489:
597:. While the relief depicts Ashurbanipal as of higher rank through depicting him higher up and as larger, Libbali-sharrat is also shown as being of exceptionally high rank since she is closely affiliated with the king and her robe and jewelry, parallelling that of the king's, evoke divine imagery. Some striking details concerning the "Garden Party" relief is that while Libbali-sharrat is depicted with the mural crown, Ashurbanipal is uncrowned (save for a simple headband) and the king is reclining whereas the queen is seated; sitting on a throne was a royal privilege. The servants depicted in the image are also all female, i.e. part of Libbali-sharrat's staff. Taken together, these artistic choices mean that the scene is actually organized around Libbali-sharrat rather than Ashurbanipal; it is the only known surviving image from ancient Assyria depicting an individual other than the king effectively holding court.
17:
341:
produce an heir to the throne, they also had several other duties and responsibilities, often in very high levels of the government. The Neo-Assyrian queens are recorded to have been involved in arranging religious activities, such as rituals, and to have supported temples financially and dedicated gifts to the gods. It is also clear that they played a role in making political decisions. The queens commanded the respect of numerous high-ranking officials and had their own considerable financial resources, evidenced not only by surviving texts concerning their household and activities but also the treasures uncovered in their tombs. It is clear that the queens were prominent in
Assyrian society since there is ample evidence of the kings giving them particular recognition. Sennacherib in inscriptions concerning the construction of palaces at
578:
480:
royal palace, with there only being one "Woman of the Palace" in regard to the empire but that multiple women could carry the title while within the royal palace. Although
Assyrian kings are known to have had multiple wives, or at least female partners, there are serious problems with the idea of multiple "Women of the Palace". Most importantly, Assyrian documents always use the term without any further qualifiers, which suggests that it referred unambiguously to the main wife of the king. Most historians support the idea that there was only one "Woman of the Palace" at any one given time. Scholarly investigations are made more difficult by there not being any concrete remaining textual evidence describing the royal wedding ceremony, nor listing the number of royal wives.
544:; perhaps an expression of the breadth and dominance of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Many of the dress and regalia elements found in the tomb agree well with the known depictions of queens, such as their earrings and bracelets, but discrepancies with the artwork also exist. Most prominently, no mural crown, the most evocative artistic indication of queenship, has ever been found. Instead, the queens buried at Nimrud were buried with other headdresses. Perhaps the mural crown was not as central to queenship as artistic depictions would suggest or alternatively, the mural crown was belonged to a "crown treasury" and was not part of the queen's personal belongings and could thus not be placed in a tomb.
414:
128:
505:("battlements"). The crown, a highly unusual design in Mesopotamia, was a band, well-fitted on the queen's head, decorated at regular intervals with tower-shaped protrusions slightly higher than the rest of the crown. The mural crown probably had strong political value and was perhaps an important symbol of female power. Queens are sometimes depicted without their crowns in artwork, though this is normally in contexts where wearing a crown would have been inappropriate, such as in religious or cultic imagery. In such contexts, the queens could wear more modest regalia, such as a plain headband.
606:
318:
197:. The difference in terminology does not necessarily mean that foreign queens, who often governed significantly smaller territories than the Neo-Assyrian Empire, were seen as having a higher status than the Assyrian queens. Still, a handful of modern historians, such as Sarah C. Melville, prefer to designate the Assyrian queens simply as "wives" or "consorts". The title of "Woman of the Palace" was a new invention of the Neo-Assyrian period; in the
2068:
83:. Though the queens derived their power and influence through their association with their husband, they were not pawns without political power. The queens oversaw their own, often considerable, finances and owned vast estates throughout the empire. To oversee their assets, the queens employed a large administrative staff headed by a set of female administrators called
521:
552:
Surviving source material in regards to individual
Assyrian queens is very scarce; while alive, queens appear to rarely have been designated by name and as such, the majority of available references concerning them are funerary texts and inscriptions. The names of many queens thus remain unknown. The
284:
A frequently used symbol, apparently the royal symbol of the queens themselves, that was used in documents and on objects to designate the queens was a scorpion. In
Mesopotamian art, scorpions were closely connected with fertility and they are known from artwork as a religious symbol from prehistoric
568:
In contrast to the scarce record of the names of the queens, queens are frequently attested in administrative documents without their names. Such documents provide insight into their households, position and status, but it can be difficult to identify which queen they belong to. The known documents
531:
The Queens' tombs at Nimrud preserve large sets of royal regalia. For individual queens, the typical ensemble included a headdress or crown, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, beads, up to ten rings, gold decorations, one or several seals and a mirror. The details on all objects differed from queen to
479:
Some scholars have suggested, based on issues with identifying queens from administrative documents, that there could perhaps be multiple women with the title "Women of the Palace" at any one given time. In 2004, Sarah C. Melville suggested that the term was used differently within and outside the
397:
The title "Woman of the Palace" places greater emphasis on the queen's role in regard to the royal palace than her association with the king, which implies that their role as "rulers over the domestic realm" was more important than that they were the chief consorts of the kings. Further indicating
373:
were both men and women, with positions such as village managers, palace overseers, chief bakers and treasurers, as well as workers such as weavers, shepherds and leatherworkers. It is possible that the main enterprise of the many holdings was textile production, meant to supply textiles both the
585:
Though many artistic depictions of kings and male officials survive from the Neo-Assyrian Empire, few depictions of queens are known. This is not necessarily an indication that they were not important, but could rather be understood as a measure taken to ensure the security of the royal women; a
516:
is described very similarly to what is known of the attire of the Neo-Assyrian queens. Given that Ishtar was partly a goddess of fertility, it is possible that the dress in turn also referenced fertility. The strongest similarity to Ishtar was that the goddess in
Assyrian art also wore the mural
360:
The queens employed their own extensive staff and the administrative unit of their households was an integral part of the administration of the empire until its fall. The queen's household held extensive swaths of land and many offices throughout the Neo-Assyrian Empire and employed hundreds of
340:
Though the queens, like all other female and male members of the royal court, ultimately derived their power and influence from their association with the king, they were not pawns without political power. The queens had their own say in financial affairs and while they ideally were supposed to
475:
It is not clear how exactly the position of queen was connected to the position of king. While the queen most for the majority of the time have been the consort of the king, there is scholarly dispute in regards to whether the queen retained her title and status after the death of the king, or
1004:. There are references to a "queen mother" from Sennacherib's reign, indicating that Ra'ima was still alive after Sargon's death. There is however no evidence that she was ever Sargon's queen, and the style "queen mother" may have been applied to her only after his death, by Sennacherib.
382:), Sargon also split that office into two, one Turtanu being assigned to the queen's forces. Under the later kings of the Sargonid dynasty, the troops assigned to the queen grew more numerous and diverse; it was not limited simply to bodyguards; among the queen's troops were cohorts of
500:
The
Assyrian queens wore crowns, though they differed in appearance from those of their husbands. Their crown is typically referred to by modern scholars as the mural crown, as it incorporates elements designed to evoke a castle wall. In ancient Assyria, this crown was referred to as
87:. Among the duties of the queens were religious responsibilities and overseeing parts of the royal palaces; their role as "rulers of the domestic realm" is reflected in their title as "Women of the Palace". The power and influence of the queens was increased further under the
476:
whether the title and position was automatically and directly transferred to the wife of the succeeding king. Most historians support the idea that the title only applied to the primary wife of the reigning king, with the title not being retained upon the death of the king.
848:), known from a fragmentary inscription. Queen at some point after the reign of Sennacherib (due to being attested at Nineveh, made the capital under Sennacherib). Possibly the same person as one of the otherwise unknown queens of Ashur-etil-ilani or Sinsharishkun.
208:
As the Neo-Assyrian period progressed, further titles were introduced for royal women, perhaps in response to confusing situations that could arise in regard to what former queens and wives of other members of the royal family should be called. Under
553:
most extensive information concerning the queens has been recovered from the Queens' tombs at Nimrud, discovered in 1988. Often, very little historical information is available for each queen. The earliest queen known from the Neo-Assyrian period,
467:. Esarhaddon's mother Naqi'a was also very powerful after Sennacherib's death; she owned her own residencies in most of the major Assyrian cities, was likely extremely wealthy and on her own accord commissioned a new palace for her son in Nineveh.
488:
458:
811–783 BC). Adad-nirari III was quite young at the time of his accession and a handful of sources from his early reign continued to refer to
Shammuramat as queen, perhaps suggesting that she ruled in her own right as
1699:
Gansell, Amy
Rebecca (2018). "In Pursuit of Neo-Assyrian Queens: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for Researching Ancient Women and Engendering Ancient History". In Svärd, Saana; Garcia-Ventura, Agnès (eds.).
185:, with the same meaning. Modern historians recognize the Neo-Assyrian "Women of the Palace" as queens, though this diverges from the ancient Assyrian terminology. The feminine version of the word for "king" (
532:
queen, which indicates individual identity and that they were also uniquely dressed in life. In terms of iconography, the jewelry of the queens incorporated both aspects of
Assyrian royal tradition (such as
1013:
Naqi'a is attested as "Mother of the King" in the reign of
Esarhaddon but it is unclear if she ever held the position of "Woman of the Palace". To be Esarhaddon's mother she must have given birth to him
991:
Some researchers hypothesize that Banitu and Iaba were the same person, with Banitu being Iaba's name in Akkadian. Historical and chonological evidence speaks against identifying them as the same person.
193:, but this term was only applied to goddesses and queens of foreign nations who ruled in their own right. Since the Assyrian consorts did not rule themselves, the Assyrians did not refer to them as
16:
463:. An inscription on a boundary stone suggests that Shammuramat herself partook in a military campaign with her son. In later legends Shammuramat was immortalized as the legendary queen
577:
586:
significant number of surviving texts illustrate that the Assyrians believed that any negative act done towards an image would have detrimental effects for the person it portrayed.
429:
Though reign of Esarhaddon was in particular a time when royal women were able to exercise great political power, perhaps on account of Esarhaddon's distrust of his male relatives,
106:
in 811 BC. Shammuramat is also recorded to have accompanied her son on military campaigns. The tombs and remains of numerous queens have been found through excavations of the
2102:
374:
royal palace in the capital and for trading purposes. In the reign of Sargon II, military units subservient to the queen were created. Perhaps worried of the authority of the
447:
824–811 BC). Though references to her are scant from the reign of her husband, Shammuramat reached a position of power upon his death and the accession of their son
1827:
Pinnock, Frances (2018). "A city of gold for the queen: some thoughts about the mural crown of Assyrian queens". In Cavalieri, Marco & Boschetti, Cristina (eds.).
593:, sits opposite him in a high chair. The couple are attended by servants and are depicting raising their cups in commemoration of Ashurbanipal's victories against the
2285:
2135:
589:
The most famous Neo-Assyrian artwork depicting a queen is the "Garden Party" relief of Ashurbanipal, which depicts the king reclining on a couch while his queen,
1984:
1945:"Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday
146:
783–773 BC). She is depicted (right) in reverence before a goddess (left). Note the scorpion symbol behind the goddess, a commonly used symbol for queens.
2130:
517:
crown. This suggests that the queen may ideologically have been an image of Ishtar, and that she at times could be seen as an incarnation of the goddess.
285:
times. Another possible association was that the scorpion symbol represented the queen as a fierce and ideal mother; the term for a female scorpion was
2095:
561:) is the only of the queens for whom any details of her family history are known for certain; her funerary inscription mentions that her father was
413:
509:
390:
and several commanders. Some of the queen's troops are attested as taking part in military campaigns, which means that they were not simply the
569:
mentioning queens amount to nearly 200 texts, distributed in time from 844 BC to the fall of the capital city of Nineveh in 612 BC.
1836:
1906:
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91:(722–609 BC), when they more frequently appear in artwork and large military units directly subservient to the queen were created.
1952:
1730:
1709:
1689:
2324:
402:, containing the remains of several queens, were found beneath the floor of one of the royal palaces in the then capital city of
127:
1018:
713 BC, but in 694 BC (when Naqi'a must still have been alive) Tashmetu-sharrat is known to have been Sennacherib's queen.
2367:
2346:
1970:
1977:
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there were powerful women in the empire before that point as well. The most powerful and famous Neo-Assyrian queen was
1829:
Mvlta per Ægvora: Il polisemico significato della moderna della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro
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2004:
620:
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399:
107:
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Burying the queens beneath the floor of the palace was not a sign of disrespect; it was a common practice in the
48:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
735:
712:
689:
605:
520:
418:
1770:
1719:
Jakob, Stefan (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
562:
508:
It is probable that the royal attire of the queens was inspired by Mesopotamian mythology; in the myth of
198:
80:
1901:
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has made perfect above all women". When Esarhaddon's wife Esharra-hammat died, he constructed a great
2055:
840:
317:
2207:
2111:
698:
158:
76:
1943:. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.).
2309:
2161:
1815:
1757:
379:
1819:
1795:
365:, who themselves had considerable resources and their own large staffs. It is probable that the
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1705:
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174:
151:
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1807:
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915:
758:
629:
558:
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Reconstruction of the attire and regalia of a Neo-Assyrian queen, based on the finds in the
346:
88:
406:; the queens were thus buried in the palace, not alongside the kings in the royal tombs of
2319:
2187:
2171:
2050:
873:
859:
817:
590:
493:
448:
369:
ran the provincial holdings of the queens relatively autonomously. Among the staff of the
99:
25:
181:, literally meaning "Woman of the Palace". The term could also perhaps be abbeviated to
2202:
2192:
2176:
2156:
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901:
794:
675:
652:
437:
136:
103:
2361:
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2212:
2197:
1865:"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs"
1811:
1761:
929:
887:
721:
1962:
581:
The entire "Garden Party" relief, showing the royal couple and the surrounding scene
110:, which has given considerable insight into their lives as well as their attire and
2232:
2014:
826:
665:
271:
244:
225:
132:
29:
1720:
1679:
2222:
2181:
2009:
1001:
979:
767:
643:
433:
391:
309:("to arise, to pick up", also used in the meaning of "child-nurse" or "nanny").
233:
95:
2080:
1847:
361:
people. The queen's staff was headed by a set of female administrators, titled
2227:
1923:
803:
322:
256:
243:
705–681 BC), and might best be understood as equating to the position of
1000:
Sargon II also had another wife, Ra'ima, who was the mother of his successor
956:
The direct translation of the cuneiform signs is simply "woman" and "palace".
201:, which directly preceded the Neo-Assyrian Empire, queens were designated as
2217:
744:
541:
464:
354:
350:
210:
154:
2039:
883:
811–783 BC), possibly attested by some inscriptions mentioning a queen
782:
333:
281:
669–631 BC), despite no longer being the mother of the reigning king.
252:
1753:
383:
897:
773–755 BC), attested through three inscriptions mentioning a queen
869:
859–824 BC), attested through three inscriptions mentioning a queen
911:
755–745 BC), attested through five inscriptions mentioning a queen
387:
375:
342:
247:, i.e. a former queen who was also the mother of the current king. The
111:
21:
939:
627–612 BC), attested through six inscriptions mentioning a queen
925:
631–627 BC), attested through two inscriptions mentioning a queen
1831:. Vol. II. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
513:
460:
422:
403:
1940:
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of the queens but also a part of the military might of the empire.
978:
The Assyrian capital was transferred from Nimrud to Nineveh under
604:
576:
537:
519:
487:
412:
407:
316:
232:("Mother of the King") is attested first under Sargon's successor
126:
15:
1771:"Libbali-sharrat in the Garden: An Assyrian Queen Holding Court"
594:
2084:
1966:
1740:
Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire".
98:, who for a time might have served as regent for her young son
1852:
ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad
1080:
1078:
421:. This particular crown is evocative of headgear depicted in
1376:
1374:
496:, queen of Ashurbanipal, showing her wearing the mural crown
536:) and elements derived from foreign sources (such as gold,
1888:
Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship".
1276:
1274:
1272:
1422:
1420:
1291:
1289:
1247:
1245:
1187:
1185:
1183:
224:("Lady of the House") was introduced for the wife of the
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to bury your ancestors beneath the floors of your home.
266:
681–669 BC), was still attested with the title of
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
398:
their strong association with the palace was that the
1848:"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC"
94:
The most famous and powerful Neo-Assyrian queen was
2298:
2278:
2271:
2149:
2119:
1947:. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
255:, wife of Sennacherib and mother of his successor
1924:"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace"
1202:
1200:
1704:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns.
2096:
1978:
8:
1084:
410:, Assyria's religious and ceremonial center.
251:could retain a prominent position for life;
290:
60:
2302:
2275:
2146:
2123:
2103:
2089:
2081:
1985:
1971:
1963:
1858:. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: 165–183.
565:, the "great cupbearer" of Ashurnasirpal.
417:Golden crown found in the tomb of queens
28:(left) dining with her husband, the king
1800:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1702:Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East
1280:
1133:
1096:
790:), possibly another queen of Sennacherib
157:term used to designate the queen in the
1510:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1295:
1251:
1191:
1121:
1030:
949:
332:681–669 BC; right) and his mother
1941:"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited"
1939:Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017).
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1575:
1551:
1539:
1522:
1411:
1380:
1365:
1324:
1307:
1174:
1162:
1050:
609:Golden crown found in the tomb of Hama
349:as his "beloved wife, whose features
1902:"The Assyrian queen and the scorpion"
1661:
1563:
1498:
1392:
1348:
1336:
1263:
1236:
1221:
1145:
1069:
7:
1907:Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
510:Ishtar's descent into the underworld
1775:Source: Notes in the History of Art
24:, depicting the Neo-Assyrian queen
1890:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
1725:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
14:
1994:Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2325:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
2067:
2066:
1820:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687
1812:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687
1206:
1869:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
934:
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864:
831:
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680:
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453:
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305:), closely related to the term
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215:
141:
102:after the death of her husband
34:
20:The "Garden Party" relief from
1796:"Neo-Assyrian Women Revisited"
1:
1928:Studia Orientalia Electronica
1015:
471:Scholarly disputes and issues
345:publicly described his queen
300:she who picks up the scorpion
270:in the reign of her grandson
173:, which would be rendered in
123:Title and symbol of the queen
1742:Altorientalische Forschungen
1681:Sennacherib, King of Assyria
512:, the attire of the goddess
492:Detail of a stele depicting
220:722–705 BC), the title
1863:Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017).
1794:Melville, Sarah C. (2019).
2399:
2378:Ancient Mesopotamian women
2005:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
621:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
555:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua
2342:
2315:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2305:
2126:
2064:
2000:
626:Mullissu-mukannišat-Nīnua
1085:Yamada & Yamada 2017
853:Queens not known by name
1678:Elayi, Josette (2018).
526:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
419:Iaba, Banitu and Atalia
400:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
108:Queens' tombs at Nimrud
79:was the consort of the
1846:Radner, Karen (2003).
1769:Kertai, David (2020).
1722:A Companion to Assyria
1684:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
610:
582:
528:
497:
426:
337:
205:("Wife of the King").
199:Middle Assyrian Empire
147:
40:
1922:Teppo, Saana (2007).
1754:10.1524/aof.2013.0006
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580:
523:
491:
416:
320:
130:
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2286:State communications
2056:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak
841:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak
614:Queens known by name
563:Ashur-nirka-da’’inni
2368:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2208:Tiglath-Pileser III
2136:Resettlement policy
2112:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1605:, pp. 116–119.
1554:, pp. 114–115.
1525:, pp. 212–213.
1383:, pp. 109–110.
1266:, pp. 163–166.
1136:, pp. 173–174.
846:Ana-Tašmētum-taklāk
699:Tiglath-Pileser III
159:Neo-Assyrian Empire
77:Neo-Assyrian Empire
70:Woman of the Palace
2310:Assyrian sculpture
2162:Tukulti-Ninurta II
611:
583:
529:
498:
484:Attire and regalia
427:
380:commander-in-chief
338:
313:Position and power
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41:
2373:Ancient Assyrians
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2267:
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2078:
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1838:978-2-87558-691-9
967:Ancient Near East
321:Relief depicting
81:Neo-Assyrian king
2390:
2303:
2276:
2255:Ashur-uballit II
2249:Sin-shumu-lishir
2238:Ashur-etil-ilani
2167:Ashurnasirpal II
2147:
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2035:Tashmetu-sharrat
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1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1005:
998:
992:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
957:
954:
938:
936:
924:
922:
916:Ashur-etil-ilani
910:
908:
896:
894:
882:
880:
868:
866:
836:669–631 BC)
835:
833:
813:681–669 BC)
812:
810:
777:705–681 BC)
776:
774:
759:Tashmetu-sharrat
754:722–705 BC)
753:
751:
731:727–722 BC)
730:
728:
708:745–727 BC)
707:
705:
685:783–773 BC)
684:
682:
662:824–811 BC)
661:
659:
639:883–859 BC)
638:
636:
630:Ashurnasirpal II
559:Ashurnasirpal II
457:
455:
446:
444:
347:Tashmetu-sharrat
331:
329:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
280:
278:
265:
263:
242:
240:
219:
217:
172:
168:
164:
145:
143:
89:Sargonid dynasty
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
39:669–631 BC)
38:
36:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2383:Assyrian queens
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2334:
2320:Lachish Reliefs
2290:
2259:
2188:Adad-nirari III
2172:Shalmaneser III
2145:
2115:
2109:
2079:
2074:
2060:
2051:Libbali-sharrat
1996:
1991:
1961:
1955:
1938:
1934:(101): 381–420.
1921:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1887:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1793:
1768:
1739:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1057:
1049:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1008:
999:
995:
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
933:
919:
905:
891:
877:
874:Adad-nirari III
863:
860:Shalmaneser III
855:
830:
818:Libbali-sharrat
807:
771:
748:
725:
702:
679:
656:
633:
616:
603:
591:Libbali-sharrat
575:
573:Presence in art
550:
494:Libbali-sharrat
486:
473:
452:
449:Adad-nirari III
441:
326:
315:
302:
299:
296:
293:
275:
260:
237:
214:
170:
166:
162:
140:
135:, the queen of
125:
120:
118:Status and role
100:Adad-nirari III
72:
69:
66:
63:
33:
26:Libbali-sharrat
12:
11:
5:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2279:Infrastructure
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Ashur-nirari V
2200:
2195:
2193:Shalmaneser IV
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:Shamshi-Adad V
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Adad-nirari II
2153:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114: articles
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Esharra-hammat
2043:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1954:978-1575067612
1953:
1936:
1919:
1898:
1885:
1881:10.1086/690911
1875:(1): 149–174.
1860:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1806:(3): 687–692.
1791:
1787:10.1086/709188
1781:(4): 209–218.
1766:
1748:(1): 108–124.
1737:
1732:978-1118325247
1731:
1716:
1711:978-1575067704
1710:
1696:
1691:978-0884143178
1690:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1664:, p. 161.
1643:
1641:, p. 121.
1631:
1629:, p. 119.
1619:
1617:, p. 118.
1607:
1595:
1593:, p. 116.
1580:
1578:, p. 115.
1568:
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 114.
1527:
1515:
1513:, p. 163.
1503:
1501:, p. 160.
1491:
1489:, p. 746.
1479:
1477:, p. 164.
1467:
1465:, p. 168.
1455:
1453:, p. 743.
1443:
1441:, p. 735.
1431:
1429:, p. 160.
1416:
1414:, p. 212.
1397:
1395:, p. 158.
1385:
1370:
1368:, p. 110.
1353:
1351:, p. 391.
1341:
1339:, p. 167.
1329:
1327:, p. 113.
1312:
1310:, p. 168.
1300:
1298:, p. 165.
1285:
1283:, p. 174.
1268:
1256:
1254:, p. 159.
1241:
1239:, p. 159.
1226:
1224:, p. 392.
1211:
1196:
1194:, p. 161.
1179:
1177:, p. 120.
1167:
1165:, p. 112.
1150:
1148:, p. 148.
1138:
1126:
1124:, p. 158.
1101:
1099:, p. 166.
1089:
1087:, p. 391.
1074:
1072:, p. 157.
1055:
1053:, p. 109.
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1006:
993:
984:
971:
958:
948:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
926:
912:
902:Ashur-nirari V
898:
884:
870:
854:
851:
850:
849:
837:
823:Libbali-šarrat
814:
795:Esharra-hammat
791:
778:
764:Tašmētu-šarrat
755:
732:
709:
686:
676:Shalmaneser IV
663:
653:Shamshi-Adad V
640:
615:
612:
602:
601:List of queens
599:
574:
571:
549:
546:
485:
482:
472:
469:
438:Shamshi-Adad V
436:, the wife of
357:in her honor.
314:
311:
287:tārit zuqaqīpi
137:Shalmaneser IV
124:
121:
119:
116:
104:Shamshi-Adad V
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2331:
2330:Balawat Gates
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:Sinsharishkun
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Shalmaneser V
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Ashur-Dan III
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 13.
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Spurrier 2017
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Spurrier 2017
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Spurrier 2017
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
981:
975:
972:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
943:
931:
930:Sinsharishkun
927:
917:
913:
903:
899:
889:
888:Ashur-dan III
885:
875:
871:
861:
857:
856:
852:
847:
843:
842:
838:
828:
824:
820:
819:
815:
805:
801:
800:Ešarra-ḫammat
797:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
779:
769:
765:
761:
760:
756:
746:
742:
738:
737:
733:
723:
722:Shalmaneser V
719:
715:
714:
710:
700:
696:
692:
691:
687:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
654:
650:
646:
645:
641:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
617:
613:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
587:
579:
572:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
527:
522:
518:
515:
511:
506:
504:
495:
490:
483:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
450:
439:
435:
431:
424:
420:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
324:
319:
312:
310:
308:
288:
282:
273:
269:
258:
254:
250:
246:
235:
231:
227:
223:
212:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
160:
156:
153:
138:
134:
129:
122:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
58:
54:
50:
46:
31:
27:
23:
18:
2247:
2233:Ashurbanipal
2140:
1993:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1911:. Retrieved
1905:
1893:
1889:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1778:
1774:
1745:
1741:
1721:
1701:
1680:
1671:Bibliography
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1518:
1511:Gansell 2018
1506:
1494:
1487:Pinnock 2018
1482:
1475:Gansell 2018
1470:
1463:Gansell 2018
1458:
1451:Pinnock 2018
1446:
1439:Pinnock 2018
1434:
1427:Gansell 2018
1388:
1344:
1332:
1303:
1296:Gansell 2018
1259:
1252:Gansell 2018
1192:Gansell 2018
1170:
1141:
1129:
1122:Gansell 2018
1092:
1009:
996:
987:
974:
961:
952:
845:
839:
827:Ashurbanipal
825:), queen of
822:
816:
802:), queen of
799:
793:
787:
781:
766:), queen of
763:
757:
743:), queen of
740:
734:
720:), queen of
717:
711:
697:), queen of
694:
688:
674:), queen of
671:
666:
651:), queen of
648:
642:
628:), queen of
625:
619:
588:
584:
567:
551:
530:
507:
502:
499:
478:
474:
430:
428:
396:
370:
366:
362:
359:
339:
306:
286:
283:
272:Ashurbanipal
267:
248:
245:Queen mother
229:
228:. The title
226:crown prince
221:
207:
202:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
149:
93:
84:
56:
52:
44:
42:
30:Ashurbanipal
2223:Sennacherib
2182:Shammuramat
2010:Shammuramat
1639:Kertai 2013
1627:Kertai 2013
1615:Kertai 2013
1603:Kertai 2013
1591:Kertai 2013
1576:Kertai 2013
1552:Kertai 2013
1540:Kertai 2013
1523:Kertai 2020
1412:Kertai 2020
1381:Kertai 2013
1366:Kertai 2013
1325:Kertai 2013
1308:Radner 2003
1175:Kertai 2013
1163:Kertai 2013
1051:Kertai 2013
1002:Sennacherib
980:Sennacherib
768:Sennacherib
649:Sammu-rāmat
644:Shammuramat
434:Shammuramat
392:honor guard
234:Sennacherib
203:aššat šarre
179:issi ekalli
167:munus.é.gal
96:Shammuramat
53:issi ekalli
2362:Categories
2228:Esarhaddon
1913:19 January
1896:: 157–171.
1662:Svärd 2015
1564:Elayi 2018
1499:Svärd 2015
1393:Svärd 2015
1349:Teppo 2007
1337:Svärd 2015
1264:Svärd 2015
1237:Svärd 2015
1222:Teppo 2007
1146:Jakob 2017
1070:Svärd 2015
1026:References
804:Esarhaddon
323:Esarhaddon
257:Esarhaddon
222:bēlat bēti
2218:Sargon II
2184:(regent?)
1762:163392326
928:Queen of
914:Queen of
900:Queen of
886:Queen of
872:Queen of
858:Queen of
745:Sargon II
557:(wife of
542:carnelian
534:eyestones
465:Semiramis
423:Levantine
355:mausoleum
351:Belit-ili
268:ummi šari
249:ummi šari
230:ummi šari
211:Sargon II
155:cuneiform
75:) of the
2347:Category
2131:Military
2120:Politics
2072:Category
595:Elamites
388:chariots
384:infantry
175:Assyrian
163:mí.é.gal
152:Akkadian
131:Seal of
49:Assyrian
32:(right;
2299:Culture
2272:Economy
937:
923:
909:
895:
881:
867:
834:
811:
775:
752:
729:
706:
683:
660:
637:
548:Sources
456:
445:
376:Turtanu
371:šakintu
367:šakintu
363:šakintu
343:Nineveh
330:
294:
279:
264:
241:
218:
195:šarratu
191:šarratu
183:sēgallu
144:
112:regalia
85:šakintu
64:
57:sēgallu
37:
22:Nineveh
2150:Rulers
2141:Queens
2040:Naqi'a
2030:Atalia
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503:kilīlu
461:regent
404:Nimrud
336:(left)
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1816:JSTOR
1758:S2CID
944:Notes
538:agate
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1949:ISBN
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