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criticism of the categorisation of rural black communities solely as the result of colonial social relations. In 2003, the government of
President Luiz Inácio "Lula" da Silva issued Presidential Decree 4887 that categorized quilombo descendants as "self-designated ethno-racial groups who have their own historical trajectory, specific territorial relations, and a presumed black ancestry related to the historical oppression they have suffered". Through the political pressure exerted by black peasants throughout Brazil, the government established explicitly that quilombos should be defined by their being communities formed by black peasants in general, part of the present agrarian structure and contemporary society, not only by their relation to the past as runaway-descendants.
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working to fight racial discrimination formed an alliance in 1986 that played an important role in the grassroots political action that resulted in
Article 68. Black militants across Brazil demanded reparation and the recognition of the detrimental effects of slavery, including preventing black communities from accessing land. The Black Movement explicitly decided to make land central to their political agenda during the constitutional debates. They capitalised on the perception that there were very few quilombos and that it would thus be mainly a symbolic gesture in order to get it into the Constitution. It was assumed that any community would have to prove its direct descent from a runaway slave settlement.
250:, seeing Palmares as a direct challenge to its colonial status, declared war on the Quilombolas. Twenty attacks on Palmares failed. But the constant attacks wore down Ganga Zumba, and in 1678 he agreed to stop accepting new slaves and move out of the mountains to safety. Ganga Zumba's nephew, Zumbi, saw this as betrayal and poisoned his uncle before tearing up the treaty with the Portuguese. Colonial forces continued the relentless attacks, and in the end Zumbi was unable to cope. In 1694, the Portuguese finally destroyed Palmares and killed hundreds of its citizens, ending the glory days of the Quilombolas. Zumbi and Palmares survived only as symbols of resistance.
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descendants of the maroon communities occupying their lands." Quilombo members cannot be legally evicted, except by the federal government (which has challenged at least two certified quilombos: Rio dos
Macacos whose claims overlapped a Navy base and Alcântara where a space station has been built). The inclusion of quilombo communities in the Constitution was the first recognisable government action towards the reparation of historical injustice against slave descendants.
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from
European influence, and after the fall of Palmares, all the quilombolas either went into hiding or were wiped out by Europeans. Most of the Quilombolas remained hidden so successfully it was assumed they had been destroyed or died out. They dropped farming at the risk of being discovered and continued the agricultural forest practice. The Quilombolas adopted a lifestyle that was a cross of Portuguese and various Indigenous and African cultures.
327:, which included the collective rights of indigenous and quilombola communities to their traditional lands within Article 68 of the constitution's Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act (ADCT), came into force, with the text: "Final ownership shall be recognized for the remaining members of the ancient runaway slave communities who are occupying their lands and the State shall grant them the respective title deeds".
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The national black movement and the black rural communities in the northern regions of Pará and Maranhão gathered political momentum throughout the 1980s and succeeded in having quilombola land rights introduced into the 1988 Constitution in the form of
Article 68. Regional and national organisations
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was the first to include questions asking citizens about quilombola identity and status, despite the posture of the incumbent
Bolsonaro administration toward quilombolas. It counted 1,327,802 people, or 0.65% of the total population of Brazil, as quilombolas, 68.19% (or 905,415 people) of whom lived
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was the main proponent in
Congress of the inclusion of quilombo land rights in the new Constitution, which was drawn up after Brazil's military dictatorship ended in 1986. Article 68 stated that "definitive ownership will be recognized, and the respective title will be issued by the State, to those
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Until the 1970s, the
Quilombolas were mostly unknown internationally and assumed to have been entirely killed off. In 1970s, deforestation reached their lands. Loggers, assuming them to be squatters trying to steal property, forced them off their land at gunpoint and stole their land. They were not
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Other quilombos emerged during the age of
Palmares and the Aqualtune Dynasty. Fleeing slaves befriended and allied with Brazilian Indigenous peoples. Today most of the Quilombola population is of mixed African-Brazilian and Indigenous ancestry. Quilombos were mainly located deep in the jungles, far
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and Maurício Torres, only 219 of the 2,926 Quilombos had land titles as of 2018. Afro-Brazilians (only a small minority of whom are
Quilombo residents) number around 15 million and as a group are among poorest in Brazil, with a poverty rate of around 75 percent among quilombolas, compared to 25.4
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Throughout the second half of the 1990s and the early 2000s, hundreds of black peasant communities in Brazil began the legal process for official recognition. Despite a government attempt in 1999 to restrict the application of Article 68, there was increasing black rural mobilisation and growing
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In the 1630s, Palmares was inherited by Aqualtune's son, Ganga Zumba, who ruled the city from a palace. The inhabitants used African style forges to make metal plows and scythes to harvest fields of corn, rice and manioc and created agricultural forests of palm and breadfruit. Palmares and other
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signaled a reversal of policy regarding quilombolas. President Bolsonaro had said: "They don't do anything! I don't think they even serve for procreation anymore." In 2017, during a speech at the Hebraica club, Bolsonaro stated: "If I , there won't be any money for NGOs ... You will not have a
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Original Text: " Art. 2o Consideram-se remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos, para os fins deste Decreto, os grupos étnico-raciais, segundo critérios de auto-atribuição, com trajetória histórica própria, dotados de relações territoriais específicas, com presunção de ancestralidade negra
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escaped bondage by running away and occupying land which led to the creation of Quilombos. Those who live in these autonomous communities are referred to as Quilombolas and for many years many Quilombolas have been struggling to keep and earn titles to their land in the face of modernization,
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began registration of quilombola communities, that the formal process of recognition of quilombo remnant communities and awarding of title began. However, the ordinance only applied to federally-owned lands, and activists for the quilombo remnant sector experienced greater support from state
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The policy of Bolsonaro on quilombola land rights was reversed Lula upon his return to the presidency. Lula appointed activist João Jorge Rodriguês as chair of the FCP, with over 100 certifications being issued to quilombola community claimants in 2023. In addition, on November 20, 2023
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As of 2016, 294 villages have applied to be recognized as quilombos, because they were founded by escaped slaves and are mainly inhabited by their descendants. The certification process thus far has been slow, and 152 villages have been recognized as quilombos.
459:), Lula signed Decree 11.786/2023, creating the National Quilombola Territorial and Environmental Management Policy (PNGTAQ), which seeks to standardize federal policies on territorial, environmental and cultural self-management of quilombola territories.
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signed Decree 4.887/2003, which recognized the inalienable rights of Quilombo communities and their claims to the land they inhabited, repealed the milestone thesis' application to quilombos, and transferred the titling process back to INCRA. The
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detailed the processes of titling and demarcation of the Quilombo land. Right wing opponents filed a lawsuit which suggested that Lula's decree was unconstitutional. The ruling on the case was postponed for over 3 years, which resulted in
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De La Torre, Oscar (2013) "Are They Really Quilombos?" Black Peasants, Politics, and the Meaning of Quilombo in Present-Day Brazil. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. OFO: Journal of Transatlantic Studies VOL. 3, Nos. 1 & 2,
266:. It was organised as a republic, with democratic voting in place. Over the course of the Mola quilombo's life, it expanded to include four other similar settlements in the region and was known as the Confederação do Itapocu
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quilombos during the Quilombola's glory days were surrounded by palisades, camouflaged pits filled with deadly stakes, and paths lined with lacerating caltrops. Palmares was behind many raids of Portuguese ports and towns.
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GOMES, Flávio dos Santos. In the labyrinth of rivers, boreholes and streams: black peasants, memory and post-emancipation in the Amazon, c. XIX-XX. : História Unisinos, 2006. p. 282.
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pretending to be Quilombolas to get land. Eventually, they were accepted as Quilombolas, but ranchers still kept stealing their land. The most avid supporter of the Quilombolas was
229:, a former Angolan princess and general enslaved during a Congolese war. Shortly after reaching Brazil, the pregnant Aqualtune escaped with some of her soldiers and fled to the
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The definitive property rights of remanescentes of quilombos that have been occupying the same lands are hereby recognized, and the state shall grant them title to such lands.
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Film looks at two Quilombola communities, one with no land title and one benefitting from legal recognition, and examines the disparities between them plus further context.
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in the Northeast region. It also counted only 167,202 quilombolas, or 4.3% of the national quilombola population, as living in officially delimited Quilombola Territories.
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225:. In Brazil, most worked on sugar plantations and mines, and were brutally tortured. Some slaves were able to escape. According to oral tradition, among them was
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would also give Congress power over land which has already been approved for demarcation. PEC 215 could potentially take away land titles from 219 Quilombolas.
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governments. In 1999, administration of the titling process was transferred to the FCP, which issued its own directive in 2000 for administering the process.
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In the 16th century, slavery was becoming common across the Americas, particularly in Brazil. Africans were kidnapped and shipped across the Atlantic via the
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Without land titles, the quilombolas don't have access to social benefits, such as subsidized housing. But threats are also looming from illegal loggers and
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was passed, to 1988, when the current constitution came into force. This threshold excluded a large number of territorial claims by quilombola communities.
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Approximately forty percent of the twelve million Africans imported to the Americas to be enslaved landed in Brazil in the late 16th century. Many enslaved
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in Brazil has power to demarcate Quilombola territories. PEC 215, if passed, would have given Congress exclusive authority to oversee demarcation of
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Dutra, ed., (2011) 'Direitos Quilombolas: Um Estudio do Impacto de Cooperação Ecumenico', Rio de Janeiro KOINONIA Presença Ecumênica e Serviço, p.20
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Though Quilombola land rights are secured by the STF for now, the communities still face many obstacles today, like the constitutional amendment
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suspending all new titles and demarcations of the lands until a ruling was made on the constitutionality of the decree. On February 8, 2018, the
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The Mola quilombo consisted of approximately 300 formerly enslaved people and had a high degree of political, social and military organization.
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to quilombola communities, requiring them to prove that they had maintained ownership of their claimed lands continuously from 1888, when the
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signed Decree 3.192/2001, which formally empowered the PCF to identify and demarcate quilombola communities but also extended the
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drafted Ordinance nº 307/1995, which laid out a formal legal framework for regulations for the titling of quilombo lands, and the
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1048:"'Stranded' for years, decree signed by Lula was a 'dream' of the quilombola struggle, says Conaq | Socioenvironmental Institute"
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http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2015/11/incra-reconhece-area-da-comunidade-quilombola-rio-dos-macacos-na-ba.html
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1277:'Supreme Court of Brazil to rule over Quilombo communities' rights to land – arguments for a protective approach'
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In 1895 there were still traces of the settlement to be seen; they have now disappeared. Historians, such as
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984:"Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners | World news"
959:"Their forefathers were enslaved. Now, 400 years later, their children will be landowners | World news"
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1009:"Jair Bolsonaro is Elected President of Brazil. Read His Extremist, Far-Right Positions in His Own Words"
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2019:
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A titulação das terras das comunidades tradicionais quilombolas no Brasil: análise da atuação do Estado
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The Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights, The University of Texas at Austin School of Law
315:, who argued for the preservation of the jungle and its Indigenous peoples, including the Quilombolas.
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Guimarães, José (2012). «Settlement in Southern Pará and Historical Origins of the Carajás Movement».
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Planas (2014) Brazil's 'Quilombo' Movement May Be The World's Largest Slavery Reparations Program
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to an isolated community populated by descendants of enslaved people who escaped centuries ago.
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836:"Between the Law and Their Land: Afro-Brazilian Quilombo Communities' Struggle for Land Rights"
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recognized as surviving Quilombola peoples until the 1980s. Enraged ranchers claimed they were
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Benatti, José Heder, 2004. Posse Agroecológica e Manejo Florestal. Curitiba: Juruá Editora
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region. It was here that Aqualtune founded a quilombo, or a colony of Quilombolas, called
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Arruti, José Maurício. (2000) "Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombos," Tempo e Presença
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1989:
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787:«Rural Black Women: Resistance and Struggle for Survival in the Tocantins Region (PA)»
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278:, interpret the organisation of the group as an ideal model of resistance to slavery.
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Under Sergio Camargo, a conservative activist appointed by Bolsonaro as chair, the
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BAHIA (2015) Incra reconhece área da comunidade quilombola Rio dos Macacos, na BA
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Movement May Be The World's Largest Slavery Reparations Program. Huffington Post
1249:"Brasil tem 1,3 milhão de quilombolas em 1.696 municípios | Agência de Notícias"
743:(interview). Interview with Teixeira de Souza, M .. Teixeira de Souza, M. Belém.
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issued far fewer certifications of quilombola communities and territories.
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Legally, the Quilombolas were granted rights to their land in 1988 as the
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1023:"Fundação Cultural Palmares emite 104 Certidões de Autodefinição em 2023"
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/10/brazil-quilombos_n_5572236.html
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1074:"DECRETO Nº 11.786, DE 20 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2023 - DOU - Imprensa Nacional"
881:"Brazilian Supreme Court ruling protects Quilombola land rights for now"
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Rapoport Delegation on Afro-Brazilian Land Rights (September 22, 2008).
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605:"Incra não cumpre meta e titula 2 territórios quilombolas em 2009"
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was the first leader of the community. The group was also led by
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centimeter demarcated for indigenous reserves or quilombolas."
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rejected the legal action and voted in favor of Lula's decree.
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2014.pdf
29:
934:"Slaves' descendants in Brazil braced for land titles' fight"
418:, signed a document giving land titles for more than 220,000
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relacionada com a resistência à opressão histórica sofrida"
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http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2003/d4887.htm
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percent in the general population, government data shows.
237:. Palmares was one of the largest quilombos in Brazil.
907:"Governo Temer trava demarcações de áreas quilombolas"
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encroaching on quilombola land, activists have said.
716:"Quilombolas: quem são, origem, tradição, condições"
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1965:
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1225:"Brazil finally has census data on its quilombolas"
810:"Portaria Incra n.º 307, de 22 de novembro de 1995"
173:settlements first established by escaped slaves in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
388:gentrification, and oppressive regimes in Brazil.
656:Children of the days: a calendar of human history
1139:Soares (2009) Quilombo atrasa programa espacial
1289:Freedom: Quilombo land title struggle in Brazil
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685:
683:
579:"Descendants of slaves still suffer in Brazil"
1922:
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8:
757:. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Edusp. p. 47.
789:(PDF) . XXVI National Symposium on History.
395:acknowledged these communities and stated:
140:during a meeting in the capital of Brazil,
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1962:
1948:
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1915:
1907:
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1611:
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1207:
630:"Tucuruí - Informações, Imagens e Vídeos"
330:Despite this, it was not until 1995 when
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
755:Dicionário da escravidão negra no Brasil
1287:Redman, Paul & Renold, Jaye (2015)
569:
1281:Planas, R. (2014) Brazil's 'Quilombo'
1255:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2023-07-27
1209:10.11606/T.8.2018.tde-09042018-155054
1202:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). São Paulo.
1141:http://www.sindct.org.br/?q=node/1517
158:
7:
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1196:Silva, Marcelo Gonçalves da (2017).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1115:Full 1988 Constitution in English:
785:PINTO, Benedita Celeste de Morais.
484:, which has often been proposed in
808:Bellinger, Carolina (1995-11-22).
654:Galeano, Eduardo (30 April 2013).
25:
27:Resident of a quilombo settlement
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3236:
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2118:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
577:Colitt, Raymond (July 4, 2007).
34:
814:Comissão Pró-Índio de São Paulo
45:needs additional citations for
1347:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil
297:List of quilombola territories
177:. They are the descendants of
1:
512:Black federal representative
504:1988 Constitution: Article 68
378:Brazilian Supreme Court (STF)
1843:British and French Caribbean
1534:Palmares Cultural Foundation
1376:Revolution of the Ganhadores
444:Palmares Cultural Foundation
336:Palmares Cultural Foundation
282:Other quilombola communities
1223:Audi, Amanda (2023-07-27).
905:Fellet, João (2017-04-18).
885:Mongabay Environmental News
603:Pyl, Bianca (May 3, 2010).
3308:
3130:African diaspora religions
2254:Indigenous Black Canadians
1848:Spanish New World colonies
1275:Osorio & Baldi (2010)
1253:Agência de Notícias - IBGE
1027:Fundação Cultural Palmares
294:
223:Trans-Atlantic slave trade
3282:People of African descent
3231:
3105:African Hebrew Israelites
2881:Afro-Asians in South Asia
1456:Afro-Brazilian literature
1080:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1029:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
816:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
722:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
697:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
636:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
581:. Reuters. Archived from
476:Opposition and challenges
344:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
193:in 1888. The most famous
156:Portuguese pronunciation:
2147:Turks and Caicos Islands
498:constitutional amendment
3287:Ethnic groups in Brazil
181:who escaped from slave
3135:Anti-African sentiment
1894:Quilombola territories
1889:Quilombola communities
1652:Quilombola territories
1647:Quilombola communities
1052:www.socioambiental.org
753:Moura, Clóvis (2004).
658:. London: Allen Lane.
401:
393:Brazilian Constitution
325:Constitution of Brazil
291:Quilombola land rights
145:
3187:Civil rights movement
3075:Afro-Caribbean people
2384:Chestnut Ridge people
2306:African-American Jews
2108:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1461:Afro-Brazilian Museum
741:Carajás Youth Debates
540:2022 Brazilian census
463:Area and demographics
397:
323:In 1988, the current
179:Afro-Brazilian slaves
135:
3145:Atlantic slave trade
2833:United Arab Emirates
1594:Caribbean immigrants
1381:Abolition of slavery
1229:The Brazilian Report
1072:Nacional, Imprensa.
201:and the most famous
54:improve this article
3034:Sierra Leone Creole
2885:India and Pakistan
2130:Trinidad and Tobago
1980:Antigua and Barbuda
1834:History of slavery
1578:African immigrants
1549:Ethnic subdivisions
1512:Black Awareness Day
1352:Early slave revolts
861:www.planalto.gov.br
521:Redefinition - 2003
457:Black Awareness Day
342:In 2001, President
260:Felipa Maria Aranha
160:[kilõˈbɔlɐ]
3177:Black Lives Matter
2784:Ethiopian Israelis
2434:African immigrants
2409:Louisiana Redbones
2345:Chickasaw freedmen
2274:African immigrants
2042:Dominican Republic
1884:Haitian Revolution
1725:Great Dismal Swamp
1366:Revolt of the Lash
585:on August 16, 2010
414:, the governor of
410:On March 3, 2018,
146:
3272:Slavery in Brazil
3259:
3258:
3227:
3226:
3140:Anti-Black racism
3080:British Jamaicans
3070:African Americans
3055:African Americans
3009:Americo-Liberians
2994:African Americans
2966:
2965:
2789:Sudanese refugees
2590:
2589:
2360:Seminole freedmen
2340:Cherokee freedmen
2321:Black Southerners
2296:African Americans
2244:African Americans
1904:
1903:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1634:
1342:Slavery in Brazil
665:978-1-56858-971-8
514:Benedita da Silva
488:. Currently, the
264:Maria Luiza Piriá
213:live in poverty.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3299:
3277:Maroons (people)
3249:
3248:
3239:
3238:
2979:
2367:Creoles of color
2350:Choctaw freedmen
2316:Black Mennonites
2249:Black Mennonites
2096:Jamaican Maroons
2052:Samaná Americans
1963:
1949:
1938:African diaspora
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1863:colonial history
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1612:
1404:Racial democracy
1394:Racial whitening
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1245:
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1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1193:
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1125:
1119:
1113:
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1085:
1069:
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1019:
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1005:
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949:
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730:
728:
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712:
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691:"Brasil de Fato"
687:
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651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
626:
620:
619:
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594:
593:
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574:
490:executive branch
434:The election of
348:Milestone thesis
185:that existed in
162:
157:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3307:
3306:
3302:
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3298:
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3296:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3223:
3197:Genetic history
3122:
3116:
3092:
3086:
3066:United Kingdom
3040:
3019:Afro-Brazilians
2974:
2972:
2962:
2946:
2851:
2842:
2755:
2598:
2586:
2446:
2440:
2311:Alabama Creoles
2231:
2225:
2157:
2151:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1905:
1900:
1872:Slave rebellion
1823:
1713:Black Seminoles
1698:
1693:
1663:
1658:
1631:
1610:
1543:
1498:
1465:
1408:
1328:
1322:
1273:
1271:Further reading
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911:BBC News Brasil
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666:
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623:
614:
612:
611:(in Portuguese)
609:Repórter Brasil
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601:
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588:
586:
576:
575:
571:
566:
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536:
523:
506:
478:
465:
452:
432:
385:Afro-Brazilians
374:President Temer
360:
321:
304:
299:
293:
284:
256:
243:
231:Serra da Bariga
219:
155:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3243:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3207:Pan-Africanism
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:Creole peoples
3189:
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3179:
3174:
3173:
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3167:
3162:
3157:
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3137:
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2908:Black Dutchmen
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
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2883:
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2876:
2871:
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2855:
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2724:United Kingdom
2721:
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2711:
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2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
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2391:
2386:
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2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:Creek freedmen
2352:
2347:
2342:
2328:
2326:Black Hispanic
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2292:United States
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2277:
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2271:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:Miskito people
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
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2056:
2055:
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2049:
2039:
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2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2005:Cayman Islands
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
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1869:
1868:
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1860:
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1845:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1828:Related topics
1825:
1824:
1822:
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1813:
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1802:
1797:
1789:
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1709:United States
1706:
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1559:
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1531:
1526:
1524:Black movement
1521:
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1508:
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1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1494:Tambor de Mina
1491:
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1373:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:Afro-Brazilian
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1188:
1178:
1165:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1064:
1039:
1014:
1000:
990:. 5 March 2018
975:
965:. 5 March 2018
950:
940:. 6 March 2018
922:
897:
872:
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826:
800:
791:
778:
763:
745:
732:
707:
695:Brasil de Fato
679:
664:
646:
621:
595:
568:
567:
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548:
545:
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532:
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477:
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461:
451:
448:
436:Jair Bolsonaro
431:
428:
364:President Lula
359:
356:
320:
317:
303:
300:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
283:
280:
272:Benedita Pinto
255:
252:
242:
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218:
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165:Afro-Brazilian
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3304:
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3267:
3252:
3244:
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3148:
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3138:
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3133:
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3128:
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3113:
3110:
3106:
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3089:
3081:
3078:
3076:
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3067:
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3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:Sierra Leone
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:Afro-American
2969:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
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2809:
2807:
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2802:
2799:
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2758:
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2700:
2697:
2695:
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2680:
2677:
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2672:
2670:
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2638:
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2628:
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2623:
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2597:
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2558:
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2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:French Guiana
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
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2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Somali Bantus
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
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2385:
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2377:
2373:
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2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:Black Indians
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Affrilachians
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:New Brunswick
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:Miskito Sambu
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Dougla people
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2101:
2097:
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2089:
2087:
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2079:
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2067:
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2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:Ganga-Longoba
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Latin America
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:United States
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:United States
1851:
1849:
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1836:
1835:
1833:
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1801:
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1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:Ethnic groups
1701:
1697:
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1011:. 2018-10-28.
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43:This article
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2958:Saint Helena
2894:in Karnataka
2811:Saudi Arabia
2478:
2379:Brass Ankles
2020:Cape Verdean
1809:
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1518:Frente Negra
1516:
1441:Funk carioca
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1257:. Retrieved
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1054:. 2023-11-23
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992:. Retrieved
988:The Guardian
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963:The Guardian
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887:. 2018-02-13
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583:the original
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450:2023-present
441:
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412:Simão Jatene
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167:resident of
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110:October 2015
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69:"Quilombola"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3217:Reparations
3182:Black power
2930:New Zealand
2761:Middle East
2714:Switzerland
2674:Netherlands
2389:Dominickers
2264:Nova Scotia
2182:El Salvador
2113:Saint Lucia
2103:Puerto Rico
1562:Quilombolas
1371:Malê revolt
534:2022 census
405:gold miners
211:quilombolas
183:plantations
138:quilombolas
18:Quilombolas
3266:Categories
3150:Coromantee
2565:Paramaccan
2479:Quilombola
2419:Melungeons
2177:Costa Rica
2086:Coromantee
1810:Quilombola
1785:Paramaccan
1599:Barbadians
1259:2023-09-23
1234:2023-09-23
1084:2024-04-04
1058:2024-04-04
1033:2024-01-06
994:2021-01-06
969:2021-01-06
944:2021-01-06
916:2018-12-01
891:2018-12-01
866:2018-12-01
820:2024-04-05
726:2021-01-02
701:2021-01-02
640:2021-01-02
615:2010-07-23
589:2010-07-23
564:References
496:land. The
494:indigenous
195:quilombola
151:quilombola
136:Brazilian
80:newspapers
2971:Secondary
2935:Sri Lanka
2913:Mardijker
2903:Indonesia
2874:Hong Kong
2869:Guangzhou
2859:Australia
2806:Palestine
2734:Liverpool
2729:Cambridge
2582:Venezuela
2454:Argentina
2209:Nicaragua
2187:Guatemala
1967:Caribbean
1945:Geography
1819:Mauritius
1736:Honduras
1587:Nigerians
1484:Quimbanda
1479:Candomblé
1361:Quilombos
674:895700030
430:2019-2022
362:In 2003,
358:2003-2018
352:Lei Áurea
319:1988-2003
309:squatters
227:Aqualtune
191:abolition
3292:Quilombo
3241:Category
3091:Asia and
3060:Haitians
3015:Nigeria
3005:Liberia
2975:diaspora
2951:Atlantic
2925:Malaysia
2826:Africans
2744:Scotland
2689:Portugal
2610:Abkhazia
2570:Saramaka
2545:Suriname
2535:Paraguay
2523:Saramaka
2491:Colombia
2469:Kalungas
2399:Garifuna
2335:Freedmen
2286:Mascogos
2219:Cimarrón
2192:Honduras
2170:Garifuna
2140:Merikins
2123:Garifuna
2037:Dominica
1995:Barbados
1975:Anguilla
1953:Americas
1805:Quilombo
1795:Kalungas
1770:Saramaka
1755:Suriname
1751:Guianas
1740:Garifuna
1718:Mascogos
1615:Diaspora
1604:Haitians
1582:Angolans
1567:Kalungas
1539:Feminism
1504:Politics
1471:Religion
1446:Maracatu
1436:Capoeira
1357:Mocambos
773:62236622
634:Amazônia
558:Quilombo
547:See also
486:Congress
420:hectares
241:Palmares
235:Palmares
207:Palmares
203:quilombo
170:quilombo
163:) is an
142:Brasília
3251:Commons
3212:Slavery
3202:Maroons
3121:Related
3093:Oceania
3051:France
2940:Kaffirs
2852:Oceania
2719:Ukraine
2694:Romania
2664:Ireland
2647:Germany
2630:Finland
2625:Denmark
2620:Belgium
2615:Austria
2577:Uruguay
2555:Matawai
2503:Ecuador
2474:Macombo
2459:Bolivia
2447:America
2269:Ontario
2232:America
2158:America
2156:Central
2081:Jamaica
2069:Marabou
2059:Grenada
2032:Curaçao
2000:Bermuda
1990:Bahamas
1800:Macombo
1791:Brazil
1780:Matawai
1732:Jamaica
1696:Maroons
1640:Related
1574:Cafuzos
1489:Umbanda
1426:Cafundó
1414:Culture
1399:Favelas
1334:History
938:Reuters
857:"D4887"
553:Maroons
482:PEC 215
217:History
209:. Many
94:scholar
3170:Yoruba
3123:topics
3100:Israel
3045:Europe
2990:Ghana
2983:Africa
2821:Turkey
2796:Jordan
2779:Israel
2739:London
2709:Sweden
2699:Russia
2684:Poland
2679:Norway
2657:Blacks
2652:Greece
2635:France
2601:Blacks
2596:Europe
2560:Ndyuka
2550:Kwinti
2530:Guyana
2518:Ndyuka
2496:Raizal
2464:Brazil
2429:Yoruba
2414:Lumbee
2394:Fulani
2372:Gullah
2281:Mexico
2239:Canada
2214:Panama
2165:Belize
2074:Marron
2047:Cocolo
1838:Brazil
1775:Kwinti
1765:Ndyuka
1747:Panama
1557:Pardos
1529:Racism
1327:topics
771:
761:
672:
662:
369:decree
248:Lisbon
189:until
187:Brazil
175:Brazil
96:
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3165:Tikar
3160:Kongo
3112:Japan
2999:Tabom
2920:Japan
2889:Siddi
2864:China
2838:Yemen
2816:Syria
2749:Wales
2704:Spain
2669:Italy
2640:Paris
2513:Aluku
2486:Chile
2445:South
2404:Igbos
2230:North
2091:Igbos
2064:Haiti
2015:Arará
1985:Aruba
1858:Trade
1760:Aluku
1627:Tabom
1451:Samba
1431:Afoxé
1418:music
839:(PDF)
332:INCRA
199:Zumbi
101:JSTOR
87:books
3155:Igbo
3024:Saro
2848:Asia
2801:Oman
2774:Iraq
2769:Iran
2540:Peru
2010:Cuba
1622:Saro
1416:and
1186:p.10
769:OCLC
759:ISBN
670:OCLC
660:ISBN
538:The
416:Pará
274:and
254:Mola
205:was
197:was
73:news
2850:and
1204:doi
422:of
56:by
3268::
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