise, since no internal equilibrium is established, different parts of the system would have different values of these quantities, so a single value per quantity may not be sufficient to represent the whole system. In other words, when an
1742:
between two bodies on two finitely different temperatures, where the heat transfer rate is controlled by a poorly conductive partition between the two bodies. In this case, no matter how slowly the process takes place, the state of the composite system consisting of the two bodies is far from
1734:
is irreversible; although the system is always in internal thermal equilibrium, the friction ensures the generation of dissipative entropy, which goes against the definition of reversibility. Any engineer would remember to include friction when calculating the dissipative entropy generation.
1729:
are quasi-static, most authors do not require a general quasi-static process to maintain equilibrium between system and surroundings and avoid dissipation, which are defining characteristics of a reversible process. For example, quasi-static compression of a system by a piston subject to
1743:
equilibrium, since thermal equilibrium for this composite system requires that the two bodies be at the same temperature. Nevertheless, the entropy change for each body can be calculated using the
Clausius equality for reversible heat transfer.
2300:
1331:
2213:
2112:
1848:
1686:
remains uniform throughout the system at each instant of time during the process. Such an idealized process is a succession of physical equilibrium states, characterized by infinite slowness.
1966:
1908:
2026:
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1111:
1056:
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731:
684:
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1641:
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500:
1230:
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572:
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1320:
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1221:
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90:
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86:
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73:
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78:
1752:
1674:
that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical (but not necessarily chemical)
1671:
1483:
1060:
373:
219:
68:
1979:
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1563:
1488:
1478:
278:
152:
140:
1508:
1503:
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292:
253:
166:
1678:. An example of this is quasi-static expansion of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas, where the
2116:
1913:
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440:
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47:
41:
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1853:
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1553:
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1115:
913:
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175:
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1702:
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363:
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1311:
965:
606:
429:
190:
157:
27:
Thermodynamic process in which equilibrium is maintained throughout the process's duration
482:
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824:
777:
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205:
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63:
33:
17:
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1739:
1587:
905:
474:
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147:
1738:
An example of a quasi-static process that is not idealizable as reversible is slow
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1523:
1473:
956:
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1493:
301:
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1528:
180:
1731:
1683:
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1213:
1005:
413:
185:
2290:, 4th edition, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi, pages 21, 45, 58.
2224:
402:
1679:
1689:
Only in a quasi-static thermodynamic process can we exactly define
378:
2208:{\displaystyle W_{1-2}={\frac {P_{1}V_{1}-P_{2}V_{2}}{n-1}}}
2107:{\displaystyle W_{1-2}=P_{1}V_{1}\ln {\frac {V_{2}}{V_{1}}}}
2266:. United States: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 20â21.
2125:
2034:
1982:
1922:
1862:
1772:
1124:
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1014:
974:
848:
827:
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780:
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581:
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513:
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2207:
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2020:
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1902:
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995:
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833:
810:
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761:
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678:
654:
629:
590:
566:
543:
519:
494:
1843:{\displaystyle W_{1-2}=\int P\,dV=P(V_{2}-V_{1})}
1635:
8:
1642:
1628:
1191:
343:
162:
40:
29:
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2145:
2130:
2124:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2068:
2058:
2039:
2033:
2006:
1996:
1981:
1948:
1927:
1921:
1867:
1861:
1831:
1818:
1798:
1777:
1771:
1747:PV-work in various quasi-static processes
1707:equation for a change in a state function
1682:of the system changes so slowly that the
1123:
1068:
1013:
973:
847:
826:
800:
779:
751:
715:
694:
668:
647:
616:
580:
559:
533:
512:
484:
2288:A Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics
2241:
1388:
1365:
1319:
1279:
1229:
1194:
387:
362:
291:
218:
165:
32:
2252:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, page 1507.
1717:, it implies a quasi-static process.
7:
2230:Reversible process (thermodynamics)
1961:{\displaystyle W_{1-2}=\int P\,dV,}
2264:An Introduction to Thermal Physics
1903:{\displaystyle W_{1-2}=\int PdV=0}
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
355:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
1611:
1610:
930:Table of thermodynamic equations
2248:Lewis, C.T., Short, C. (1879).
2021:{\displaystyle PV=P_{1}V_{1}=C}
1406:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
1837:
1811:
1721:Relation to reversible process
1140:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1030:
1018:
990:
978:
1:
1307:Mechanical equivalent of heat
919:Onsager reciprocal relations
1411:Entropy as energy dispersal
1222:"Perpetual motion" machines
1161:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1106:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1051:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
2341:
2262:Schroeder, Daniel (2000).
1750:
858:{\displaystyle \partial T}
811:{\displaystyle \partial V}
726:{\displaystyle \partial p}
679:{\displaystyle \partial V}
591:{\displaystyle \partial T}
544:{\displaystyle \partial S}
1676:thermodynamic equilibrium
1670:, meaning âas ifâ), is a
1664:quasi-equilibrium process
1332:An Inquiry Concerning the
1345:Heterogeneous Substances
762:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
630:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
2320:Thermodynamic processes
1972:(pressure) varies with
18:Quasistatic equilibrium
2209:
2108:
2022:
1962:
1912:Constant temperature:
1904:
1844:
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
996:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
496:
475:Specific heat capacity
79:Quantum thermodynamics
2325:Statistical mechanics
2286:Rajput, R.K. (2010).
2210:
2109:
2023:
1963:
1905:
1845:
1753:Work (thermodynamics)
1672:thermodynamic process
1343:On the Equilibrium of
1163:
1108:
1061:Helmholtz free energy
1053:
998:
860:
836:
813:
789:
764:
728:
704:
681:
657:
632:
593:
569:
546:
522:
497:
2123:
2117:Polytropic processes
2032:
1980:
1920:
1914:Isothermal processes
1860:
1770:
1727:reversible processes
1691:intensive quantities
1660:quasi-static process
1356:Motive Power of Fire
1122:
1067:
1012:
972:
924:Bridgman's equations
901:Fundamental relation
846:
825:
799:
778:
750:
714:
693:
667:
646:
615:
579:
558:
532:
511:
483:
1854:Isochoric processes
1762:Constant pressure:
1693:(such as pressure,
1334:Source ... Friction
1266:Loschmidt's paradox
458:Material properties
336:Conjugate variables
2250:A Latin Dictionary
2205:
2104:
2018:
1958:
1900:
1840:
1764:Isobaric processes
1757:Ideal gas equation
1662:, also known as a
1598:Order and disorder
1354:Reflections on the
1261:Heat death paradox
1158:
1103:
1048:
993:
855:
831:
808:
784:
759:
723:
699:
676:
652:
627:
588:
564:
541:
517:
495:{\displaystyle c=}
492:
465:Property databases
441:Reduced properties
425:Chemical potential
389:Functions of state
312:Thermal efficiency
48:Carnot heat engine
2203:
2102:
1852:Constant volume:
1652:
1651:
1593:Self-organization
1418:
1417:
1116:Gibbs free energy
914:Maxwell relations
872:
871:
868:
867:
834:{\displaystyle V}
787:{\displaystyle 1}
742:Thermal expansion
736:
735:
702:{\displaystyle V}
655:{\displaystyle 1}
601:
600:
567:{\displaystyle N}
520:{\displaystyle T}
448:
447:
364:Process functions
350:Property diagrams
329:System properties
319:
318:
284:Endoreversibility
176:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
2332:
2304:
2299:H. DeVoe (2020)
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2156:
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2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2073:
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2063:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1788:
1787:
1703:specific entropy
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1321:Key publications
1302:
1301:("living force")
1251:Brownian ratchet
1246:Entropy and life
1241:Entropy and time
1192:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
896:Clausius theorem
891:Carnot's theorem
864:
862:
861:
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838:
837:
832:
817:
815:
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809:
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724:
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470:
344:
163:
44:
30:
21:
2340:
2339:
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2329:
2310:
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2256:
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2158:
2148:
2147:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2092:
2082:
2064:
2054:
2035:
2030:
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2002:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1827:
1814:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:Main articles:
1749:
1723:
1699:specific volume
1648:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
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1420:
1419:
1398:
1384:
1359:
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1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1256:Maxwell's demon
1218:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1010:
1009:
1008:
970:
969:
968:
966:Internal energy
961:
946:
936:
935:
910:
885:
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873:
844:
843:
823:
822:
797:
796:
776:
775:
748:
747:
712:
711:
691:
690:
665:
664:
644:
643:
613:
612:
607:Compressibility
577:
576:
556:
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509:
508:
481:
480:
460:
450:
449:
430:Particle number
383:
342:
331:
321:
320:
279:Irreversibility
191:State of matter
158:Isolated system
143:
133:
132:
131:
106:
96:
95:
91:Non-equilibrium
83:
58:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
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1926:
1910:
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1807:
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1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1748:
1745:
1722:
1719:
1656:thermodynamics
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
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1632:
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1605:
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1511:
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1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:Thermodynamics
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1289:Caloric theory
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
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1258:
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1211:
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1200:
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1190:
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1186:
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1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1003:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
921:
916:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
854:
851:
841:
830:
819:
818:
807:
804:
794:
783:
769:
758:
755:
745:
738:
737:
734:
733:
722:
719:
709:
698:
687:
686:
675:
672:
662:
651:
637:
626:
623:
620:
610:
603:
602:
599:
598:
587:
584:
574:
563:
552:
551:
540:
537:
527:
516:
502:
491:
488:
478:
469:
468:
467:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
422:
411:
392:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
358:
357:
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333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Free expansion
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
206:Control volume
203:
198:
196:Phase (matter)
193:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
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119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:The classical
45:
37:
36:
34:Thermodynamics
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2337:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2273:0-201-38027-7
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1976:(volume) via
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:heat transfer
1736:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Self-assembly
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:van der Waals
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:von Helmholtz
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
981:
975:
967:
964:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:Ideal gas law
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
879:
878:
852:
842:
828:
821:
820:
805:
795:
781:
774:
773:
770:
756:
753:
746:
743:
740:
739:
720:
710:
696:
689:
688:
673:
663:
649:
642:
641:
638:
624:
621:
618:
611:
608:
605:
604:
585:
575:
561:
554:
553:
538:
528:
514:
507:
506:
503:
489:
486:
479:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
442:
439:
437:
436:Vapor quality
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
324:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Reversibility
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Closed system
146:
145:
142:
137:
136:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
100:
99:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2244:
1737:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1688:
1667:
1666:(from Latin
1663:
1659:
1653:
1449:Carathéodory
1380:Heat engines
1352:
1341:
1330:
1312:Motive power
1297:
957:Free entropy
928:
428:
427: /
417:
416: /
408:introduction
401:
400: /
339:
302:Heat engines
258:
89: /
1695:temperature
1271:Synergetics
952:Free energy
398:Temperature
259:Quasistatic
254:Isenthalpic
211:Instruments
201:Equilibrium
153:Open system
87:Equilibrium
69:Statistical
2314:Categories
2236:References
1725:While all
1583:Nucleation
1427:Scientists
1231:Philosophy
944:Potentials
307:Heat pumps
264:Polytropic
249:Isentropic
239:Isothermal
2197:−
2169:−
2135:−
2078:
2044:−
1943:∫
1932:−
1883:∫
1872:−
1825:−
1793:∫
1782:−
1709:contains
1564:Waterston
1514:von Mayer
1469:de Donder
1459:Clapeyron
1439:Boltzmann
1434:Bernoulli
1395:Education
1366:Timelines
1150:−
1095:−
883:Equations
850:∂
803:∂
754:α
718:∂
671:∂
625:−
619:β
583:∂
536:∂
244:Adiabatic
234:Isochoric
220:Processes
181:Ideal gas
64:Classical
2219:See also
1732:friction
1684:pressure
1616:Category
1554:Thompson
1464:Clausius
1444:Bridgman
1298:Vis viva
1280:Theories
1214:Gas laws
1006:Enthalpy
414:Pressure
229:Isobaric
186:Real gas
74:Chemical
57:Branches
2225:Entropy
1539:Smeaton
1534:Rankine
1524:Onsager
1509:Maxwell
1504:Massieu
1209:Entropy
1204:General
1195:History
1185:Culture
1182:History
406: (
403:Entropy
340:italics
141:Systems
2301:online
2270:
1968:where
1680:volume
1529:Planck
1519:Nernst
1494:Kelvin
1454:Carnot
744:
609:
477:
419:Volume
334:Note:
293:Cycles
122:Second
112:Zeroth
2028:, so
1668:quasi
1577:Other
1544:Stahl
1499:Lewis
1489:Joule
1479:Gibbs
1474:Duhem
167:State
127:Third
117:First
2268:ISBN
1755:and
1658:, a
1549:Tait
379:Heat
374:Work
104:Laws
1713:or
1654:In
1392:Art
338:in
2316::
2119:,
2075:ln
1916:,
1856:,
1766:,
1701:,
1697:,
2303:.
2276:.
2200:1
2194:n
2187:2
2183:V
2177:2
2173:P
2164:1
2160:V
2154:1
2150:P
2143:=
2138:2
2132:1
2128:W
2098:1
2094:V
2088:2
2084:V
2070:1
2066:V
2060:1
2056:P
2052:=
2047:2
2041:1
2037:W
2016:C
2013:=
2008:1
2004:V
1998:1
1994:P
1990:=
1987:V
1984:P
1974:V
1970:P
1956:,
1953:V
1950:d
1946:P
1940:=
1935:2
1929:1
1925:W
1898:0
1895:=
1892:V
1889:d
1886:P
1880:=
1875:2
1869:1
1865:W
1838:)
1833:1
1829:V
1820:2
1816:V
1812:(
1809:P
1806:=
1803:V
1800:d
1796:P
1790:=
1785:2
1779:1
1775:W
1715:T
1711:P
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1156:S
1153:T
1147:H
1144:=
1141:)
1138:p
1135:,
1132:T
1129:(
1126:G
1101:S
1098:T
1092:U
1089:=
1086:)
1083:V
1080:,
1077:T
1074:(
1071:A
1046:V
1043:p
1040:+
1037:U
1034:=
1031:)
1028:p
1025:,
1022:S
1019:(
1016:H
991:)
988:V
985:,
982:S
979:(
976:U
853:T
829:V
806:V
782:1
757:=
721:p
697:V
674:V
650:1
622:=
586:T
562:N
539:S
515:T
490:=
487:c
410:)
20:)
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