245:, Germany introduced a law effectively called the "crown witness rule" which enabled witnesses in terror related cases to turn state's evidence. Initially only valid until 1992, it was extended several times until it was abolished in 1999. A law adopted in 2000 lowered the sentence of a witness who came to an agreement with the prosecution in trials concerning money-laundering, but it was not called a crown witness rule. In 2009 a new crown witness rule came into force and since then, witnesses in a wider range of cases have been allowed to become a crown witnesses.
115:) or improving prison conditions. It has its origins in the 16th century, and allowed a person to become a crown witness and avoid pleading guilty. Even at this early stage, the courts saw crown witness testimony as less reliable than other evidence, because it was encouraged in return for better treatment before the law. In 1751, regulations were introduced, stipulating that crown witness testimony should be corroborated with independent, third-party evidence.
229:, wanted to enable witnesses to testify in return for a lenient sentence if there was little chance of successfully prosecuting a criminal. Four attempts were made to introduce the system to anti-terror legislation, but it was not included in the 1976 legislation. Additionally, Germany lacked a witness protection program such as that found in the United States; Ulrich SchmĂĽcker was murdered after he informed on his former associates in the
241:, as he initially did not receive protection from the state. The treatment crown witnesses received at this time was viewed as illegal by the media, but necessary by the prosecution. In 1981, Germany introduced a "small crown witness rule" in drug-related trials which permitted a lower sentence for witnesses who turned state's evidence. In 1989, during the Government of
103:, depending on the sex of the reigning monarch. The term "turning approver" or "turn king's approver" was also historically used, especially in Ireland; an approver "not only admitted his own guilt to a crime but also incriminated his accomplices both past and present" in exchange for avoiding a
134:) gave the authorities evidence against their former comrades in exchange for a more lenient sentence (or immunity from prosecution), as well as a new identity to protect them from retribution. Supergrass testimony was used, for example, in trials against
72:
document, persons who turn state's evidence "are known by a variety of names, including cooperating witnesses, crown witnesses, snitches, witness collaborators, justice collaborators, state witnesses, 'supergrasses', macarons and
801:
651:
572:
175:, did so in response to threats on their life from Mafia associates; later cooperators were motivated to cooperate in order to avoid heavy sentences, such as those provided for under the
146:
American courts adopted
English common-law practices relating to witnesses turning state's evidence, "and expanded them to include leniency agreements as well as immunity agreements."
843:
388:
149:
In
American parlance, a defendant who agrees to cooperate with prosecutors and give information against co-conspirators (often those with greater culpability) is also said to
176:
501:
104:
69:
726:
539:"Ex-Mob Underboss Given Lenient Term For Help as Witness". nytimes.com. September 27, 1994. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019.
859:
135:
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344:
31:
123:
54:
238:
526:
Robert J. Kelly, Ko-lin Chin, Rufus
Schatzberg, "Without Fear of Retribution: The Witness Security Program" in
180:
216:
119:
864:
775:
254:
199:; as a result, Gravano was sentenced to 5 years and Gotti was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1992.
192:
131:
92:
58:
389:"Why prosecutors are permitted to offer witness inducements: A matter of constitutional authority"
345:"Good practices for the protection of witnesses in criminal proceedings involving organized crime"
874:
447:
234:
844:
Why
Prosecutors are Permitted to Offer Witness Inducements: A Matter of Constitutional Authority
701:
308:
184:
108:
800:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
650:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
571:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
439:
222:
230:
172:
156:
127:
676:
313:
Johnson's new universal cyclopædia a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge
253:
The incentives to turn state's evidence, or to not to do so, are explored in the famous
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17:
780:
Juraexamen.info - Online-Zeitschrift fĂĽr
Jurastudium, Staatsexamen und Referendariat
279:
443:
489:
Secrets, Sex, and
Spectacle: The Rules of Scandal in Japan and the United States
242:
183:(WITSEC). Among the highest-ranking Mafia members to turn state's evidence was
196:
112:
50:
705:
274:
188:
42:
195:
who pleaded guilty to 19 murders and agreed to testify against family boss
428:"Loyalist supergrass trials: an opportunity for open source intelligence?"
62:
179:. Some who turned state's evidence were permitted to participate in the
285:
46:
315:. New York; Pittsburgh, Pa.: A. J. Johnson & son. p. 495‒496.
155:. Witnesses who have turned state's evidence have been important in
727:"Reform der Kronzeugenregelung: Wenn kriminelle Insider auspacken"
289:, the equivalent term in Italy in the Mafia and terrorism contexts
626:""Heute diene ich mit der reinen Wahrheit" - DER SPIEGEL 20/1979"
502:
Mueller Uses
Classic Prosecution Playbook Despite Trump Warnings
221:
A crown witness style system has operated in
Germany since the
126:. In the 1980s, about 30 members of paramilitary groups (both
375:
Forensic
Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England
350:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2008. p. 19.
601:"KRONZEUGEN : Pakt mit dem König - DER SPIEGEL 13/1975"
693:
27:
Legal term for one who testifies as a witness for the state
225:
trials in the 1970s. The
Justice Minister at that time,
776:"§ 46b StGB: Die neue Kronzeugenregelung im Strafrecht"
159:
cases in the United States, such as those against the
677:"Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und F.D.P."
30:"Queen's evidence" redirects here. For the film, see
57:. The testimony of a witness who testifies against
752:"Bundeskartellamt - Bonusregelung - Bonusregelung"
53:, often in exchange for leniency in sentencing or
528:Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States
829:(Brookings Institution Press, 2001), pp. 47–48.
74:
8:
49:for the state against their associate(s) or
491:(University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 36.
326:
324:
322:
207:in New York City to turn state's evidence.
79:(Italian for 'those who have repented')."
334:(9th ed: Cengage Learning, 2010), p. 368.
107:(and obtaining a lesser penalty, such as
70:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
364:(Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 79.
299:
203:was also the first boss of one of the
595:
593:
311:. In Barnard, Frederick A. P. (ed.).
237:, recanted his testimony against the
167:who turned state's evidence, such as
7:
827:Rethinking Democratic Accountability
700:(in German). 1993-01-15. p. 2.
694:"Kronzeugenregelung wird verlängert"
466:"IRA members jailed for 4,000 years"
504:, Bloomberg News (August 23, 2017).
552:(3rd ed.: CRC Press, 2007), p. 85.
432:Intelligence and National Security
362:English Idioms and How to Use Them
25:
846:, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 155 (1999).
1:
444:10.1080/02684527.2019.1646518
307:Pomeroy, John Norton (1876).
517:(Touchstone, 1991), p. 407.
387:King Jr., H. Lloyd (1999).
891:
860:Informal legal terminology
550:Practical Drug Enforcement
530:(Greenwood, 1994), p. 499.
377:(Routledge, 2015), p. 151.
214:
29:
233:. Another crown witness,
124:Northern Ireland conflict
118:Crown witnesses known as
55:immunity from prosecution
426:Rachel Monaghan (2019).
416:King (1999). pp. 160–161
181:Witness Security Program
802:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
782:(in German). 2009-09-01
756:www.bundeskartellamt.de
652:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
573:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
248:
217:Crown witness (Germany)
187:("Sammy the Bull"), an
113:abjuration of the realm
41:by admitting guilt and
32:Queen's Evidence (film)
75:
39:turns state's evidence
870:Cooperating witnesses
698:Die Tageszeitung: taz
122:were used during the
18:Queen's evidence
731:Legal Tribune Online
239:Baader–Meinhof Group
193:Gambino crime family
68:According to a 2008
842:H. Lloyd King Jr.,
478:King (1999), p. 163
93:Commonwealth realms
548:Michael D. Lyman,
330:Howard Abadinsky,
309:"State's Evidence"
255:prisoner's dilemma
249:Prisoner's dilemma
235:Karl-Heinz Ruhland
468:. BBC News. 1983.
185:Salvatore Gravano
109:life imprisonment
95:, the term is to
61:may be important
59:co-conspirator(s)
16:(Redirected from
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825:Robert D. Behn,
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438:(7): 1014–1026.
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373:Sara M. Butler,
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607:. 23 March 1975
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332:Organized Crime
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231:2 June Movement
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173:Jimmy Fratianno
157:organized crime
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101:King's evidence
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35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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515:The Man to See
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500:Chris Strohm,
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487:Mark D. West,
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263:Melvin Dresher
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227:Diether Posser
215:Main article:
212:
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201:Joseph Massino
169:Joseph Valachi
161:American Mafia
143:
140:
105:death sentence
89:United Kingdom
84:
83:United Kingdom
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26:
24:
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4:
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632:. 13 May 1979
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561:Raab, p. 688.
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259:Merrill Flood
257:, created by
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865:Criminal law
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810:. Retrieved
805:
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784:. Retrieved
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759:. Retrieved
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735:. Retrieved
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709:. Retrieved
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400:. Retrieved
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280:Plea bargain
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164:
163:. The first
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120:supergrasses
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100:
97:turn Queen's
96:
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38:
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808:. p. 6
806:www.zeit.de
733:(in German)
658:. p. 4
656:www.zeit.de
630:Der Spiegel
605:Der Spiegel
579:. p. 5
577:www.zeit.de
396:Stetson.edu
243:Helmut Kohl
37:A criminal
854:Categories
812:2020-11-01
786:2020-11-01
761:2020-11-01
737:2020-11-01
711:2020-11-01
662:2020-11-01
636:2020-11-01
611:2020-11-01
583:2020-11-01
402:1 November
294:References
197:John Gotti
132:republican
43:testifying
875:Testimony
706:0931-9085
452:201344178
275:Informant
189:underboss
138:members.
269:See also
177:RICO Act
128:loyalist
91:and the
63:evidence
286:Pentito
211:Germany
191:of the
165:mafiosi
87:In the
76:pentiti
47:witness
704:
450:
725:LTO.
680:(PDF)
448:S2CID
398:: 160
392:(PDF)
348:(PDF)
45:as a
702:ISSN
404:2020
261:and
171:and
152:flip
130:and
440:doi
223:RAF
136:IRA
111:or
99:or
856::
804:.
778:.
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729:.
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603:.
592:^
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446:.
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321:^
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34:.
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