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82:
33:
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57:
438: in) in length and about half as wide; they are short-pointed at the tip, and rounded or blunt at base. Although the leaves appear generally flat, they may have edge margins slightly turned under, typically with spiny teeth, particularly on young twigs. These leathery leaves are a glossy dark green above, with a nether surface a dull golden down, often becoming gray and nearly
1695:
1705:
816:
The wood is strong, being referred to as 'maul oak' by
European-American settlers who employed it for sledgehammers and wedges. It is sometimes used in paneling and especially as firewood.
1700:
1720:
1715:
1690:
405:
is an evergreen tree with significant-sized spreading, horizontal branches, and a broad, rounded crown; it attains a height of 6–30 meters (20–100 feet) and often forms as a
381:. Its leaves are a glossy dark green on the upper surface with prominent spines; a further identification arises from the leaves of canyon live oak being geometrically flat.
1725:
1710:
1481:
1546:
1665:
916:
888:
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measures 38 m (124 ft) high, with a trunk circumference of 12 m (39 ft 4 in) and a crown spread of 30 m (98 ft).
1750:
1735:
1730:
1685:
1494:
1442:
409:. The trunk diameter typically ranges from 30 to 100 centimeters (12 to 39 inches). Exceptionally large specimens are found in the mountains of
1598:
721:
by providing perching, nesting, resting, or foraging sites for numerous species of birds, and shade and cover for diverse other mammals. Young
1745:
971:
794:
1254:, Journal: Trees – Structure and Function, Volume 11, Number 3, Pages 169–175, January, 1997; Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, ISSN 0931-1890
81:
714:
out-competes species with superior leaf size and crown mass per unit volume by its greater photosynthetic efficiency and leaf lifespan.
1675:
1740:
1152:
1017:
544:. Those populations tend to be intermediate in overall morphology, but all lack the diagnostic trichomes and biochemical markers of
729:
habitat because of the large population of deer frequenting these areas. Many species forage on canyon live oak foliage including
1150:. eds. Mark McGinley & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
1755:
1468:
1264:
591:
can be the dominant tree on steep canyon walls, especially in locations of shallow rocky soils. In areas of moderate to high
453:
occur solitarily or in pairs, exhibiting lengths of 2–5 cm; these fruits are variable in size and shape, but generally
1499:
1533:
1680:
579:
ranges of 4.5 to 7.5. An example of very rocky and serpentine soil tolerance is the species occurrence at the Cedars of
1051:
457:, turban-like with a shallow, thick cup of scales densely covered with yellowish hairs; the stalk is barely evident.
1611:
893:
671:
481:
385:
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595:, it occurs on south facing slopes, and in the hotter, drier parts of its distribution, on northerly slope faces.
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1047:
995:
580:
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has been documented with several other sympatric oak species, probably to a greater extent than for any other
1335:
1104:
1765:
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366:
1421:
1245:
Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of
1125:
1033:
1416:
1346:
1297:
1065:
1281:
1265:"Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) Species Details and Allergy Info, Santa clara county, California"
679:
675:
652:
602:
505:
230:
187:
1447:
1380:
774:
686:. There seems to be little difference in food preference by wildlife among different oaks. Extensive
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702:
to compete with other dominant trees within its range has been analyzed from the standpoint of leaf
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583:. Canyon live oak grows at elevations of about 500 to 1,500 meters in southwestern Oregon; in
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587:, from 100 to 1,400 meters; and in Southern California, up to approximately 2,700 meters.
521:
119:
1146:
647:. After forest fires, canyon live oak regenerates vigorously by basal sprouting, and the
1590:
1585:
915:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017).
897:
879:
707:
628:
284:
106:
1203:
Post-dispersal seed predation varies by habitat not acorn size for
Quercus chrysolepis
786:
The pollen of the canyon live oak is a severe allergen. Pollination occurs in spring.
536:. Southwestern New Mexico population are most likely the result of introgression from
1659:
1507:
1046:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
843:
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762:
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by other species except in more extreme dry and rocky climates, being exceptionally
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of the canyon live oak is grayish brown, and rather smooth or sometimes scaly.
981:
802:
754:
568:
529:
485:
1320:
413:, and rank among the largest oaks in North America. The largest known in the
1393:
1249:
758:
725:
is a readily available browse. Canyon live oak woodlands serve as excellent
618:
359:
1629:
959:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
1624:
1314:
1183:
663:
606:
592:
365:
that is found in Mexico and in the western United States, notably in the
165:
132:
1169:
The bigcone
Douglas-fir-canyon live oak community in southern California
1092:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1434:
1367:
1187:
710:
capability. The study results explain that, in low light environments,
525:
355:
155:
1008:
Bruce M. Pavlik, Pamela C. Muick, Sharon
Johnson and Marjorie Popper,
1460:
806:
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640:
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517:
513:
477:
421:
370:
246:
145:
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1234:, Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands, San Diego, Ca., Oct. 22–25, 2001
1217:) in central coastal California, Madrono: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 30–34
1473:
1398:
1287:
Record Canyon Live Oaks of
Southern California's Transverse Ranges
917:"Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks"
798:
718:
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454:
450:
406:
322:
312:
294:
93:
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572:
560:
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362:
175:
1180:
A.M. Montalvo, S.G. Conard, M.T. Conkle and P.D. Hodgskiss,
651:
of this species has been shown to be high. It is typically
576:
567:
environments. It is hardy to cold temperatures down to −11
1696:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
1040:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
601:
data supports a much wider distribution throughout the
765:
often feed on the cambium of young canyon live oaks.
1706:
Natural history of the
Channel Islands of California
1304:
1167:McDonald, Philip M., and Edward E. Littrell, 1976.
1192:, American Journal of Botany, Vol 84, 1553, (1997)
1105:SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter
717:Canyon live oak gives functional habitat for many
1094:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
956:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
1701:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1072:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
902:Note that this website has been superseded by
858:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194076A2296502.en
1721:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
1716:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
1126:"Quercus palmeri in Flora of North America @"
484:. It is common in the mountainous regions of
8:
1232:) Species in California and Adjacent Regions
1043:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
559:Canyon live oak is tolerant of a variety of
1190:formation in Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae)
508:, etc.) with additional populations in the
1691:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1292:
889:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
627:and several other oak species. It is more
254:
55:
31:
20:
856:
571:, and will grow in neutral to moderately
1726:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
1711:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
801:of this species as a food staple, after
662:The acorns are consumed by a variety of
996:"Canyon live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis)"
825:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
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1027:
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809:. Its roasted seed is also used as a
7:
1666:IUCN Red List least concern species
1115:J. M. Tucker and H. S. Haskell 1960
844:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
772:is the food plant of a small moth,
635:but not as much as the associated
14:
962:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
469:The trunk bark is gray and rough.
1617:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295951-1
369:. This tree is often found near
80:
563:types, including very rocky or
1751:Garden plants of North America
1736:Trees of Mediterranean climate
1731:Trees of mild maritime climate
1686:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
548:; they are best classified as
1:
1746:Taxa named by Albert Kellogg
1252:trees in northern California
1052:Harvard University Herbaria
424:are 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to
1782:
894:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
672:California ground squirrel
482:southwestern United States
1676:Trees of Northern America
1048:Missouri Botanical Garden
698:species. The ability of
581:Sonoma County, California
476:is found in a variety of
420:The elliptical to oblong
277:
270:
262:
253:
236:
229:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1741:Plants described in 1854
1032:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
461:Distribution and habitat
415:San Bernardino Mountains
1282:Jepson Manual treatment
1145:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
1012:, Cachuma Press (1992)
768:In southern California
731:black-tailed jackrabbit
367:California Coast Ranges
1756:Drought-tolerant trees
1211:Lithocarpus Densiflora
1182:Population structure,
1155:July 16, 2011, at the
1050:, St. Louis, MO &
470:
377:growing in moist cool
354:, is a North American
1228:Biodiversity of Oak (
1066:"Quercus chrysolepis"
851:: e.T194076A2296502.
680:western harvest mouse
676:dusky-footed wood rat
617:The species is often
603:western United States
506:San Gabriel Mountains
468:
281:Quercus chrysophyllus
1171:, Madroño 23:310–320
966:. pp. 239–241.
833:Beckman, E. (2016).
775:Neocrania bifasciata
309:Quercus oblongifolia
291:Quercus crassipocula
1681:Flora of California
1578:Quercus chrysolepis
1336:Quercus chrysolepis
1306:Quercus chrysolepis
1086:Quercus chrysolepis
1036:Quercus chrysolepis
882:Quercus chrysolepis
837:Quercus chrysolepis
585:Northern California
480:communities in the
411:Southern California
403:Quercus chrysolepis
335:Quercus chrysolepis
265:Quercus chrysolepis
240:Quercus chrysolepis
222:Q. chrysolepis
47:Conservation status
25:Quercus chrysolepis
16:Species of oak tree
1201:Peter G. Kennedy,
1010:Oaks of California
964:Mountaineers Books
904:World Flora Online
510:Siskiyou Mountains
471:
338:, commonly termed
301:Quercus fulvescens
40:Leaves and acorns
1653:
1652:
1560:Open Tree of Life
1298:Taxon identifiers
998:. 4 January 2017.
973:978-1-68051-329-5
811:coffee substitute
684:black-tailed deer
624:Quercus agrifolia
605:during the early
498:Klamath Mountains
442:the second year.
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263:Natural range of
70:
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1761:Ornamental trees
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795:Native Americans
668:acorn woodpecker
657:drought tolerant
649:clonal diversity
645:golden chinkapin
512:of southwestern
437:
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384:It is placed in
321:
319:Quercus wilcoxii
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1157:Wayback Machine
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747:Sonoma chipmunk
743:red-backed vole
633:Pacific madrone
615:
538:Quercus palmeri
528:, southwestern
522:Baja California
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340:canyon live oak
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1276:External links
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898:The Plant List
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770:Q. chrysolepis
763:Pocket gophers
723:Q. chrysolepis
712:Q. chrysolepis
708:photosynthetic
700:Q. chrysolepis
692:Q. chrysolepis
666:as diverse as
629:shade tolerant
614:
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589:Q. chrysolepis
550:Q. chrysolepis
542:Q. chrysolepis
474:Q. chrysolepis
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1521:NatureServe
1456:iNaturalist
1330:Wikispecies
1148:Leather oak
884:Liebm."
864:12 November
637:Douglas-fir
575:soils with
520:, northern
398:Description
120:Angiosperms
1660:Categories
1591:kew-172147
1586:Plant List
1344:Calflora:
1132:2022-05-01
982:1141235469
929:2023-02-18
820:References
755:deer mouse
546:Q. palmeri
530:New Mexico
516:, western
486:California
344:canyon oak
184:Subgenus:
1422:233501018
1250:evergreen
1247:broadleaf
797:used the
759:porcupine
653:succeeded
619:sympatric
554:Q. palmer
552:affinity
534:Chihuahua
360:evergreen
216:Species:
200:Section:
90:Kingdom:
1630:13100050
1625:Tropicos
1526:2.129996
1487:10908057
1474:295951-1
1315:Wikidata
1215:Fagaceae
1207:Fagaceae
1153:Archived
1070:Calflora
924:figshare
803:leaching
664:wildlife
609:period.
607:Holocene
593:rainfall
502:Cascades
440:glabrous
389:section
352:maul oak
272:Synonyms
205:Quercus
189:Quercus
166:Fagaceae
162:Family:
133:Eudicots
67:IUCN 3.1
1671:Quercus
1435:2879984
1386:1151707
1368:Ecocrop
1321:Q138446
1230:Quercus
1184:genetic
807:tannins
696:Quercus
613:Ecology
526:Arizona
433:⁄
387:Quercus
356:species
304:Kellogg
285:Kellogg
193:Quercus
177:Quercus
172:Genus:
156:Fagales
152:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
1599:PLANTS
1565:403389
1513:194076
1409:quechr
1406:FEIS:
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799:acorns
757:, and
735:beaver
643:, and
641:tanoak
599:Fossil
573:acidic
565:cobbly
532:, and
518:Nevada
514:Oregon
478:forest
451:Acorns
422:leaves
375:swales
371:creeks
247:Liebm.
146:Rosids
1604:QUCH2
1552:97695
1500:19312
1482:IRMNG
1461:51092
1448:30661
1399:QUECH
1373:16275
1360:4R4LC
1188:clone
920:(xls)
719:fauna
631:than
621:with
455:ovoid
407:shrub
323:Rydb.
313:R.Br.
295:Torr.
207:sect.
191:subg.
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
1612:POWO
1573:PfaF
1547:NCBI
1508:IUCN
1495:ITIS
1469:IPNI
1443:GRIN
1430:GBIF
1394:EPPO
1347:6987
1014:ISBN
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
866:2021
849:2016
805:the
790:Uses
706:and
682:and
561:soil
447:bark
445:The
1638:WFO
1534:NBN
1417:FNA
1381:EoL
1355:CoL
853:doi
690:of
540:to
363:oak
358:of
350:or
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