500:
608:. While the relief depicts Ashurbanipal as of higher rank through depicting him higher up and as larger, Libbali-sharrat is also shown as being of exceptionally high rank since she is closely affiliated with the king and her robe and jewelry, parallelling that of the king's, evoke divine imagery. Some striking details concerning the "Garden Party" relief is that while Libbali-sharrat is depicted with the mural crown, Ashurbanipal is uncrowned (save for a simple headband) and the king is reclining whereas the queen is seated; sitting on a throne was a royal privilege. The servants depicted in the image are also all female, i.e. part of Libbali-sharrat's staff. Taken together, these artistic choices mean that the scene is actually organized around Libbali-sharrat rather than Ashurbanipal; it is the only known surviving image from ancient Assyria depicting an individual other than the king effectively holding court.
28:
352:
produce an heir to the throne, they also had several other duties and responsibilities, often in very high levels of the government. The Neo-Assyrian queens are recorded to have been involved in arranging religious activities, such as rituals, and to have supported temples financially and dedicated gifts to the gods. It is also clear that they played a role in making political decisions. The queens commanded the respect of numerous high-ranking officials and had their own considerable financial resources, evidenced not only by surviving texts concerning their household and activities but also the treasures uncovered in their tombs. It is clear that the queens were prominent in
Assyrian society since there is ample evidence of the kings giving them particular recognition. Sennacherib in inscriptions concerning the construction of palaces at
589:
491:
royal palace, with there only being one "Woman of the Palace" in regard to the empire but that multiple women could carry the title while within the royal palace. Although
Assyrian kings are known to have had multiple wives, or at least female partners, there are serious problems with the idea of multiple "Women of the Palace". Most importantly, Assyrian documents always use the term without any further qualifiers, which suggests that it referred unambiguously to the main wife of the king. Most historians support the idea that there was only one "Woman of the Palace" at any one given time. Scholarly investigations are made more difficult by there not being any concrete remaining textual evidence describing the royal wedding ceremony, nor listing the number of royal wives.
555:; perhaps an expression of the breadth and dominance of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Many of the dress and regalia elements found in the tomb agree well with the known depictions of queens, such as their earrings and bracelets, but discrepancies with the artwork also exist. Most prominently, no mural crown, the most evocative artistic indication of queenship, has ever been found. Instead, the queens buried at Nimrud were buried with other headdresses. Perhaps the mural crown was not as central to queenship as artistic depictions would suggest or alternatively, the mural crown was belonged to a "crown treasury" and was not part of the queen's personal belongings and could thus not be placed in a tomb.
425:
139:
516:("battlements"). The crown, a highly unusual design in Mesopotamia, was a band, well-fitted on the queen's head, decorated at regular intervals with tower-shaped protrusions slightly higher than the rest of the crown. The mural crown probably had strong political value and was perhaps an important symbol of female power. Queens are sometimes depicted without their crowns in artwork, though this is normally in contexts where wearing a crown would have been inappropriate, such as in religious or cultic imagery. In such contexts, the queens could wear more modest regalia, such as a plain headband.
617:
329:
208:. The difference in terminology does not necessarily mean that foreign queens, who often governed significantly smaller territories than the Neo-Assyrian Empire, were seen as having a higher status than the Assyrian queens. Still, a handful of modern historians, such as Sarah C. Melville, prefer to designate the Assyrian queens simply as "wives" or "consorts". The title of "Woman of the Palace" was a new invention of the Neo-Assyrian period; in the
2079:
94:. Though the queens derived their power and influence through their association with their husband, they were not pawns without political power. The queens oversaw their own, often considerable, finances and owned vast estates throughout the empire. To oversee their assets, the queens employed a large administrative staff headed by a set of female administrators called
532:
563:
Surviving source material in regards to individual
Assyrian queens is very scarce; while alive, queens appear to rarely have been designated by name and as such, the majority of available references concerning them are funerary texts and inscriptions. The names of many queens thus remain unknown. The
295:
A frequently used symbol, apparently the royal symbol of the queens themselves, that was used in documents and on objects to designate the queens was a scorpion. In
Mesopotamian art, scorpions were closely connected with fertility and they are known from artwork as a religious symbol from prehistoric
579:
In contrast to the scarce record of the names of the queens, queens are frequently attested in administrative documents without their names. Such documents provide insight into their households, position and status, but it can be difficult to identify which queen they belong to. The known documents
542:
The Queens' tombs at Nimrud preserve large sets of royal regalia. For individual queens, the typical ensemble included a headdress or crown, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, beads, up to ten rings, gold decorations, one or several seals and a mirror. The details on all objects differed from queen to
490:
Some scholars have suggested, based on issues with identifying queens from administrative documents, that there could perhaps be multiple women with the title "Women of the Palace" at any one given time. In 2004, Sarah C. Melville suggested that the term was used differently within and outside the
408:
The title "Woman of the Palace" places greater emphasis on the queen's role in regard to the royal palace than her association with the king, which implies that their role as "rulers over the domestic realm" was more important than that they were the chief consorts of the kings. Further indicating
384:
were both men and women, with positions such as village managers, palace overseers, chief bakers and treasurers, as well as workers such as weavers, shepherds and leatherworkers. It is possible that the main enterprise of the many holdings was textile production, meant to supply textiles both the
596:
Though many artistic depictions of kings and male officials survive from the Neo-Assyrian Empire, few depictions of queens are known. This is not necessarily an indication that they were not important, but could rather be understood as a measure taken to ensure the security of the royal women; a
527:
is described very similarly to what is known of the attire of the Neo-Assyrian queens. Given that Ishtar was partly a goddess of fertility, it is possible that the dress in turn also referenced fertility. The strongest similarity to Ishtar was that the goddess in
Assyrian art also wore the mural
371:
The queens employed their own extensive staff and the administrative unit of their households was an integral part of the administration of the empire until its fall. The queen's household held extensive swaths of land and many offices throughout the Neo-Assyrian Empire and employed hundreds of
351:
Though the queens, like all other female and male members of the royal court, ultimately derived their power and influence from their association with the king, they were not pawns without political power. The queens had their own say in financial affairs and while they ideally were supposed to
486:
It is not clear how exactly the position of queen was connected to the position of king. While the queen most for the majority of the time have been the consort of the king, there is scholarly dispute in regards to whether the queen retained her title and status after the death of the king, or
1015:. There are references to a "queen mother" from Sennacherib's reign, indicating that Ra'ima was still alive after Sargon's death. There is however no evidence that she was ever Sargon's queen, and the style "queen mother" may have been applied to her only after his death, by Sennacherib.
393:), Sargon also split that office into two, one Turtanu being assigned to the queen's forces. Under the later kings of the Sargonid dynasty, the troops assigned to the queen grew more numerous and diverse; it was not limited simply to bodyguards; among the queen's troops were cohorts of
511:
The
Assyrian queens wore crowns, though they differed in appearance from those of their husbands. Their crown is typically referred to by modern scholars as the mural crown, as it incorporates elements designed to evoke a castle wall. In ancient Assyria, this crown was referred to as
98:. Among the duties of the queens were religious responsibilities and overseeing parts of the royal palaces; their role as "rulers of the domestic realm" is reflected in their title as "Women of the Palace". The power and influence of the queens was increased further under the
487:
whether the title and position was automatically and directly transferred to the wife of the succeeding king. Most historians support the idea that the title only applied to the primary wife of the reigning king, with the title not being retained upon the death of the king.
859:), known from a fragmentary inscription. Queen at some point after the reign of Sennacherib (due to being attested at Nineveh, made the capital under Sennacherib). Possibly the same person as one of the otherwise unknown queens of Ashur-etil-ilani or Sinsharishkun.
219:
As the Neo-Assyrian period progressed, further titles were introduced for royal women, perhaps in response to confusing situations that could arise in regard to what former queens and wives of other members of the royal family should be called. Under
564:
most extensive information concerning the queens has been recovered from the Queens' tombs at Nimrud, discovered in 1988. Often, very little historical information is available for each queen. The earliest queen known from the Neo-Assyrian period,
478:. Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a was also very powerful after Sennacherib's death; she owned her own residencies in most of the major Assyrian cities, was likely extremely wealthy and on her own accord commissioned a new palace for her son in Nineveh.
499:
469:
811–783 BC). Adad-nirari III was quite young at the time of his accession and a handful of sources from his early reign continued to refer to
Shammuramat as queen, perhaps suggesting that she ruled in her own right as
1710:
Gansell, Amy
Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (eds.).
196:, with the same meaning. Modern historians recognize the Neo-Assyrian "Women of the Palace" as queens, though this diverges from the ancient Assyrian terminology. The feminine version of the word for "king" (
543:
queen, which indicates individual identity and that they were also uniquely dressed in life. In terms of iconography, the jewelry of the queens incorporated both aspects of
Assyrian royal tradition (such as
1024:
Naqi'a is attested as "Mother of the King" in the reign of
Esarhaddon but it is unclear if she ever held the position of "Woman of the Palace". To be Esarhaddon's mother she must have given birth to him
1002:
Some researchers hypothesize that Banitu and Iaba were the same person, with Banitu being Iaba's name in Akkadian. Historical and chonological evidence speaks against identifying them as the same person.
204:, but this term was only applied to goddesses and queens of foreign nations who ruled in their own right. Since the Assyrian consorts did not rule themselves, the Assyrians did not refer to them as
27:
474:. An inscription on a boundary stone suggests that Shammuramat herself partook in a military campaign with her son. In later legends Shammuramat was immortalized as the legendary queen
588:
597:
significant number of surviving texts illustrate that the Assyrians believed that any negative act done towards an image would have detrimental effects for the person it portrayed.
440:
Though reign of Esarhaddon was in particular a time when royal women were able to exercise great political power, perhaps on account of Esarhaddon's distrust of his male relatives,
117:
in 811 BC. Shammuramat is also recorded to have accompanied her son on military campaigns. The tombs and remains of numerous queens have been found through excavations of the
2113:
385:
royal palace in the capital and for trading purposes. In the reign of Sargon II, military units subservient to the queen were created. Perhaps worried of the authority of the
458:
824–811 BC). Though references to her are scant from the reign of her husband, Shammuramat reached a position of power upon his death and the accession of their son
1838:
Pinnock, Frances (2018). "A city of gold for the queen: some thoughts about the mural crown of Assyrian queens". In Cavalieri, Marco & Boschetti, Cristina (eds.).
604:, sits opposite him in a high chair. The couple are attended by servants and are depicting raising their cups in commemoration of Ashurbanipal's victories against the
2296:
2146:
600:
The most famous Neo-Assyrian artwork depicting a queen is the "Garden Party" relief of Ashurbanipal, which depicts the king reclining on a couch while his queen,
1995:
1956:"Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday
157:
783–773 BC). She is depicted (right) in reverence before a goddess (left). Note the scorpion symbol behind the goddess, a commonly used symbol for queens.
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crown. This suggests that the queen may ideologically have been an image of Ishtar, and that she at times could be seen as an incarnation of the goddess.
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times. Another possible association was that the scorpion symbol represented the queen as a fierce and ideal mother; the term for a female scorpion was
2106:
572:) is the only of the queens for whom any details of her family history are known for certain; her funerary inscription mentions that her father was
424:
520:
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and several commanders. Some of the queen's troops are attested as taking part in military campaigns, which means that they were not simply the
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mentioning queens amount to nearly 200 texts, distributed in time from 844 BC to the fall of the capital city of Nineveh in 612 BC.
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102:(722–609 BC), when they more frequently appear in artwork and large military units directly subservient to the queen were created.
1963:
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1720:
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413:, containing the remains of several queens, were found beneath the floor of one of the royal palaces in the then capital city of
138:
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713 BC, but in 694 BC (when Naqi'a must still have been alive) Tashmetu-sharrat is known to have been Sennacherib's queen.
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1981:
1988:
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there were powerful women in the empire before that point as well. The most powerful and famous Neo-Assyrian queen was
1840:
Mvlta per Ægvora: Il polisemico significato della moderna della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro
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2015:
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Burying the queens beneath the floor of the palace was not a sign of disrespect; it was a common practice in the
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Jakob, Stefan (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
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It is probable that the royal attire of the queens was inspired by Mesopotamian mythology; in the myth of
209:
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1912:
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has made perfect above all women". When Esarhaddon's wife Esharra-hammat died, he constructed a great
2066:
851:
328:
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2122:
709:
169:
87:
1954:. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.).
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1826:
1768:
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376:, who themselves had considerable resources and their own large staffs. It is probable that the
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Reconstruction of the attire and regalia of a Neo-Assyrian queen, based on the finds in the
357:
99:
417:; the queens were thus buried in the palace, not alongside the kings in the royal tombs of
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2198:
2182:
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884:
870:
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601:
504:
459:
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ran the provincial holdings of the queens relatively autonomously. Among the staff of the
110:
36:
192:, literally meaning "Woman of the Palace". The term could also perhaps be abbeviated to
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2167:
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912:
805:
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663:
448:
147:
114:
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1876:"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs"
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898:
732:
1973:
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The entire "Garden Party" relief, showing the royal couple and the surrounding scene
121:, which has given considerable insight into their lives as well as their attire and
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837:
676:
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236:
143:
40:
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2020:
1012:
990:
778:
654:
444:
402:
320:("to arise, to pick up", also used in the meaning of "child-nurse" or "nanny").
244:
106:
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people. The queen's staff was headed by a set of female administrators, titled
2238:
1934:
814:
333:
267:
254:
705–681 BC), and might best be understood as equating to the position of
1011:
Sargon II also had another wife, Ra'ima, who was the mother of his successor
967:
The direct translation of the cuneiform signs is simply "woman" and "palace".
212:, which directly preceded the Neo-Assyrian Empire, queens were designated as
2228:
755:
552:
475:
365:
361:
221:
165:
2050:
894:
811–783 BC), possibly attested by some inscriptions mentioning a queen
793:
344:
292:
669–631 BC), despite no longer being the mother of the reigning king.
263:
1764:
394:
908:
773–755 BC), attested through three inscriptions mentioning a queen
880:
859–824 BC), attested through three inscriptions mentioning a queen
922:
755–745 BC), attested through five inscriptions mentioning a queen
398:
386:
353:
258:, i.e. a former queen who was also the mother of the current king. The
122:
32:
950:
627–612 BC), attested through six inscriptions mentioning a queen
936:
631–627 BC), attested through two inscriptions mentioning a queen
1842:. Vol. II. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
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471:
433:
414:
1951:
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of the queens but also a part of the military might of the empire.
989:
The Assyrian capital was transferred from Nimrud to Nineveh under
615:
587:
548:
530:
498:
423:
418:
327:
243:("Mother of the King") is attested first under Sargon's successor
137:
26:
1782:"Libbali-sharrat in the Garden: An Assyrian Queen Holding Court"
605:
2095:
1977:
1751:
Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire".
109:, who for a time might have served as regent for her young son
1863:
ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad
1091:
1089:
432:. This particular crown is evocative of headgear depicted in
1387:
1385:
507:, queen of Ashurbanipal, showing her wearing the mural crown
547:) and elements derived from foreign sources (such as gold,
1899:
Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship".
1287:
1285:
1283:
1433:
1431:
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1198:
1196:
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235:("Lady of the House") was introduced for the wife of the
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to bury your ancestors beneath the floors of your home.
277:
681–669 BC), was still attested with the title of
1076:
1074:
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409:
their strong association with the palace was that the
1859:"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC"
105:
The most famous and powerful Neo-Assyrian queen was
2309:
2289:
2282:
2160:
2130:
1958:. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
266:, wife of Sennacherib and mother of his successor
1935:"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace"
1213:
1211:
1715:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns.
2107:
1989:
8:
1095:
421:, Assyria's religious and ceremonial center.
262:could retain a prominent position for life;
301:
71:
2313:
2286:
2157:
2134:
2114:
2100:
2092:
1996:
1982:
1974:
1869:. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: 165–183.
576:, the "great cupbearer" of Ashurnasirpal.
428:Golden crown found in the tomb of queens
39:(left) dining with her husband, the king
1811:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1713:Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East
1291:
1144:
1107:
801:), possibly another queen of Sennacherib
168:term used to designate the queen in the
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1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1306:
1262:
1202:
1132:
1041:
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343:681–669 BC; right) and his mother
1952:"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited"
1950:Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017).
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1533:
1422:
1391:
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1335:
1318:
1185:
1173:
1061:
620:Golden crown found in the tomb of Hama
360:as his "beloved wife, whose features
1913:"The Assyrian queen and the scorpion"
1672:
1574:
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1403:
1359:
1347:
1274:
1247:
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7:
1918:Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
521:Ishtar's descent into the underworld
1786:Source: Notes in the History of Art
35:, depicting the Neo-Assyrian queen
1901:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
1736:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
25:
2005:Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2336:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
2078:
2077:
1831:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687
1823:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687
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18:Queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
1880:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
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875:
842:
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783:
760:
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691:
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338:
316:), closely related to the term
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249:
226:
152:
113:after the death of her husband
45:
31:The "Garden Party" relief from
1807:"Neo-Assyrian Women Revisited"
1:
1939:Studia Orientalia Electronica
1026:
482:Scholarly disputes and issues
356:publicly described his queen
311:she who picks up the scorpion
281:in the reign of her grandson
184:, which would be rendered in
134:Title and symbol of the queen
1753:Altorientalische Forschungen
1692:Sennacherib, King of Assyria
523:, the attire of the goddess
503:Detail of a stele depicting
231:722–705 BC), the title
1874:Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017).
1805:Melville, Sarah C. (2019).
2410:
2389:Ancient Mesopotamian women
2016:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
632:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
566:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
2353:
2326:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2316:
2137:
2075:
2011:
637:Mullissu-mukannišat-Nīnua
1096:Yamada & Yamada 2017
864:Queens not known by name
1689:Elayi, Josette (2018).
537:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
430:Iaba, Banitu and Atalia
411:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
119:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
90:was the consort of the
1857:Radner, Karen (2003).
1780:Kertai, David (2020).
1733:A Companion to Assyria
1695:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
621:
593:
539:
508:
437:
348:
216:("Wife of the King").
210:Middle Assyrian Empire
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51:
1933:Teppo, Saana (2007).
1765:10.1524/aof.2013.0006
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502:
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331:
141:
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2297:State communications
2067:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak
852:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak
625:Queens known by name
574:Ashur-nirka-da’’inni
2379:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2219:Tiglath-Pileser III
2147:Resettlement policy
2123:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1616:, pp. 116–119.
1565:, pp. 114–115.
1536:, pp. 212–213.
1394:, pp. 109–110.
1277:, pp. 163–166.
1147:, pp. 173–174.
857:Ana-Tašmētum-taklāk
710:Tiglath-Pileser III
170:Neo-Assyrian Empire
88:Neo-Assyrian Empire
81:Woman of the Palace
2321:Assyrian sculpture
2173:Tukulti-Ninurta II
622:
594:
540:
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495:Attire and regalia
438:
391:commander-in-chief
349:
324:Position and power
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2384:Ancient Assyrians
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1849:978-2-87558-691-9
978:Ancient Near East
332:Relief depicting
92:Neo-Assyrian king
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2314:
2287:
2266:Ashur-uballit II
2260:Sin-shumu-lishir
2249:Ashur-etil-ilani
2178:Ashurnasirpal II
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1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
974:
968:
965:
949:
947:
935:
933:
927:Ashur-etil-ilani
921:
919:
907:
905:
893:
891:
879:
877:
847:669–631 BC)
846:
844:
824:681–669 BC)
823:
821:
788:705–681 BC)
787:
785:
770:Tashmetu-sharrat
765:722–705 BC)
764:
762:
742:727–722 BC)
741:
739:
719:745–727 BC)
718:
716:
696:783–773 BC)
695:
693:
673:824–811 BC)
672:
670:
650:883–859 BC)
649:
647:
641:Ashurnasirpal II
570:Ashurnasirpal II
468:
466:
457:
455:
358:Tashmetu-sharrat
342:
340:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
291:
289:
276:
274:
253:
251:
230:
228:
183:
179:
175:
156:
154:
100:Sargonid dynasty
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
50:669–631 BC)
49:
47:
21:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2394:Assyrian queens
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2345:
2331:Lachish Reliefs
2301:
2270:
2199:Adad-nirari III
2183:Shalmaneser III
2156:
2126:
2120:
2090:
2085:
2071:
2062:Libbali-sharrat
2007:
2002:
1972:
1966:
1949:
1945:(101): 381–420.
1932:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1898:
1873:
1856:
1850:
1837:
1804:
1779:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1068:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
988:
984:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
944:
930:
916:
902:
888:
885:Adad-nirari III
874:
871:Shalmaneser III
866:
841:
829:Libbali-sharrat
818:
782:
759:
736:
713:
690:
667:
644:
627:
614:
602:Libbali-sharrat
586:
584:Presence in art
561:
505:Libbali-sharrat
497:
484:
463:
460:Adad-nirari III
452:
337:
326:
313:
310:
307:
304:
286:
271:
248:
225:
181:
177:
173:
151:
146:, the queen of
136:
131:
129:Status and role
111:Adad-nirari III
83:
80:
77:
74:
44:
37:Libbali-sharrat
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2290:Infrastructure
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Ashur-nirari V
2211:
2206:
2204:Shalmaneser IV
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:Shamshi-Adad V
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Adad-nirari II
2164:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125: articles
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Esharra-hammat
2054:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1965:978-1575067612
1964:
1947:
1930:
1909:
1896:
1892:10.1086/690911
1886:(1): 149–174.
1871:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1817:(3): 687–692.
1802:
1798:10.1086/709188
1792:(4): 209–218.
1777:
1759:(1): 108–124.
1748:
1743:978-1118325247
1742:
1727:
1722:978-1575067704
1721:
1707:
1702:978-0884143178
1701:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1675:, p. 161.
1654:
1652:, p. 121.
1642:
1640:, p. 119.
1630:
1628:, p. 118.
1618:
1606:
1604:, p. 116.
1591:
1589:, p. 115.
1579:
1567:
1555:
1553:, p. 114.
1538:
1526:
1524:, p. 163.
1514:
1512:, p. 160.
1502:
1500:, p. 746.
1490:
1488:, p. 164.
1478:
1476:, p. 168.
1466:
1464:, p. 743.
1454:
1452:, p. 735.
1442:
1440:, p. 160.
1427:
1425:, p. 212.
1408:
1406:, p. 158.
1396:
1381:
1379:, p. 110.
1364:
1362:, p. 391.
1352:
1350:, p. 167.
1340:
1338:, p. 113.
1323:
1321:, p. 168.
1311:
1309:, p. 165.
1296:
1294:, p. 174.
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 159.
1252:
1250:, p. 159.
1237:
1235:, p. 392.
1222:
1207:
1205:, p. 161.
1190:
1188:, p. 120.
1178:
1176:, p. 112.
1161:
1159:, p. 148.
1149:
1137:
1135:, p. 158.
1112:
1110:, p. 166.
1100:
1098:, p. 391.
1085:
1083:, p. 157.
1066:
1064:, p. 109.
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1004:
995:
982:
969:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
937:
923:
913:Ashur-nirari V
909:
895:
881:
865:
862:
861:
860:
848:
834:Libbali-šarrat
825:
806:Esharra-hammat
802:
789:
775:Tašmētu-šarrat
766:
743:
720:
697:
687:Shalmaneser IV
674:
664:Shamshi-Adad V
651:
626:
623:
613:
612:List of queens
610:
585:
582:
560:
557:
496:
493:
483:
480:
449:Shamshi-Adad V
447:, the wife of
368:in her honor.
325:
322:
298:tārit zuqaqīpi
148:Shalmaneser IV
135:
132:
130:
127:
115:Shamshi-Adad V
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2342:
2341:Balawat Gates
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:Sinsharishkun
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Shalmaneser V
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Ashur-Dan III
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:, p. 13.
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Spurrier 2017
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:Spurrier 2017
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Spurrier 2017
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
986:
983:
979:
973:
970:
964:
961:
954:
942:
941:Sinsharishkun
938:
928:
924:
914:
910:
900:
899:Ashur-dan III
896:
886:
882:
872:
868:
867:
863:
858:
854:
853:
849:
839:
835:
831:
830:
826:
816:
812:
811:Ešarra-ḫammat
808:
807:
803:
800:
796:
795:
790:
780:
776:
772:
771:
767:
757:
753:
749:
748:
744:
734:
733:Shalmaneser V
730:
726:
725:
721:
711:
707:
703:
702:
698:
688:
684:
680:
679:
675:
665:
661:
657:
656:
652:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
624:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
590:
583:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
538:
533:
529:
526:
522:
517:
515:
506:
501:
494:
492:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
461:
450:
446:
442:
435:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
335:
330:
323:
321:
319:
299:
293:
284:
280:
269:
265:
261:
257:
246:
242:
238:
234:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
171:
167:
164:
149:
145:
140:
133:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
69:
65:
61:
57:
42:
38:
34:
29:
19:
2258:
2244:Ashurbanipal
2151:
2004:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1922:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1839:
1814:
1810:
1789:
1785:
1756:
1752:
1732:
1712:
1691:
1682:Bibliography
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1529:
1522:Gansell 2018
1517:
1505:
1498:Pinnock 2018
1493:
1486:Gansell 2018
1481:
1474:Gansell 2018
1469:
1462:Pinnock 2018
1457:
1450:Pinnock 2018
1445:
1438:Gansell 2018
1399:
1355:
1343:
1314:
1307:Gansell 2018
1270:
1263:Gansell 2018
1203:Gansell 2018
1181:
1152:
1140:
1133:Gansell 2018
1103:
1020:
1007:
998:
985:
972:
963:
856:
850:
838:Ashurbanipal
836:), queen of
833:
827:
813:), queen of
810:
804:
798:
792:
777:), queen of
774:
768:
754:), queen of
751:
745:
731:), queen of
728:
722:
708:), queen of
705:
699:
685:), queen of
682:
677:
662:), queen of
659:
653:
639:), queen of
636:
630:
599:
595:
578:
562:
541:
518:
513:
510:
489:
485:
441:
439:
407:
381:
377:
373:
370:
350:
317:
297:
294:
283:Ashurbanipal
278:
259:
256:Queen mother
240:
239:. The title
237:crown prince
232:
218:
213:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
160:
104:
95:
67:
63:
55:
53:
41:Ashurbanipal
2234:Sennacherib
2193:Shammuramat
2021:Shammuramat
1650:Kertai 2013
1638:Kertai 2013
1626:Kertai 2013
1614:Kertai 2013
1602:Kertai 2013
1587:Kertai 2013
1563:Kertai 2013
1551:Kertai 2013
1534:Kertai 2020
1423:Kertai 2020
1392:Kertai 2013
1377:Kertai 2013
1336:Kertai 2013
1319:Radner 2003
1186:Kertai 2013
1174:Kertai 2013
1062:Kertai 2013
1013:Sennacherib
991:Sennacherib
779:Sennacherib
660:Sammu-rāmat
655:Shammuramat
445:Shammuramat
403:honor guard
245:Sennacherib
214:aššat šarre
190:issi ekalli
178:munus.é.gal
107:Shammuramat
64:issi ekalli
2373:Categories
2239:Esarhaddon
1924:19 January
1907:: 157–171.
1673:Svärd 2015
1575:Elayi 2018
1510:Svärd 2015
1404:Svärd 2015
1360:Teppo 2007
1348:Svärd 2015
1275:Svärd 2015
1248:Svärd 2015
1233:Teppo 2007
1157:Jakob 2017
1081:Svärd 2015
1037:References
815:Esarhaddon
334:Esarhaddon
268:Esarhaddon
233:bēlat bēti
2229:Sargon II
2195:(regent?)
1773:163392326
939:Queen of
925:Queen of
911:Queen of
897:Queen of
883:Queen of
869:Queen of
756:Sargon II
568:(wife of
553:carnelian
545:eyestones
476:Semiramis
434:Levantine
366:mausoleum
362:Belit-ili
279:ummi šari
260:ummi šari
241:ummi šari
222:Sargon II
166:cuneiform
86:) of the
2358:Category
2142:Military
2131:Politics
2083:Category
606:Elamites
399:chariots
395:infantry
186:Assyrian
174:mí.é.gal
163:Akkadian
142:Seal of
60:Assyrian
43:(right;
2310:Culture
2283:Economy
948:
934:
920:
906:
892:
878:
845:
822:
786:
763:
740:
717:
694:
671:
648:
559:Sources
467:
456:
387:Turtanu
382:šakintu
378:šakintu
374:šakintu
354:Nineveh
341:
305:
290:
275:
252:
229:
206:šarratu
202:šarratu
194:sēgallu
155:
123:regalia
96:šakintu
75:
68:sēgallu
48:
33:Nineveh
2161:Rulers
2152:Queens
2051:Naqi'a
2041:Atalia
2036:Banitu
1962:
1846:
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799:Naqī'a
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752:Atalia
747:Atalia
729:Banītu
724:Banitu
525:Ishtar
514:kilīlu
472:regent
415:Nimrud
347:(left)
345:Naqi'a
264:Naqi'a
200:) was
182:mí.kur
1827:JSTOR
1769:S2CID
955:Notes
549:agate
419:Assur
198:šarru
56:queen
2031:Iaba
2026:Hama
1960:ISBN
1926:2022
1844:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1218:CDLI
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