1077:
936:
tonal continuity (discontinuous (as the marimba and drums) and continuous (the friction instruments (including bowed) and the winds), making 12 categories. He also proposed classification according to whether they had dynamic tonal variability, a characteristic that separates whole eras (e.g., the baroque from the classical) as in the transition from the terraced dynamics of the harpsichord to the crescendo of the piano, grading by degree of absolute loudness, timbral spectra, tunability, and degree of resonance.
2384:, use a human-centered system. It derives from 4 myth-based parameters: the musical instrument's nonhuman owner (spirit, mask, sorcerer, or animal), the mode of transmission to the human realm (by gift, exchange, contract, or removal), the making of the instrument by a human (according to instructions from a nonhuman, for instance), and the first human owner. Most instruments are said to have a nonhuman origin, but some are believed invented by humans, e.g., the xylophone and the lamellophone.
1970:
1676:
1564:
1100:
653:
285:
158:
56:
712:, for the 1888 catalogue of the collection divided instruments into four groups and assigned Greek-derived labels to the four classifications: chordophones (stringed instruments), membranophones (skin-head percussion instruments), aerophones (wind instruments), and autophones (non-skin percussion instruments). This scheme was later taken up by
346:
played (plucked, bowed, etc.), the means by which the instrument produces sound, the quality or timbre of the sound produced by the instrument, the tonal and dynamic range of the instrument, the musical function of the instrument (rhythmic, melodic, etc.), and the instrument's place in an orchestra or other ensemble.
935:
presented a stylistic taxonomy, as opposed to a morphological one, with two divisions determined by either single or multiple voices playing. Each of these two divisions was subdivided according to pitch changeability (not changeable, freely changeable, and changeable by fixed intervals), and also by
345:
The criteria for classifying musical instruments vary depending on the point of view, time, and place. The many various approaches examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (shape, construction, material composition, physical state, etc.), the manner in which the instrument is
963:
Elementary organology, also known as physical organology, is a classification scheme based on the elements (i.e. states of matter) in which sound production takes place. "Elementary" refers both to "element" (state of matter) and to something that is fundamental or innate (physical). The elementary
449:
has strings, but they are struck by hammers, so it is not clear whether it should be classified as a string instrument or a percussion instrument. For this reason, keyboard instruments are often regarded as inhabiting a category of their own, including all instruments played by a keyboard, whether
919:
The MSA (Multi-Dimensional
Scalogram Analysis) of René Lysloff and Jim Matson, using 37 variables, including characteristics of the sounding body, resonator, substructure, sympathetic vibrator, performance context, social context, and instrument tuning and construction, corroborated Schaeffner,
230:
and were developed to serve that culture's musical needs. Culture-based classification methods sometimes break down when applied outside that culture. For example, a classification based on instrument use may fail when applied to another culture that uses the same instrument differently.
1475:
When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute's range is from
1905:(æš, mĂč) classes, and it correlated to the eight seasons and eight winds of Chinese culture, autumn and west, autumn-winter and NW, summer and south, spring and east, winter-spring and NE, summer-autumn and SW, winter and north, and spring-summer and SE, respectively.
439:, for example, ought to be classified as a brass instrument, as a column of air is set in motion by the lips. However, it looks more like a woodwind instrument, and is closer to one in many ways, having finger-holes to control pitch, rather than valves.l.
1781:; bowed stringed; wind (reeds and some other woodwinds, such as the flute and bagpipe), other wind instruments such as the organ; and the stick-struck santur (a board zither). The distinction between fretted and open was in classic Persian fashion.
792:, which produce sound by electronic means. Modern synthesizers and electronic instruments fall in this category. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticized and revised over the years, but remains widely used by
2403:
group is subdivided into five categories: instruments possessing lamellas (the sanzas); those possessing strings; those possessing a membrane (various drums); hollow wooden, iron, or bottle containers; and various rattles and bells. The
31:
461:
It might be said that with these extra categories, the classical system of instrument classification focuses less on the fundamental way in which instruments produce sound, and more on the technique required to play them.
1912:(Rites of Chou), an anonymous treatise compiled from earlier sources in about the 2nd century BC, had the following order: metal, stone, clay, leather, silk, wood, gourd, and bamboo. The same order was presented in the
2053:
R. Ng. Martopangrawit has two categories, irama (the rhythm instruments) and lagu (the melodic instruments), the former corresponds to Kunst's classes 2 and 5, and the latter to Kunst's 1, 3, and 4.
964:
organology map can be traced to
Kartomi, Schaeffner, Yamaguchi, and others, as well as to the Greek and Roman concepts of elementary classification of all objects, not just musical instruments.
948:
presented a five-class, physics-based organology elaborating on the classification proposed by
Schaeffner. This system is composed of gaiaphones (chordophones, membranophones, and idiophones),
3395:
2282:), each of these divided up according to the five categories. Classifying musical instruments on the basis sociohistorical factors as well as mode of sound production is common in Indonesia.
1417:, tenor, or alto, depending on which range it is played. In a typical concert band setting, the first alto saxophone covers soprano parts, while the second alto saxophone covers alto parts.
1409:
Some instruments fall into more than one category: for example, the cello may be considered either tenor or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble, and the trombone may be
2270:("swung"). The last one is for the bull-roarer. They also distinguish instruments on the basis of origin because of sociohistorical contacts, and recognize three categories: Mindangkabau (
2408:, also of West Africa, classify drummers into those who beat drums and those who beat (pluck) strings (the other four player classes are blowers, singers, acclaimers, and talkers),
2938:
3356:
2624:
Kartomi, page 176, "On
Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments", by Margaret J. Kartomi, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology (CSE), 1990
3049:
1987:
1697:
1585:
1121:
670:
306:
179:
73:
3199:
2765:
3433:
2351:) as strong and the winds-strings group as gentle. The division pervades T'boli thought about cosmology, social characters of men and women, and artistic styles.
2742:
956:, plasmaphones, and quintephones (electrically and optically produced music), the names referring to the five essences, earth, water, wind, fire and the
377:(4th and 5th centuries), in his De Ordine, applying the terms rhythmic (percussion and strings), organic (winds), and adding harmonic (the human voice);
1513:. An example based on this criterion is Bonanni (e.g., festive, military, and religious). He separately classified them according to geography and era.
2417:
1528:. The symphony orchestra typically has the strings in the front, the woodwinds in the middle, and the basses, brass, and percussion in the back.
373:, presented the two-class system, percussion (including strings) and winds, which persisted in medieval and postmedieval Europe. It was used by
120:
2318:
1842:
and may date as far back as the second millennium BC. It grouped instruments according to the materials they are made of. Instruments made of
92:
1537:
1076:
1931:
recognized three groups: those instruments using muscle power or used for musical accompaniment, those that are blown, and those that are
1160:
Instruments can be classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. These terms are named after
99:
1829:
2517:
A New
Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments, Ethnomusicology, Spring/Summer, 1985, also at mywebspace.wisc.edu
2586:
2186:
ricikan dithuthuk ("instruments knocked with a hard or semihard hammer," e.g., saron (similar to the glockenspiel) and gong-chimes);
2009:
1723:
1611:
1147:
692:
332:
205:
139:
1545:(1780) classified instruments according to ethnicity, his categories being Black, Abyssinian, Chinese, Arabic, Turkish, and Greek.
106:
800:. One notable example of this criticism is that care should be taken with electrophones, as some electronic instruments like the
1869:
The eight-fold system of eight sounds or timbres (ć
«éł, bÄ yÄ«n), from the same source, occurred gradually, and in the legendary
88:
3419:
2799:
2735:
2643:
1991:
1701:
1589:
1125:
923:
AndrĂ© Schaeffner has been president of the French association of musicologists SociĂ©tĂ© française de musicologie (1958â1967).
674:
310:
183:
77:
1946:, i.e., an electric guitar is still a string-instrument regardless of what analog or digital/computational post-processing
268:
3426:
3510:
932:
851:
developed a new classification scheme that was "exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments".
436:
2751:
2492:
2427:
1686:
1574:
1110:
295:
168:
1886:
1739:, Persian scholar of the 10th century, distinguished tonal duration. In one of his four schemes, in his two-volume
1189:
1980:
1705:
1690:
1593:
1578:
1129:
1114:
663:
420:
today do not always maintain this division (although plucked strings are grouped separately from bowed strings in
314:
299:
187:
172:
66:
2728:
1542:
2145:
mediating ( between the 1st and 3rd subdivisions (bonang (gong-chimes), saron panerus(a loud metallophone); and
1741:
417:
113:
385:(12th century), also adding the voice; Magister Lambertus (13th century), adding the human voice as well; and
2553:
Natural
Interfaces for Musical Expression, Proceedings of the Conference on Interfaces for Musical Expression
2705:, "Let the Inside Be Sweet: the interpretation of music among the Kpelle of Liberia", 1982, Indiana U. Press
1753:) and winds, plucked strings, percussion, and dance, the first three pointed out as having continuous tone.
1395:
705:
3307:
2693:
Margaret
Kartomi, 2011, Upward and Downward Classifications of Musical Instruments-musicology.ff,cuni.cz)
1943:
1902:
1180:
957:
401:
1942:
More usually, instruments are classified according to how the sound is initially produced (regardless of
1935:, a scheme which was probably the first scholarly attempt, while the earlier ones were traditional, folk
808:(sometimes idiophones or chordophones) can produce music without electricity or the use of an amplifier.
1812:
1210:
1176:
945:
521:
262:
1749:) he identified five classes, in order of ranking, as follows: the human voice, the bowed strings (the
812:
725:
2050:), subdivided as close to the nuclear theme and ornamental filling; agogic (tempo-regulating), drums.
2030:(1949), Martopangrawit, Poerbapangrawit, and Sumarsam (all in 1984). Kunst described five categories:
1642:) into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings (
3372:
1391:
713:
382:
3505:
3238:
1525:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1387:
1197:
805:
442:
425:
252:
2858:
2668:
2239:
2046:(a word invented by Kunst, meaning "interpunctuating"), the gongs; countermelodic; paraphrasing (
1936:
1808:
1646:, "stretched instruments"); instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air (
1457:
1433:
1341:
1193:
905:
507:
386:
378:
223:
1795:
1516:
Instruments can be classified according to the role they play in the ensemble. For example, the
3333:
3295:
2639:
2582:
2432:
1882:
1833:
1498:
1421:
1346:
1234:
968:
920:
producing two categories, aerophones and the chordophone-membranophone-idiophone combination.
848:
816:
595:
242:
2565:
Computer Music
Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25â41 Posted Online August 15, 2008.
3321:
2776:
2714:
Ames and King. Glossary of Hausa Music and its Social
Contexts, 1971, Northwestern U. Press.
2566:
2176:
The gamelan is also divided into front, middle, and back, much like the symphony orchestra.
1894:
1521:
1296:
1218:
642:
429:
256:
1501:, a category that may include instruments in different HornbostelâSachs categories such as
226:, many methods of classifying instruments exist. Most methods are specific to a particular
3327:
2907:
2894:
2680:
2165:
an outer circle, the structural group (gongs), which underlines the structure of the work;
1873:'s time (3rd millennium BC) it is believed to have been presented in the following order:
1429:
1375:
1304:
854:
Schaeffner's system has only two top-level categories which he denoted by Roman numerals:
801:
793:
551:
405:
248:
235:
35:
1803:), a treatise on the origin and construction of instruments. This was exceptional for a
238:, the most common classification method divides instruments into the following groups:
3366:
3313:
1947:
1843:
1765:
1425:
1362:
1312:
1271:
617:
393:
3499:
3478:
3471:
3117:
2931:
2830:
2636:
Exploring the World of Music: An
Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective
2388:
1917:
1898:
1790:
1629:
1437:
1383:
1366:
1350:
1333:
1329:
1267:
1247:
949:
745:
374:
366:
2581:
The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.), Oxford University Press, Print
3351:
3218:
3123:
2964:
2815:
2405:
2381:
2373:
2236:
This is much like the pa yin. It is suspected of being old but its age is unknown.
2183:
ricikan dijagur ("instruments beaten with a padded hammer," e.g., suspended gongs);
1924:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1633:
1517:
1292:
1259:
1201:
1168:
877:
785:
731:
The original SachsâHornbostel system classified instruments into four main groups:
392:
The modern system divides instruments into wind, strings and percussion. It is of
3461:
3301:
3100:
3086:
3073:
3044:
2958:
2879:
2869:
2377:
1969:
1928:
1675:
1563:
1449:
1379:
1300:
1275:
1255:
1161:
1099:
913:
828:
759:
652:
493:
479:
451:
421:
284:
157:
55:
2152:, "melodic abstraction")( with a 1-octave range), loud and soft metallophones (
1763:(Book of the Delivery), made the same distinction. He used two classes. In his
474:
intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis ("breath in the tube"), and percussione
465:
Various names have been assigned to these three traditional Western groupings:
3154:
2970:
2702:
2570:
2422:
2369:
2365:
2027:
1878:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1371:
1316:
1243:
797:
773:
717:
397:
219:
2108:(floral), flute and female voice; jejeging wirama (tempo regulating), drums.
1866:(9thâ5th centuries BC) and corresponding to the four seasons and four winds.
1452:, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or
3466:
3453:
3194:
3179:
2884:
2760:
1913:
1804:
1736:
1358:
1354:
1288:
1263:
953:
897:
862:
836:
824:
769:
739:
735:
360:
2324:
724:
in 1914. Their scheme is widely used today, and is most often known as the
17:
2720:
3380:
3148:
3078:
2328:
2200:
2190:
2043:
2031:
1756:
1414:
1403:
1321:
1308:
1284:
1214:
1172:
901:
820:
789:
709:
469:
3411:
1807:
writer, most of whom, like Near Eastern culture traditionally and early
2991:
2023:
1994: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1959:
1909:
1769:(Book of Soul Healing), he proposed another taxonomy, of five classes:
1654:, "solid instruments"); and percussion instruments with skin heads, or
1650:, "hollow instruments"); percussion instruments made of wood or metal (
1502:
1337:
1226:
1206:
1184:
866:
708:, curator of the musical instrument collection of the conservatoire in
677: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
455:
227:
2527:
2216:
A Javanese classification transmitted in literary form is as follows:
1793:(17th century) recognized three classes of musical instruments in his
30:
3287:
3062:
1932:
1855:
1222:
870:
450:
they have struck strings (like the piano), plucked strings (like the
413:
409:
815:
classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are considered
350:
Classification systems by their geographical and historical origins
3278:
2841:
2286:
2056:
Kodrat Poerbapangrawit, similar to Kunst, derives six categories:
1890:
1839:
1801:
Clarification and Conjecture About the Names of Books and Sciences
1778:
1774:
1638:
1625:
1399:
1325:
1280:
1251:
1075:
884:
883:
I.C: chordophones (solid fixed at both ends, i.e. strings such as
880:) (solid fixed at only one end, such as a kalimba or thumb piano);
832:
763:
753:
446:
29:
2528:"La SFM en quelques dates: présidée par les musicologue suivants"
2309:) instruments, but their primary classification is of ensembles.
1862:(record of ritual music and dance), compiled from sources of the
1759:, Persian scholar of the 11th century, presented a scheme in his
1497:
Instruments can be categorized according to typical use, such as
428:) and those where the air is set in motion directly by the lips (
3165:
3142:
1851:
1847:
1770:
1655:
1510:
1506:
1410:
1239:
1230:
888:
777:
749:
3415:
2724:
967:
Elementary organology categorizes musical instruments by their
960:, thus adding three new categories to the Schaeffner taxonomy.
1963:
1669:
1557:
1093:
1080:
Musical instrument classification in physics-based organology.
646:
435:
Many instruments do not fit very neatly into this scheme. The
396:
origin (in the Hellenistic period, prominent proponents being
278:
151:
49:
2612:
Computer Music Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25â41
2220:
ricikan prunggu/wesi ("instruments made of bronze or iron");
1420:
Many instruments include their range as part of their name:
896:
II: instruments that make sound from vibrating air (such as
720:
who published an extensive new scheme for classification in
2242:
musicians (of West Sumatra) use the following taxonomy for
2289:
of North Sumatra recognize the following classes: beaten (
2555:. New Interfaces for Musical Expression. pp. 118â23.
2232:
ricikan bambu pring ("bamboo instruments", e.g., flutes).
2179:
An orally transmitted Javanese taxonomy has 8 groupings:
912:
The system agrees with Mahillon and HornbostelâSachs for
424:), but distinguish between wind instruments with a reed (
245:(often subdivided between plucked and bowed instruments);
827:, as well as the huge variety of African and Afro-Latin
408:, who distinguished plucked string instruments, such as
365:
2nd-century Greek grammarian, sophist, and rhetorician
3396:
List of musical instruments by HornbostelâSachs number
2489:
On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
2168:
and occupying the space outside the outer circle, the
2022:
Classifications done for the Indonesian ensemble, the
1838:
The oldest known scheme of classifying instruments is
1628:
origin, dating from the 4th or 3rd century BC, in the
1489:, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower.
858:
I: instruments that make sound from vibrating solids:
847:
In 1932, comparative musicologist (ethnomusicologist)
2620:
2618:
2395:), including both beaten and plucked, and the blown (
2339:) together based on a gentleness-strength dichotomy (
1632:, a theoretical treatise on music and dramaturgy, by
482:, a younger contemporary of Boethius, used the names
445:
do not fit easily into this scheme. For example, the
369:, in the chapter called De Musica of his ten-volume
3348:
3268:
3208:
3192:
3132:
3058:
3041:
3020:
3000:
2984:
2947:
2929:
2905:
2856:
2813:
2774:
2758:
80:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2189:ricikan dikebuk ("hand-beaten instruments", e.g.,
780:, which produce sound by vibrating columns of air.
2347:, respectively), regarding the percussion group (
1038:the second category proposed by Andre Schaeffner
916:, but groups percussion instruments differently.
577:(percussives including plucked instruments), and
532:(but only for instruments with several strings),
1005:the first category proposed by Andre Schaeffner
1532:Classification by geographical or ethnic origin
610:, "bore" in reference to the bored tubes), and
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2199:ricikan disendal ("pulled instruments," e.g.,
756:, which produce sound by a vibrating membrane;
742:, which produce sound by vibrating themselves;
581:(from fidula, fiddle) (for bowed instruments);
3427:
2736:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2223:ricikan kulit ("leather instruments", drums);
8:
2331:use three categories, grouping the strings (
1796:Kashf al-Zunun an Asami al-Kutub wa al-Funun
1413:, tenor, or bass and the French horn, bass,
819:, a category that includes various forms of
2603:Physiphones, NIME 2007, New York, pp118-123
1920:, probably compiled in the 4th century BC.
1704:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1128:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
766:, which produce sound by vibrating strings;
313:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
186:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3434:
3420:
3412:
3205:
3055:
2944:
2771:
2743:
2729:
2721:
2663:. University of Chicago Press. p. 54.
2661:Three Ancient Conceptions of Musical Sound
2638:. Debuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. p. 144.
2229:ricikan kawat/tali ("string instruments");
861:I.A: no tension (free solid, for example,
2196:ricikan dipethik ("plucked instruments");
2010:Learn how and when to remove this message
1724:Learn how and when to remove this message
1612:Learn how and when to remove this message
1520:in popular music typically includes both
1148:Learn how and when to remove this message
728:system (or the SachsâHornbostel system).
693:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:, from bowed string instruments, such as
333:Learn how and when to remove this message
206:Learn how and when to remove this message
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
2418:Classification of percussion instruments
1773:instruments; unfretted (open) stringed,
973:
2444:
2391:of West Africa distinguish the struck (
2212:ricikan dikocok ("shaken instruments").
2042:("skeletal framework") in Indonesian);
1815:because it regarded them as primitive.
512:intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis
2676:
2666:
2491:. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology.
2319:List of Philippine musical instruments
2209:ricikan disebul ("blown instruments");
2206:ricikan dikosok ("bowed instruments");
544:(from the Greek for hit or strike) or
510:(14th and 15th centuries) called them
472:(5th and 6th centuries) labelled them
637:Mahillon and HornbostelâSachs systems
7:
2226:ricikan kayu ("wooden instruments");
1992:adding citations to reliable sources
1702:adding citations to reliable sources
1590:adding citations to reliable sources
1538:List of national instruments (music)
1126:adding citations to reliable sources
784:Later Sachs added a fifth category,
675:adding citations to reliable sources
404:). The scheme was later expanded by
311:adding citations to reliable sources
184:adding citations to reliable sources
78:adding citations to reliable sources
2487:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990-11-01).
2364:In West Africa, tribes such as the
2172:, a tempo-regulating group (drums).
1916:(Commentary of Tso), attributed to
1830:List of Chinese musical instruments
89:"Musical instrument classification"
2508:, C. Sachs, Norton, New York, 1940
2506:The History of Musical Instruments
2203:(jaw harp with string mechanism));
25:
3401:Musical instrument classification
2589:, 2016, Edited by Laurence Libin.
2119:)(with a wide range), divided as
1175:recorder in C (also known as the
454:) or no strings at all (like the
1968:
1858:in a fourth, as recorded in the
1674:
1562:
1098:
651:
584:Johann Eisel (1738) dubbed them
569:Joseph Majer (1732) called them
361:Orchestra § Instrumentation
283:
156:
54:
3442:
1979:needs additional citations for
662:needs additional citations for
65:needs additional citations for
2092:(variable formulaic melodic),
554:(1722) used vernacular names:
1:
2659:Rowell, Lewis Eugene (1992).
1854:are in a third, and those of
1162:singing voice classifications
1090:Classification by tonal range
1085:Other Western classifications
931:In 1960, German musicologist
40:Musica instrumentalis deudsch
2111:Sumarsam's scheme comprises
1927:(14thâ17th century) scholar
1846:were in one group, those of
823:and the European mechanical
27:Grouping musical instruments
2493:University of Chicago Press
2428:List of musical instruments
524:(1703) referred to them as
496:(13th century) dubbed them
3527:
2634:Hast, Dorothea E. (1999).
2316:
1960:Gamelan § Instruments
1957:
1827:
1662:, "covered instruments").
1535:
1493:Classification by function
722:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Ethnologie
640:
484:tensibilia, percussionalia
358:
251:(often subdivided between
34:Variety of recorders from
3449:
3391:
2571:10.1162/comj.2008.32.3.25
1819:East and South-East Asian
1543:Jean-Benjamin de la Borde
564:sonori per la percussione
44:German Instrumental Music
2246:("objects that sound"):
2115:an inner melodic group (
1742:Kitab al-Musiki al-Kabir
1179:, or piccolo recorder),
381:(6th to 7th centuries);
3228:412.1. Idiophonic/reed
2752:HornbostelâSachs system
1636:, divides instruments (
1396:subcontrabass saxophone
804:(chordophone) and some
762:, such as the piano or
706:Victor-Charles Mahillon
275:Classification criteria
3248:412.2. Non-idiophonic
1950:may be used with it).
1813:percussion instruments
1789:Ottoman encyclopedist
1081:
598:(1784) used the terms
586:pneumatica, pulsatilia
560:sonori per la tensione
269:Electronic instruments
263:Percussion instruments
47:
3443:Elementary organology
2124:rebab, gerong, gendĂšr
1850:in another, those of
1624:An ancient system of
1177:sopranissimo recorder
1169:Higher-than-sopranino
1079:
522:Sebastien de Brossard
33:
2551:Mann, Steve (2007).
2154:saron barung, demung
2104:(interpunctuating);
1988:improve this article
1698:improve this section
1586:improve this section
1549:West and South Asian
1526:woodwind instruments
1392:contrabass saxophone
1122:improve this section
806:electronic keyboards
714:Erich von Hornbostel
671:improve this article
443:Keyboard instruments
383:Hugh of Saint Victor
355:European and Western
307:improve this section
180:improve this section
74:improve this article
3511:Musical instruments
3243:412.14. Band/Ribbon
2804:112.2. Scraped/rasp
2138:(plucked strings),
1747:Great Book of Music
1470:contrabass clarinet
1466:contrabass recorder
1462:sopranino saxophone
1388:contrabass clarinet
1198:sopranino saxophone
876:I.B: linguaphones (
620:(1784) called them
556:sonori per il fiato
498:tensilia, inflativa
418:Classical musicians
224:musical instruments
3377:53. Radioelectric
3234:412.12. Percussive
3231:412.11. Concussive
3225:412. Interruptive
3215:411. Displacement
2335:) with the winds (
2126:(a metallophone),
2076:(ornamental), the
1809:Hellenistic Greeks
1499:signal instruments
1458:sopranino recorder
1434:baritone saxophone
1342:baritone saxophone
1194:sopranino recorder
1181:soprillo saxophone
1082:
817:plucked idiophones
794:ethnomusicologists
548:(for percussives);
508:Ugolino da Orvieto
387:Michael Praetorius
379:Isidore of Seville
243:String instruments
48:
3493:
3492:
3409:
3408:
3344:
3343:
3283:421.1. Non-fipple
3188:
3187:
3037:
3036:
2925:
2924:
2790:111.2. Percussion
2787:111.1. Concussion
2532:sfmusicologie.fr/
2433:Signal instrument
2096:and male chorus (
2020:
2019:
2012:
1834:Chinese orchestra
1734:
1733:
1726:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1522:brass instruments
1422:soprano saxophone
1235:soprano saxophone
1171:instruments: the
1158:
1157:
1150:
1074:
1073:
1062:Quintessence/Idea
969:classical element
703:
702:
695:
596:Johannes de Muris
430:brass instruments
343:
342:
335:
216:
215:
208:
150:
149:
142:
124:
16:(Redirected from
3518:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3254:412.21. Whirling
3251:412.21. Rotating
3206:
3056:
3030:242. Tube/vessel
2945:
2795:112. Indirectly
2772:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2305:), and plucked (
2278:), and Western (
2272:Minangkabau asli
2134:(female voice),
2015:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1972:
1964:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1678:
1670:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1566:
1558:
1485:
1484:
1219:soprano recorder
1153:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1102:
1094:
974:
849:André Schaeffner
843:André Schaeffner
813:HornbostelâSachs
726:HornbostelâSachs
698:
691:
687:
684:
678:
655:
647:
643:Hornbostel-Sachs
614:(for "vessels");
389:(17th century).
338:
331:
327:
324:
318:
287:
279:
249:Wind instruments
234:In the study of
211:
204:
200:
197:
191:
160:
152:
145:
138:
134:
131:
125:
123:
82:
58:
50:
21:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3445:
3440:
3410:
3405:
3387:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3270:
3264:
3197:
3184:
3134:
3128:
3070:311. Bar/stick
3060:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3016:
2996:
2980:
2936:
2933:
2921:
2901:
2895:Glass harmonica
2852:
2809:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2446:
2441:
2414:
2362:
2357:
2321:
2315:
2130:(a xylophone),
2026:, were done by
2016:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1985:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1944:post-processing
1836:
1826:
1821:
1787:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1695:
1679:
1668:
1660:avanaddha vadya
1618:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1583:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1456:, for example:
1430:tenor saxophone
1376:contrabass tuba
1372:Lower-than-bass
1305:tenor saxophone
1154:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1119:
1103:
1092:
1087:
942:
929:
845:
802:electric guitar
699:
688:
682:
679:
668:
656:
645:
639:
630:percussionabile
552:Filippo Bonanni
406:Martin Agricola
363:
357:
352:
339:
328:
322:
319:
304:
288:
277:
222:, the study of
212:
201:
195:
192:
177:
161:
146:
135:
129:
126:
83:
81:
71:
59:
36:Martin Agricola
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3053:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2954:211. Directly
2951:
2949:
2942:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:122.2. Cut out
2845:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:112.1. Shaken/
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:111. Directly
2781:
2779:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2695:
2686:
2651:
2644:
2626:
2614:
2605:
2591:
2574:
2558:
2543:
2519:
2510:
2498:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2317:Main article:
2314:
2311:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2143:
2018:
2017:
2000:September 2022
1976:
1974:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1948:effects pedals
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1811:, ignored the
1786:
1783:
1766:Kitab al-Shifa
1761:Kitab al-Najat
1732:
1731:
1714:September 2022
1682:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1620:
1619:
1602:September 2022
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1533:
1530:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1454:below the bass
1426:alto saxophone
1407:
1406:
1369:
1363:bass saxophone
1344:
1319:
1313:tenor recorder
1278:
1272:alto saxophone
1237:
1204:
1187:
1156:
1155:
1138:September 2022
1106:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:hydraulophones
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
987:
984:
981:
978:
950:hydraulophones
941:
938:
928:
925:
910:
909:
894:
893:
892:
881:
874:
844:
841:
782:
781:
772:, such as the
767:
757:
746:membranophones
743:
738:, such as the
701:
700:
683:September 2022
659:
657:
650:
638:
635:
634:
633:
618:Regino of Prum
615:
593:
582:
567:
549:
519:
505:
502:percussionalia
491:
477:
356:
353:
351:
348:
341:
340:
323:September 2022
291:
289:
282:
276:
273:
272:
271:
266:
260:
246:
228:cultural group
214:
213:
196:September 2022
164:
162:
155:
148:
147:
130:September 2022
62:
60:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3523:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Hydraulophone
3477:
3473:
3472:Membranophone
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3373:Amplification
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2840:122.1. Lace (
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:9780199743391
2584:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:("plucked"),
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:bunyi-bunyian
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:abstracting (
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:elaborating (
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:in Latin and
2037:
2036:cantus firmus
2033:
2032:nuclear theme
2029:
2025:
2014:
2011:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1977:This section
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1918:Tso Chiu-Ming
1915:
1911:
1908:However, the
1906:
1904:
1901:(é©, gĂ©), and
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:Hadji Khalifa
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:This section
1681:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:Natya Shastra
1627:
1616:
1613:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:This section
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:baritone horn
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:contrabassoon
1381:
1377:
1374:instruments:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:bass trombone
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:bass recorder
1349:instruments:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:bass clarinet
1331:
1330:baritone horn
1327:
1324:instruments:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:instruments:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:alto clarinet
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:alto recorder
1245:
1242:instruments:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:concert flute
1209:instruments:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:instruments:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:This section
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
934:
933:Kurt Reinhard
927:Kurt Reinhard
926:
924:
921:
917:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:); plus drums
890:
886:
882:
879:
878:lamellophones
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
857:
856:
855:
852:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:organologists
795:
791:
787:
786:electrophones
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
697:
694:
686:
676:
672:
666:
665:
660:This section
658:
654:
649:
648:
644:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
459:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:St. Augustine
372:
368:
367:Julius Pollux
362:
354:
349:
347:
337:
334:
326:
316:
312:
308:
302:
301:
297:
292:This section
290:
286:
281:
280:
274:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
239:
237:
236:Western music
232:
229:
225:
221:
210:
207:
199:
189:
185:
181:
175:
174:
170:
165:This section
163:
159:
154:
153:
144:
141:
133:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91: â
90:
86:
85:Find sources:
79:
75:
69:
68:
63:This article
61:
57:
52:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3400:
3352:Electrophone
3261:413. Plosive
3173:322.2. Frame
3159:321.3.Handle
3079:Stick zither
3001:23. Friction
2891:133. Vessel
2876:132. Plaque
2826:121.1. Clack
2710:
2698:
2689:
2660:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2608:
2577:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2363:
2360:West African
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:("pulled"),
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:("beaten"),
2247:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2215:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2021:
2006:
1997:
1986:Please help
1981:verification
1978:
1941:
1925:Ming dynasty
1923:Much later,
1922:
1907:
1871:Emperor Shun
1868:
1859:
1837:
1805:Near Eastern
1800:
1794:
1788:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1720:
1711:
1696:Please help
1684:
1659:
1651:
1648:susira vadya
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:Bharata Muni
1623:
1608:
1599:
1584:Please help
1572:
1541:
1518:horn section
1515:
1496:
1474:
1419:
1408:
1293:tenor violin
1276:English horn
1260:natural horn
1202:treble flute
1159:
1144:
1135:
1120:Please help
1108:
1068:quintephones
1052:plasmaphones
966:
962:
958:quintessence
943:
930:
922:
918:
914:chordophones
911:
906:bull-roarers
853:
846:
831:such as the
829:thumb pianos
810:
783:
760:chordophones
730:
721:
704:
689:
680:
669:Please help
664:verification
661:
629:
625:
621:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
585:
578:
574:
570:
563:
559:
555:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
511:
501:
497:
487:
483:
473:
464:
460:
441:
434:
391:
370:
364:
344:
329:
320:
305:Please help
293:
233:
217:
202:
193:
178:Please help
166:
136:
127:
117:
110:
103:
96:
84:
72:Please help
67:verification
64:
43:
39:
3486:Quintephone
3483:Plasmaphone
3462:Chordophone
3308:Single reed
3302:Double reed
3170:322.1. Open
3108:Heterochord
3074:Musical bow
3045:Chordophone
3021:24. Singing
2985:22. Plucked
2977:212. Shaken
2918:142. Plaque
2880:Musical saw
2870:Nail violin
2866:131. Stick
2823:121. Frame
2677:|work=
2313:Philippines
2274:), Arabic (
2266:("bowed"),
2240:Minangkabau
1929:Chu Tsai Yu
1864:Chou period
1652:Ghana vadya
1450:bass guitar
1380:double bass
1301:basset horn
1297:tenor flute
1256:French horn
1065:informatics
604:foraminalia
516:percussione
494:Roger Bacon
480:Cassiodorus
452:harpsichord
422:sheet music
371:Onomastikon
18:Quintephone
3506:Organology
3500:Categories
3458:Gaiaphone
3113:314. Board
3059:31. Simple
3007:231. Stick
2948:21. Struck
2915:141. Stick
2837:122. Comb
2703:Ruth Stone
2645:0787271543
2537:2021-07-15
2439:References
2423:Organology
2372:, Kpelle,
2307:alat petik
2303:alat gesek
2301:), bowed (
2297:), blown (
2291:alat pukul
2280:asal Barat
2254:("blown),
2028:Jaap Kunst
1958:See also:
1954:Indonesian
1937:taxonomies
1893:(ć, pĂĄo),
1889:(ç«č, zhĂș),
1881:(çł, shĂ),
1877:(é, jÄ«n),
1828:See also:
1644:tata vadya
1536:See also:
1446:bass flute
1442:alto flute
1317:bass flute
1244:alto flute
1035:aerophones
1002:gaiaphones
954:aerophones
946:Steve Mann
940:Steve Mann
863:xylophones
788:, such as
774:pipe organ
770:aerophones
748:, such as
736:idiophones
718:Curt Sachs
641:See also:
575:pulsatilia
571:pneumatica
546:pulsatilia
538:empneousta
534:pneumatica
488:inflatilia
398:Nicomachus
359:See also:
220:organology
100:newspapers
42:(English:
3467:Idiophone
3454:Aerophone
3334:Chromatic
3239:Free reed
3195:Aerophone
3180:Harp lute
3135:Composite
3105:Idiochord
3027:241. Free
3013:233. Hand
3010:232. Cord
2885:Daxophone
2831:Guimbarde
2761:Idiophone
2679:ignored (
2669:cite book
2299:alat tiup
2295:alat palu
2276:asal Arab
2268:dipusiang
2142:(flute));
2136:celempung
2132:pesindhen
2102:singgetan
2074:rerenggan
2048:panerusan
2044:colotomic
1914:Tso Chuan
1897:(ć, tÇ),
1885:(ç”Č, sÄ«),
1737:Al-Farabi
1685:does not
1573:does not
1359:bass tuba
1355:bass oboe
1289:euphonium
1264:alto horn
1190:Sopranino
1109:does not
944:In 2007,
898:clarinets
837:marimbula
825:music box
790:theremins
740:xylophone
626:inflatile
622:tensibile
600:chordalia
426:woodwinds
294:does not
253:woodwinds
167:does not
3381:Theremin
3314:Reedpipe
3271:Non-free
3237:412.13.
3209:41. Free
2932:Membran-
2859:Friction
2412:See also
2329:Mindanao
2260:ditariek
2256:dipatiek
2252:dipupuik
2201:genggong
2193:(drum));
2191:kendhang
2158:slenthem
2150:balungan
2070:slenthem
2058:balungan
2040:balungan
1933:rhythmic
1757:Ibn Sina
1503:trumpets
1483:♯
1415:baritone
1404:octobass
1322:Baritone
1309:tenoroon
1285:trombone
1215:clarinet
1173:garklein
986:Category
902:trumpets
821:jaw harp
710:Brussels
608:foramina
590:fidicina
579:fidicina
526:enchorda
470:Boethius
402:Porphyry
38:'s 1529
3328:Natural
3312:422.3.
3306:422.2.
3300:422.1.
3286:421.2.
3153:321.2.
3147:321.1.
2992:Nyatiti
2969:211.3.
2965:Tubular
2963:211.2.
2957:211.1.
2829:121.2.
2816:Plucked
2399:). The
2355:African
2264:digesek
2248:dipukua
2170:kendang
2128:gambang
2106:kembang
2090:wiletan
2082:gambang
2024:gamelan
1910:Chou-Li
1899:leather
1840:Chinese
1824:Chinese
1785:Turkish
1771:fretted
1706:removed
1691:sources
1666:Persian
1594:removed
1579:sources
1338:bassoon
1227:trumpet
1207:Soprano
1185:piccolo
1130:removed
1115:sources
1049:plasmas
1016:liquids
980:Element
867:cymbals
811:In the
612:vasalia
456:celesta
437:serpent
414:violins
410:guitars
315:removed
300:sources
188:removed
173:sources
114:scholar
3367:Action
3332:423.2
3326:423.1
3288:Fipple
3118:Trough
3063:zither
2934:ophone
2800:rattle
2777:Struck
2642:
2585:
2389:Kpelle
2380:, and
2349:tembol
2341:lemnoy
2325:T'boli
2156:, and
2140:suling
2098:gerong
2086:bonang
2084:, and
2078:gendĂšr
2068:, and
2066:demung
2060:, the
1887:bamboo
1860:Yo Chi
1856:bamboo
1626:Indian
1554:Indian
1509:, and
1223:violin
999:solids
977:
871:claves
754:kazoos
628:, and
606:(from
588:, and
562:, and
542:krusta
540:, and
530:entata
514:, and
500:, and
486:, and
116:
109:
102:
95:
87:
3322:Brass
3320:423.
3294:422.
3279:Flute
3277:421.
3178:323.
3164:322.
3141:321.
3124:Frame
3122:316.
3116:315.
3099:313.
3091:Whole
3085:312.
2971:Frame
2908:Blown
2842:Mbira
2406:Hausa
2382:Dogon
2374:Hausa
2345:megel
2333:t'duk
2287:Batak
2094:rebab
2062:saron
1891:gourd
1879:stone
1875:metal
1844:stone
1779:harps
1775:lyres
1751:rebab
1656:drums
1639:vadya
1511:gongs
1507:drums
1400:tubax
1326:cello
1281:Tenor
1252:viola
1032:gases
1013:Water
996:Earth
983:State
904:, or
885:piano
869:, or
833:mbira
764:cello
750:drums
447:piano
394:Greek
265:; and
257:brass
121:JSTOR
107:books
3371:52.
3365:51.
3357:list
3296:Reed
3219:Whip
3200:list
3166:Harp
3155:Yoke
3143:Lute
3101:Raft
3094:Half
3087:Tube
3050:list
2959:Bowl
2939:list
2906:14.
2857:13.
2814:12.
2775:11.
2766:list
2681:help
2640:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2401:yĂ le
2393:yĂ le
2387:The
2378:Akan
2337:nawa
2323:The
2285:The
2117:lagu
1903:wood
1895:clay
1883:silk
1852:silk
1848:wood
1832:and
1777:and
1689:any
1687:cite
1577:any
1575:cite
1524:and
1480:to F
1411:alto
1347:Bass
1240:Alto
1231:oboe
1113:any
1111:cite
1046:Fire
889:harp
835:and
796:and
778:oboe
716:and
400:and
298:any
296:cite
255:and
171:any
169:cite
93:news
3269:42.
3193:4.
3149:Bow
3133:32.
2930:2.
2759:1.
2567:doi
2397:fĂȘe
2370:Gio
2366:Dan
2327:of
2293:or
2100:);
2088:);
1990:by
1700:by
1588:by
1124:by
1029:Air
887:or
776:or
752:or
673:by
536:or
528:or
458:).
432:).
309:by
218:In
182:by
76:by
3502::
3349:5.
3061:/
3042:3.
2673::
2671:}}
2667:{{
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2447:^
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2160:);
2080:,
2072:;
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2034:(
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1984:.
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