Quelepa - Knowledge (XXG)

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oriented 5° east of north, a 10° variance from the earlier structure. The lower levels of the pyramid measured between 1.1 and 1.3 metres (3.6 and 4.3 ft) high, the fourth level was higher, measuring 1.7 metres (5.6 ft). The lower levels had a horizontal depth of between 1.6 and 1.8 metres (5.2 and 5.9 ft), the upper levels of approximately 2.5 metres (8.2 ft). The front (south) face of the pyramid was not straight, the angles of the southern corners were slightly greater than 90° with the facade of the pyramid extending out slightly to meet the access ramp. The excavator concluded that this was to create the illusion that the building was larger than its actual size. The pyramidal base originally stood between 9.7 and 9.8 metres (32 and 32 ft) high. The access ramp was 6.4 metres (21 ft) wide and originally faced in stone, as uncovered during the 1949 excavations by Pedro Armillas. However, after the excavations, the owners of the Hacienda La Obrajuelo stripped the stone facing to be reused as construction material in San Miguel. The surviving remains of the ramp project 8.8 metres (29 ft) from the front of the pyramid, ending 8 metres (26 ft) from the edge of the supporting terrace. The ramp had a total length of approximately 24 to 25 metres (79 to 82 ft) from base to summit and an initial incline of 18.5° that increased to 28° at the upper levels. The south face of Structure 3, including the access ramp, is badly eroded with the damage having been accelerated by the original excavations at the site. Structure 3 was built on top of an earlier structure that had been deliberately destroyed to make way for the new building. Structure 3-sub is estimated to have been 5 metres (16 ft) high. Construction of the final structure is estimated to have begun around AD 500.

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62 ft) and was aligned just under 5° west of north. The pyramid probably only had two levels, the upper level being set back a little rather than centred and measuring 27.2 by 15.3 metres (89 by 50 ft). The lower level measured 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) high and the upper is estimated to have measured 3.2 metres (10 ft) high originally but was somewhat reduced. The total height of the pyramidal platform was about 5.8 metres (19 ft). Access to the top of the pyramid was via a south-facing ramp that measured 11.9 metres (39 ft) long with the lower end extending 6.3 metres (21 ft) south of the pyramid base. The ramp was 5.4 metres (18 ft) wide and rose at an estimated angle of 27°. Excavations revealed that the ramp was built of compacted clay and that the pyramid was packed with unworked stones. Both were built simultaneously. Structure 4 was faced with rough volcanic tuff blocks that varied considerably in size, cemented with mud. The blocks were covered in a coating of mortar that varied between 5 and 7 centimetres (2.0 and 2.8 in) thick and that may originally have been painted although no evidence was found to prove this. Around the base of the pyramid were found large amounts of burnt wattle and daub that can only have originated with the burning of a perishable superstructure on top of the pyramidal platform. The structure contained seven caches, among the offerings were Early Classic ceramic vessels,

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as approximately 4.1 metres (13 ft) based on the angle of its stairway. The stone facing was poor quality, consisting of rough, unequal stones placed haphazardly and cemented with mud mortar. This was then roughly covered with a thick, uneven coating of mortar. The lowest tier of the platform was 0.7 metres (2.3 ft) high, the middle tier measured 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) in height and the third tier was approximately 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) high. The stairway climbed the west side of the platform and projected 1 metre (3.3 ft) from the base of the pyramid. Structure 29 was built over an earlier structure that was similar in form. The poor workmanship associated with Structure 29 indicates that it was probably one of the last major structures to be erected at Quelepa. Ceramic evidence indicates that the building was abandoned at the end of the occupational history of the site, around AD 1000 at the beginning of the Early Postclassic period.

3288: 453:) is situated 110 metres (360 ft) north of the plaza, it has not been excavated. It consists of a mound measuring 31 metres (102 ft) long and 2.25 metres (7.4 ft) high that forms one side of the playing area, with the west side formed by the face of a terrace. The ballcourt is oriented north–south. The north and sound end zones are close by low, narrow walls running east–west. In the rain season, runoff water flows through the ballcourt and has buried it under more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) of soil. The original height of the sides of the ballcourt was probably around 4.5 metres (15 ft). Two large stone slabs were laid in the centre of the playing area, upon them was a broken 598:

polychrome bowl. A large offering was buried under the upper part of the ramp and was excavated by Pedro Armillas, the excavated artifacts passed into private ownership and their location are now unknown. The Offering included two large stone discs similar to that uncovered in Offering 2. Upon each disc was placed a four-legged ceramic vessel and underneath each disc were three stone balls measuring between 18 and 20 centimetres (7.1 and 7.9 in) and placed in a triangle. Also underneath each stone disc was a large tubular jade bead. This offering also contained a ceramic vessel inverted upon another with

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Structure 3 is the larger of the two main buildings and Structure 4 is the smaller. Both buildings appear to have been abandoned in the mid-7th century AD. The two pyramids faced south towards the edge of their supporting terrace, one of the largest terraces at the site, and were accessed via Ramps 1 and 2 that climbed the terrace edge and were directly aligned with the access ramps of Structures 3 and 4 respectively. Both ramps were paved with massive slabs and rose at an angle of 13°. The terrace and the ramps were faced with large volcanic

690:. It was found 235 metres (771 ft) north-northwest of Structure 29 and 102 metres (335 ft) northeast of the ballcourt. It had been placed near the edge of a 4-to-5-metre (13 to 16 ft) high terrace. When excavated the area around and under it had already been explored by looters. It is not known if the altar was found in its original location or if it had been moved there, one corner of the altar had been broken off and archaeologists were unable to locate the missing fragment, suggesting that it had been broken while being moved. 472:. The wattle and daub suggests a perishable superstructure once stood upon the platform but it is not certain if the stucco came from this or from the platform itself. Offering 23 was excavated from the structure and contained three ceramic vessels, including a red effigy vessel. This offering was buried at the time the structure was built and was likely to have been a dedicatory offering. A rough altar had been built in the angle formed by the southern wall of the stairway and the western wall of the platform itself. 28: 177: 464:(6.2 ft) wide stairway that extends 3 metres (9.8 ft) westwards from the platform. The use of a stairway indicates a major change in architectural style, moving away from the earlier use of ramps and involving the use of poorly reworked stone blocks for the facing of the building. The platform and the stairway both contained a mix of earth, mud and rock infill. Burnt remains of 17: 572:

Ramp 2. Offerings 20 and 21 were close to each other and each consisted of an inverted ceramic vessel placed over another vessel. Offering 18 was 3 metres (9.8 ft) northwest of the base of the ramp and contained two small ceramic bowls, one inverted over the other. All the ceramics from these offering belong to the Shila ceramic complex dated to the Early Classic.

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is a small mound that was a three-tiered pyramid platform measuring 17.2 by 14.1 metres (56 by 46 ft) at the base. It is out of alignment with the other structures in the west group. The mound was 3.5 metres (11 ft) high when excavated but the structure's original height has been calculated

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is a small platform dating to the Late Classic. It is located near the edge of a high terrace and closes the west side of a small plaza. It is a single-level platform with vertical sides and measures 8.8 by 6.8 metres (29 by 22 ft) by 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high. It was accessed by a 1.9-metre

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Quelepa has approximately 40 structures occupying an area of approximately 0.5 square kilometres (0.19 sq mi). They are spread out over a distance of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) along the bank of the San Esteban River, never at a distance greater the 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the river

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The structures of the West Group are located upon artificial terraces that are generally aligned north–south. To the south of the group the terrain descends steeply to the river. The group consists of a number of mounds, 15 of which are arranged around a rectangular plaza in the southeastern area of

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The tuff blocks used to dress the lower levels of the structure measure up to 150 by 70 centimetres (59 by 28 in) by 30 centimetres (12 in) and weigh over a ton, during excavations they were unable to be moved by ten men without mechanical aid. The upper levels of the pyramid used smaller

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Structure 4 is the smaller of the two pyramids, it is also the earlier of the two buildings. It dates to the Early Classic period. The pyramid base is on the edge of the third terrace rising from the river and is near the centre of the East Group. The structure measures 34.5 by 18.8 metres (113 by

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Most of the structures in the group are aligned north–south, although a few are clustered in arranged groups. The two main structures at Quelepa are found in the East Group. They were step pyramids, distinguished from those normally built in Mesoamerica by having access ramps instead of stairways.

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The East Group consists of structures clustered close to the edges of enormous artificial terraces. These terraces rise successively to the north as they get further from the river until the highest rests against the base of a range of hills. The massive terraces in the group provided a level base

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surface of the terrace before construction began. The pyramid probably had eight stepped levels, with the lowest measuring 48 by 32.3 metres (157 by 106 ft) and the highest measuring approximately 22.3 by 9.1 metres (73 by 30 ft). It is not aligned precisely with Structure 3, being

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Structure 3 is the largest structure at Quelepa. It is situated 11 metres (36 ft) to the east of the smaller pyramid Structure 4, on the third terrace rising northwards from the river. Both the terrace upon which it stands and the structure itself were faced with large, finely cut stone

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was 17.6 metres (58 ft) long and got wider as it rose. At the lower southern end it measured 8.1 metres (27 ft) wide, widening to 8.9 metres (29 ft) at the top. Ramp 2 is directly aligned with the access ramp of Structure 4. Three offerings were excavated from the base of

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some 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the Pacific Ocean. The volcano is the most prominent local landmark, with its peak at 2,132 metres (6,995 ft) above mean sea level. Although the volcano has erupted 6 times since 1699, most recently in 1924, and continues in a low state of activity it has

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is a platform located 6 metres (20 ft) to the south of Structure 23. It measured 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and has been badly eroded. Its architectural style is identical to that of Structure 23, suggesting that it also dates from the Late Classic. The platform base was buried

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The first mention of Quelepa in print was a brief description written by Atilio Peccorini and published in 1913. Herbert Spinden mentioned Quelepa in 1915 and Peccorini published another, even less detailed account in 1926. Peccorini reported that the site had many structures faced with stone, a

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At least 3 offerings were buried under the floor of the summit of the pyramid. Offering 2 included a large stone disc placed upon a large cylindrical jade bead. Offering 3 included ceramics with a large grey-green river pebble placed on top. Offering 4 contained only an inverted

497:, a piece of dusty orange clay, and 43 flakes of obsidian. Offering 24 was found near the southeast corner of Structure 29 and was the most unusual offering found at Quelepa. A stone slab measuring 39 by 69 centimetres (15 by 27 in) was placed on top of three U-shaped 564:

extended 9.1 metres (30 ft) from the edge of the terrace, at the lower (southern) end it measured 12.1 metres (40 ft) wide, it narrowed as it rose and measured 10.9 metres (36 ft) wide where it met the terrace in front of the access ramp of Structure 3.

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periods (from approximately AD 625–1000), the ceremonial centre of the settlement was abandoned and smaller structures were built around a small plaza. This has been interpreted as a Mesoamerican influence with its origins on the Gulf coast of Mexico, or perhaps from

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was found upon Structure 9 in this group. It measures 84 by 70 centimetres (33 by 28 in) by 46 centimetres (18 in) high and was removed to the Museo Nacional de Antropología. The altar is roughly circular with a square hollow carved out of the upper face.

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The first excavation of the site took place in 1949, directed by Pedro Armillas. The investigations focused on Structure 3 in the East Group and were never completed and the results were unpublished, although the fieldnotes he made were forwarded to E. Wyllys Andrews V.

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the group, most of them upon an artificial terrace. The northeast of this terrace supports a narrow platform upon which was built a long, low structure. A similar structure is on the east side of the plaza. The mounds in the West Group date to the Late Classic.

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The archaeological remains of Quelepa are on privately owned land under cultivation, the entire East Group together with a part of the west group are on the land of the Hacienda El Obrajuelo farm. The area to the west of the Quebrada Agua Zarca is planted with

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itself. Ceramic remains and isolated mounds extend as far as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the site core. The site is divided into East and West Groups by a small stream. Structure size at the site varies greatly from 10-metre (33 ft) high

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At the western edge of the East Group is a large rectangular platform supporting architectural remains. The platform was once almost entirely enclosed by walls, leading to its description as a fortress, although the walls are now badly eroded.

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during the Early Classic, its only effect on Quelepa was the severance of trade routes into Mesoamerica. This cutting off did not result in stagnation at the site, but rather resulted in the florescence of a local culture.

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paved "road", artificial terraces and various sculptured monuments, one of which was probably the Jaguar Altar. Also in 1926, Samuel K. Lothrop mentioned that he made a brief visit to the ruins to buy ceramics for the

200:. The archaeological site divided into East and West groups by a small stream called the Quebrada Agua Zarca, which has high, steep banks. The ruins have an altitude of between 160 and 180 metres (520 and 590 ft) 411:

The two groups are fairly distinct in their architectural styles, probably due to being built in different periods. The West Group is probably the later of the two groups and is similar to a miniature

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under a 25-centimetre (9.8 in) thick layer of burnt wattle and daub mixed with ceramic fragments, probably the remains of a perishable superstructure that once stood on top of the platform.

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monument that measures 314 by 297 centimetres (124 by 117 in) by 85 centimetres (33 in) high and dates to the Late Preclassic, it has a face sculpted on one side in the style of

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blocks. Structure 3 was built somewhat after Structure 4, which was already in use during its construction. Considerable effort was made to artificially level the volcanic

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beyond the frontiers of Mesoamerica, with artifacts arriving from the north and the east. The major ceremonial architecture of the East Group was built in the Early Classic.

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from November to May. Monthly rainfall averages between 300 and 400 millimetres (12 and 16 in) in September and less than 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in March. Native

678:. The upper face of the altar has a 39-centimetre (15 in) deep square hollow that measures 140 by 160 centimetres (55 by 63 in). All four sides of the altar bear 325:

Quelepa as a whole was abandoned around AD 1000, at the beginning of the Early Postclassic period. The abandonment of the site has been linked to the arrival of the

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blocks that were able to be carried by a single person. The walls of the pyramid were probably coated in plaster and the upper surfaces were paved. Pieces of burnt

3243: 1889: 3228: 433:. They were all placed under a stone slab. These, together with other artifacts such as flutes and wheeled toys indicate a link with the Gulf coast of Mexico. 3321: 3316: 594:

were found scattered all over the surface, sides and base of Structure 3, the remains of a perishable structure that once stood on top of the pyramid.

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blocks similar to, but larger than, those used to build the base of Structure 3. The terrace facade measured approximately 4 metres (13 ft) high.

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erupted and devastated western El Salvador, breaking Quelepa's link with Mesoamerica. Between AD 150 and AD 625 Quelepa turned instead to the

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to small, badly eroded mounds. These smaller mounds probably served as platform bases for perishable structures. The site also possesses a

408:, although the latter differed in form and function from those at Quelepa. In all cases, the ramps have been dated to the Classic period. 108:

and rebuilt it a number of times. Artifacts recovered during the excavations of the site indicate that the local population depended upon

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The principal excavations of the site were carried out under the direction of E. Wyllys Andrews from 1967–1969, funded by the

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The site, unusually for Mesoamerica, features ramps in place of stairways for some structures. Ramps have also been reported from

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Although the site is officially listed as a National Archaeological Monument, as recently as 2005 it was effectively unprotected.

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sculptures. The altar was removed from the site after Quelepa was excavated by E. Wyllys Andrews and is now in the

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Offering 22 was found in front of Structure 29-sub and consisted of 3 ceramic discs piled on top of each other, a large

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Sheets, Payson D. (2000). "The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).

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which flows into the Pacific Ocean. The site is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west-northwest of the town of

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for the construction of further architecture. The terraces were faced with cut stone slabs laid horizontally.

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measured 49 by 16.5 centimetres (19.3 by 6.5 in) and was sculpted to represent a seated deity, probably

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disc that measured 28 by 4.5 centimetres (11.0 by 1.8 in) and was probably a ballcourt marker.

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period (500 BC - AD 250). The first inhabitants of the site constructed a platform from plaster and

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An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador

283: 1717: 1705: 147:. The site appears to have been linked to trade routes extending to western El Salvador and the 421:

A cache was uncovered at the site that contained a collection of artifacts associated with the

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The area south of the San Esteban River lacks structures but contains a great number of tombs.

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and rebuilt it a number of times Quelepa is generally considered to have been settled by the

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in the El Salvador region, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied the site.

188:. The ruins are situated along the north bank of the San Esteban River, a tributary of the 3096: 2775: 2734: 2719: 2682: 2646: 2540: 2435: 2350: 2325: 2286: 2271: 2092: 1929: 703:

is a fragment that was found in 1970 a few metres east of Structure 36 in the West Group.

591: 465: 243:. The majority of rainfall occurs between the months of September and October with a long 1745:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1

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were found scattered around the base, together with fragments of mortar and red-painted

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Although sites in western El Salvador were severely affected by the eruption of the

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The Quelepa archaeological site is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) outside the

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period (500 BC - AD 250). The inhabitants constructed a platform from plaster and

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of the Río Grande de San Miguel, lying between the hills to the north and the

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Throughout its occupational history, the inhabitants crafted stone tools from

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between the two, and a large vessel inverted over a bowl that contained five

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have been dated stylistically to the Late Classic and show affinities with

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measured 23.5 by 13.5 centimetres (9.3 by 5.3 in) and represents a

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

1655:"Quelepa: Una ciudad cubierta por la tierra y la vegetación" 20:

Location of Quelepa within the Mesoamerican cultural region

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United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare

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laid out in an interlaced pattern, together two carved

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is an important archaeological site located in eastern

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and that has affinities with the sculptural styles of

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has been practically extinguished by the heavy use of

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cultural region. Quelepa means "stone jaguar" in the

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Painting in the Americas before European colonization

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The San Miguel volcano dominates the local topography

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Síntesis de la Arqueología de El Salvador 1850-1991

96:. Generally considered to have been settled by the 684:Museo Nacional de Antropología Dr. David J. Guzmán 613:, together with traces of a red pigment, probably 1708:. In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (eds.). 781:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.20, 23. Kelly 1996, p.310. 647:is located at the southern edge of the platform. 255:on the local cotton crops. Andrews reported many 259:near the watercourses and the occasional snake. 235:The climate of Quelepa is classified under the 219:The general area around Quelapa is part of the 3244:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3229:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 1549:Sheets 2000, p.421. Andrews 1976, 1986, p.233. 232:on Quelepa to be detectable archaeologically. 1822: 8: 1576:Kelly 1996, p.311. Andrews 1976, 1986, p.47. 1135:Kelly 1996, p.310. Andrews 1976, 1986, p.26. 100:, the site was founded around 400 BC in the 763:Cobos 1994, 1998, p.62. Sheets 2000, p.442. 3212: 1829: 1815: 1807: 267:Quelepa was founded around 400 BC, in the 3234:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1838:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 711: 1637:La Arqueología de Quelepa, El Salvador 216:, as is the area south of the river. 7: 48: 3322:San Miguel Department (El Salvador) 3317:Archaeological sites in El Salvador 2262:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 425:, including finely sculpted yokes, 3254:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 2233:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 1653:El Diario de Hoy (29 April 2005). 359:Middle American Research Institute 84:Location of Quelepa in El Salvador 64: 14: 2245:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 2216:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 1504:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.33-36, 79. 3342:Formative period in the Americas 3286: 2238:Archaeological sites in Colombia 2211:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 63: 47: 33: 26: 2221:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 1288:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.225-228. 517:, the god of wind. The smaller 34: 1531:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.23, 26. 1171:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.26, 76. 799:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.23, 33. 638:Other structures and monuments 186:small village of the same name 1: 3337:Classic period in Mesoamerica 3165:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 2226:Archaeological sites in Chile 1495:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.42-43. 1468:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.45-46. 1459:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1450:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1441:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1432:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1423:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1414:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.39-41. 1378:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.46-47. 1369:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.46-47. 1225:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.53-57. 1198:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.50-51. 1180:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.48-50. 853:Andrews 1976, 1986, pp.28-29. 340:Museum of the American Indian 3259:Mesoamerican writing systems 2255:Archaeological sites in Peru 1679:University of Oklahoma Press 1635:Andrews, E. Wyllys (1986) . 132:). The site belonged to the 3155:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 1714:University of Arizona Press 112:, these artifacts included 3358: 3181:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 3084:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 1749:Cambridge University Press 1621:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.235. 1612:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.235. 1567:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.234. 1558:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.233. 1297:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.228. 1279:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.225. 3282: 3224: 3215: 2579: 2406:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 1710:The Mesoamerican Ballgame 1661:(in Spanish). El Salvador 1603:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1594:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.48. 1585:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.47. 1540:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1522:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.37. 1513:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.35. 1486:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.44. 1477:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.42. 1405:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.47. 1396:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.47. 1387:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.47. 1360:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.46. 1333:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1324:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1315:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1306:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1270:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.59. 1261:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.58. 1252:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.59. 1243:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.59. 1234:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.58. 1216:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.52. 1207:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.51. 1189:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.50. 1153:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.26. 1144:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.26. 1126:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.26. 1117:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1099:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.27. 1090:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.26. 1081:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.72. 1072:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.27. 1054:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1036:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 1027:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 988:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.22. 979:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.22. 970:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.22. 961:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.22. 943:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.59. 934:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.76. 907:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.76. 862:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.29. 844:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.28. 835:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.28. 826:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.27. 817:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.27. 808:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.28. 772:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 736:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.23. 718:Sheets 2000, pp.420, 422. 322:also dates to this time. 228:never dropped sufficient 151:and also to the north in 3293:Civilizations portal 2250:Cultural periods of Peru 1704:Parsons, Lee A. (1991). 997:Andrews 1976, 1986, p.9. 754:Sheets 2000, pp.421-422. 404:on the Pacific coast of 190:Río Grande de San Miguel 3187:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 2033:Mesoamerican chronology 1644:Cobos, Rafael (1998) . 952:Cobos 1994, 1998, p.81. 110:subsistence agriculture 1890:Archaeological periods 387:Mesoamerican ballcourt 181: 21: 3193:List of Conquistadors 3080:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 2491:Quebrada de Humahuaca 1910:Caddoan Mississippian 1793:13.52944°N 88.22167°W 1673:Kelly, Joyce (1996). 537:on the Gulf coast of 423:Mesoamerican ballgame 179: 19: 3160:Francisco de Montejo 3088:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 2201:Andean civilizations 2128:Shaft tomb tradition 1751:. pp. 407–448. 1063:Parsons 1991, p.202. 413:Maya-style acropolis 241:tropical wet and dry 202:above mean sea level 149:Guatemalan Highlands 81:class=notpageimage| 3126:Manco Inca Yupanqui 2431:Manteño-Huancavilca 1900:Ancestral Puebloans 1798:13.52944; -88.22167 1789: / 1351:Sheets 2000, p.420. 1342:Sheets 2000, p.420. 1108:Sheets 2000, p.434. 925:Sheets 2000, p.434. 916:Sheets 2000, p.434. 898:Sheets 2000, p.442. 889:Sheets 2000, p.422. 880:Sheets 2000, p.420. 871:Sheets 2000, p.420. 745:Sheets 2000, p.420. 727:Sheets 2000, p.420. 3327:Mesoamerican sites 3249:Columbian exchange 3239:Portal:Mesoamerica 2391:La Tolita (Tumaco) 2206:Indigenous peoples 1945:Hopewell tradition 1872:Indigenous peoples 1162:Kelly 1996, p.310. 1045:Kelly 1996, p.310. 1018:Kelly 1996, p.310. 790:Kelly 1996, p.310. 493:knife, a piece of 282:Around AD 539 the 225:San Miguel volcano 182: 22: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3274:Pre-Columbian art 3210: 3209: 3204:Francisco Pizarro 3170:Pedro de Alvarado 2486:Pucará de Tilcara 1747:. Cambridge, UK: 523:feathered serpent 363:Tulane University 299:Early Postclassic 288:Intermediate Area 3349: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3213: 3199:Spanish Conquest 3176:Spanish Conquest 3151:Spanish Conquest 3140:Spanish Conquest 2582: 2581: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1770: 1739: 1700: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1659:El Diario de Hoy 1649: 1640: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007:El Diario de Hoy 1004: 998: 995: 989: 986: 980: 977: 971: 968: 962: 959: 953: 950: 944: 941: 935: 932: 926: 923: 917: 914: 908: 905: 899: 896: 890: 887: 881: 878: 872: 869: 863: 860: 854: 851: 845: 842: 836: 833: 827: 824: 818: 815: 809: 806: 800: 797: 791: 788: 782: 779: 773: 770: 764: 761: 755: 752: 746: 743: 737: 734: 728: 725: 719: 716: 376:Site description 284:Ilopango volcano 160:Ilopango Volcano 67: 66: 51: 50: 37: 36: 30: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3278: 3220: 3211: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3097:Quemuenchatocha 3095: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3026: 2895: 2804: 2778: 2767: 2714:Human Sacrifice 2711: 2703:Human Sacrifice 2700: 2674: 2647:Mayan Languages 2575: 2187: 2019: 1876: 1857:Genetic history 1840: 1835: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1759: 1742: 1728: 1703: 1689: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 987: 983: 978: 974: 969: 965: 960: 956: 951: 947: 942: 938: 933: 929: 924: 920: 915: 911: 906: 902: 897: 893: 888: 884: 879: 875: 870: 866: 861: 857: 852: 848: 843: 839: 834: 830: 825: 821: 816: 812: 807: 803: 798: 794: 789: 785: 780: 776: 771: 767: 762: 758: 753: 749: 744: 740: 735: 731: 726: 722: 717: 713: 709: 640: 623: 592:wattle and daub 578: 547: 505:and a sculpted 466:wattle and daub 439: 378: 335: 269:Late Preclassic 265: 174: 169: 102:Late Preclassic 87: 86: 85: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 68: 60: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 42: 38: 12: 11: 5: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3173: 3148: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3111: 3090: 3077: 3060: 3059:Notable Rulers 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3028:Neo-Inca State 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2773: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2706: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1772: 1771: 1757: 1740: 1726: 1701: 1687: 1670: 1650: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1029: 1020: 1011: 1009:29 April 2005. 999: 990: 981: 972: 963: 954: 945: 936: 927: 918: 909: 900: 891: 882: 873: 864: 855: 846: 837: 828: 819: 810: 801: 792: 783: 774: 765: 756: 747: 738: 729: 720: 710: 708: 705: 639: 636: 622: 619: 577: 574: 546: 543: 438: 435: 377: 374: 334: 333:Modern history 331: 264: 261: 173: 170: 168: 165: 138:Lenca language 79: 78: 70: 69: 62: 61: 54: 53: 46: 45: 40: 39: 32: 31: 25: 24: 23: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3354: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3295: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145:Hernán Cortés 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2193:South America 2190: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2015:Weeden Island 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990:Poverty Point 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1955:Mississippian 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1882:North America 1879: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:Paleo-Indians 1850: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1758:0-521-35165-0 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1727:0-8165-1360-0 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688:0-8061-2858-5 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1000: 994: 991: 985: 982: 976: 973: 967: 964: 958: 955: 949: 946: 940: 937: 931: 928: 922: 919: 913: 910: 904: 901: 895: 892: 886: 883: 877: 874: 868: 865: 859: 856: 850: 847: 841: 838: 832: 829: 823: 820: 814: 811: 805: 802: 796: 793: 787: 784: 778: 775: 769: 766: 760: 757: 751: 748: 742: 739: 733: 730: 724: 721: 715: 712: 706: 704: 702: 698: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 637: 635: 633: 630:beads and an 629: 620: 618: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 595: 593: 587: 584: 575: 573: 570: 566: 563: 559: 557: 551: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509:. The larger 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 484: 480: 477: 473: 471: 467: 462: 458: 456: 452: 449:(denominated 448: 445:The I-shaped 443: 436: 434: 432: 428: 424: 419: 416: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 375: 373: 370: 368: 364: 360: 355: 351: 349: 345: 344:New York City 341: 332: 330: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 262: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:Köppen system 233: 231: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 178: 171: 166: 164: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 82: 73: 57: 29: 18: 3284: 3217: 3067:Moctezuma II 3024:Inca history 2949:Andean Music 2893:Architecture 2888:Architecture 2883:Architecture 2878:Architecture 2874:Architecture 2868:Gender Roles 2613:Tenochtitlan 2536:Timoto–Cuica 2531:Tierradentro 2316:Casma–Sechin 2122: 2048:Chalcatzingo 1774: 1744: 1709: 1674: 1663:. Retrieved 1658: 1645: 1636: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1014: 1006: 1002: 993: 984: 975: 966: 957: 948: 939: 930: 921: 912: 903: 894: 885: 876: 867: 858: 849: 840: 831: 822: 813: 804: 795: 786: 777: 768: 759: 750: 741: 732: 723: 714: 700: 699: 693: 692: 688:San Salvador 674:in southern 652:Jaguar Altar 651: 649: 644: 641: 624: 610: 606:beads and a 596: 588: 579: 568: 567: 561: 560: 552: 548: 530: 526: 518: 510: 506: 502: 488: 483:Structure 29 482: 481: 476:Structure 28 475: 474: 461:Structure 23 460: 459: 451:Structure 19 450: 446: 444: 440: 430: 426: 420: 417: 410: 394:Los Naranjos 391: 379: 371: 356: 352: 347: 336: 327:Pipil people 324: 314:of northern 310:city in the 295:Late Classic 292: 281: 277:Lenca people 266: 234: 230:volcanic ash 218: 206: 198:Los Llanitos 183: 157: 142: 134:Mesoamerican 123: 113: 98:Lenca people 89: 88: 56:San Salvador 3130:Túpac Amaru 3114:Manco Cápac 3063:Moctezuma I 2974:Agriculture 2969:Agriculture 2964:Agriculture 2955:Agriculture 2898:Road System 2787:Mathematics 2652:Muysc Cubun 2506:San Agustín 2456:Monte Verde 2133:Teotihuacan 2025:Mesoamerica 1920:Coles Creek 1905:Anishinaabe 1862:Archaeology 1796: / 1716:. pp. 664:Kaminaljuyu 645:Structure 9 621:Structure 4 576:Structure 3 499:stone yokes 365:and by the 312:Petén Basin 221:flood plain 128:(a type of 118:(a kind of 94:El Salvador 3311:Categories 3101:Tisquesusa 3075:Cuauhtémoc 3071:Cuitláhuac 2401:Lauricocha 2371:Gran Chaco 2361:Cupisnique 2346:Chinchorro 2321:Chachapoya 2311:Caral–Supe 2153:Tlaxcaltec 2143:Teuchitlán 2058:Chupícuaro 1985:Plum Bayou 1980:Plaquemine 1950:Marksville 1915:Chichimeca 1784:88°13′18″W 1781:13°31′46″N 1712:. Tucson: 1677:. Norman: 1665:2010-02-20 1628:References 660:Cara Sucia 656:monolithic 654:is a huge 545:East Group 437:West Group 348:Mayacaquin 253:pesticides 245:dry season 194:San Miguel 72:San Miguel 3122:Atahualpa 3118:Pachacuti 3093:Nemequene 2959:Chinampas 2781:Astronomy 2770:Astronomy 2750:Mythology 2745:Mythology 2740:Mythology 2735:Mythology 2731:Mythology 2561:Wankarani 2551:Tuncahuán 2441:Marajoara 2396:Las Vegas 2282:Atacameño 2178:Xochipala 2118:Purépecha 2078:Epi-Olmec 2068:Cuicuilco 2010:Troyville 2000:St. Johns 668:Guatemala 495:haematite 455:sandstone 447:Ballcourt 406:Guatemala 400:and from 320:ballcourt 316:Guatemala 167:Geography 3218:See also 3136:Conquest 3109:Zoratama 2776:Calendar 2765:Calendar 2760:Calendar 2756:Calendar 2725:Religion 2720:Religion 2709:Religion 2698:Religion 2694:Religion 2683:Numerals 2677:Numerals 2638:Language 2618:Multiple 2556:Valdivia 2541:Tiwanaku 2501:Saladoid 2496:Quimbaya 2386:Kuhikugu 2366:Diaguita 2356:Chorrera 2173:Veraguas 2168:Veracruz 2148:Tlatilco 1960:Mogollon 1867:Cultures 1845:Americas 1767:33359444 1736:51873028 1697:34658843 615:cinnabar 608:nephrite 600:charcoal 535:Veracruz 491:obsidian 398:Honduras 383:pyramids 172:Location 153:Honduras 145:obsidian 3105:Tundama 3034:Peoples 3019:History 3014:History 3009:History 3005:History 2999:Cuisine 2994:Cuisine 2989:Cuisine 2984:Cuisine 2980:Cuisine 2838:Warfare 2833:Warfare 2828:Warfare 2824:Warfare 2818:Society 2813:Economy 2802:Society 2797:Society 2793:Society 2663:Writing 2657:Quechua 2642:Nahuatl 2609:Capital 2546:Toyopán 2526:Tairona 2436:Mapuche 2351:Chiripa 2326:Chancay 2297:Cañaris 2272:Amotape 2267:El Abra 2183:Zapotec 2163:Totonac 2138:Tepanec 2123:Quelepa 2093:Mezcala 2083:Huastec 2053:Cholula 2043:Capacha 2038:Acolhua 1995:Sinagua 1970:Patayan 1940:Hohokam 1930:Fremont 1718:195–212 701:Altar 3 694:Altar 2 604:jadeite 515:Ehecatl 293:In the 263:History 257:iguanas 130:griddle 125:comales 115:metates 90:Quelepa 41:Quelepa 3048:Muisca 3043:Mayans 3038:Aztecs 2672:Script 2667:Script 2627:Bacatá 2598:Muisca 2481:Pucará 2476:Piaroa 2471:Paiján 2466:Omagua 2421:Lupaca 2416:Lokono 2381:Kalina 2376:Huetar 2336:Chavín 2331:Chango 2306:Nariño 2302:Capulí 2292:Calima 2287:Aymara 2277:Arawak 2158:Toltec 2108:Olmecs 2103:Nicoya 2098:Mixtec 2073:Diquis 1975:Picosa 1965:Oshara 1935:Glades 1925:Dorset 1765: 1755: 1734: 1724: 1695: 1685: 680:relief 676:Mexico 634:bowl. 569:Ramp 2 562:Ramp 1 539:Mexico 531:palmas 527:palmas 525:. The 503:palmas 470:stucco 429:and a 427:palmas 402:Bilbao 304:Seibal 273:pumice 214:cotton 122:) and 120:mortar 106:pumice 3332:Lenca 3053:Incas 2944:Music 2939:Music 2934:Music 2930:Music 2863:Women 2858:Women 2853:Women 2849:Women 2807:Trade 2688:Quipu 2632:Cusco 2623:Hunza 2588:Aztec 2521:Taíno 2516:Sican 2511:Shuar 2461:Nazca 2451:Mollo 2446:Moche 2426:Luzia 2341:Chimú 2113:Pipil 2088:Izapa 2063:Coclé 2005:Thule 1895:Adena 707:Notes 672:Izapa 611:hacha 533:from 519:palma 511:palma 507:hacha 431:hacha 249:fauna 210:maize 2843:Army 2625:and 2603:Inca 2593:Maya 2571:Zenú 2566:Wari 2411:Lima 1763:OCLC 1753:ISBN 1732:OCLC 1722:ISBN 1693:OCLC 1683:ISBN 670:and 650:The 632:onyx 628:jade 583:tuff 556:tuff 308:Maya 306:, a 212:and 2924:Art 2919:Art 2914:Art 2909:Art 2905:Art 686:in 666:in 396:in 361:of 342:in 297:to 239:as 3313:: 3162:) 1761:. 1730:. 1720:. 1691:. 1681:. 1657:. 415:. 369:. 279:. 204:. 155:. 3206:) 3202:( 3195:) 3191:( 3189:) 3185:( 3183:) 3179:( 3172:) 3168:( 3158:( 3147:) 3143:( 2900:) 2896:( 2809:) 2805:( 2783:) 2779:( 2772:) 2768:( 2716:) 2712:( 2705:) 2701:( 2679:) 2675:( 2304:/ 1830:e 1823:t 1816:v 1769:. 1738:. 1699:. 1668:.

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Index