35:
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257:, at a relatively low elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) was developed as a state farm by the Incas for maize production. On the hills to the south of the growing area above Lake Cotapachi were 2,400 qullqas, each cone shaped, about 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height and diameter and clustered in parallel lines in an area of 61 hectares (150 acres). Some of the maize produced in Cochabamba was transported by
77:). To a "prodigious unprecedented in the annals of world prehistory" the Incas stored food and other commodities which could be distributed to their armies, officials, conscripted laborers, and, in times of need, to the populace. The uncertainty of agriculture at the high altitudes which comprised most of the Inca Empire was among the factors which probably stimulated the construction of large numbers of qullqas.
89:, of which the Inca Empire was the last, faced severe challenges in feeding the millions of people who were their subjects. The heartland of the empire and much of its arable land was at elevations between 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) to more than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) and subject to frost, hail, and drought. Tropical crops could not be grown in the short growing seasons and a staple crop,
160:, a major Inca administrative and storage area, 50 to 80 percent of the qullqas were used to store dried potatoes and other root crops. Only 5 to 7 percent of qullqas were devoted to the storage of maize, probably because the high altitudes and cool climate limited the local production of maize. Root crops were layered with straw and baled for storage. Maize was shelled and stored in large jars.
27:
247:
river. In total, the qullqas of the
Mantaro Valley had a storage area of 170,000 square meters, possibly the largest storage facilities in the Inca Empire and in pre-Columbian America. Illustrating the quantity of stored items, these qullqas supplied and equipped an army of 35,000 soldiers during the Spanish conquest of the 1530s.
227:
The interior diameter of an average small qullqa was 3.23 metres (10.6 ft); larger qullqas have a diameter of around 3.5–4.0 metres (11.5–13.1 ft). These smaller qullqa could have held 3.7 cubic metres (100 US bushels) of maize, and larger qullqa could have held about 5.5 cubic metres (160
132:
The qullqas were primarily used to supply Inca officials and armies on the move as they relied on the qullqas for food rather than foraging—to the deprivation of the agricultural population—which was the common means by which armies around the world supplied their needs until the modern era. Another
186:
who said that in the city « storehouses full of blankets, wool, weapons, metals and clothes and of everything that is grown and made in this realm ... and there is a house in which are kept more than 100,000 dried birds, for from their feathers articles of clothing are made. ... There are shields,
246:
The
Mantaro Valley was one of the largest and most fertile high-altitude areas of the Inca Empire. 2,573 qullqas have been found in the valley by archaeologists. Half of them were placed in the center of this grain-producing area, another half scattered among 48 compounds along the course of the
198:
Agricultural products such as maize and quinoa might have had a storage life of one or two years and treated products such as freeze-dried potatoes and dried meat might have had a storage life of 2–4 years. However, early
Spanish chroniclers said that some products were stored for up to 10 years.
124:
The response of the Incas to the challenges of their environment and technology was a huge and well-organized system of qullqas to collect and store food and other items during good harvest years for distribution when needed. Large numbers of qullqas were constructed near every major governmental
451:
Sánchez de la Hoz, Pedro (1968 ). Relación para Su
Majestad de lo sucedido en la conquista y pacificación de estas provincias de la Nueva Castilla... - Chapter XVII - In: Los Cronistas de la Conquista. Notas y concordancias de Horacio Urteaga - Biblioteca Peruana, Primera Serie, Tomo II (pp.
243:, Peru. This broad valley, some 60 kilometres (37 mi) long contains about 65,000 hectares (160,000 acres) of cultivatable lands ranging in elevation from 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) to 4,250 metres (13,940 ft), the highest elevation at which cultivation was possible in this area.
215:
Qullqa's were generally built of masonry in connected groups on dry hillsides to take advantage of drainage and winds. Their size and design varied from region to region, but round qullqas were typically used to store maize and rectangular qullqas were used to store freeze-dried
120:
were capable of moving large amounts of bulky commodities. Nor did the Incas have a well-developed monetary, financial, or trading system to facilitate commerce. Thus, food and other items were stored near where they were produced and distributed by the State when necessary.
133:
use for the stored items, especially food, was for the ceremonial feasts that were an important part of the relationship between the rulers and their subjects. Food was also distributed to the general populace in cases of crop failures or shortages of food.
190:
The economy of the Inca Empire was to a large extent redistributive. "The Inca state seems to have financed itself primarily through direct managerial command of land, labor, and storage systems, rather than through a market exchange system." Under the
171:), and seeds. Non-agricultural goods stored included textiles and clothing, wool, cotton, and feathers (used in clothing), tools and weapons and gold and silver vessels and other luxury items. Inventories of items stored were kept on
276:, had 1,717 qullqas of about the same size and apparently the same function as the qullqas at Cochabamba. All other provincial centers of the Empire had large numbers of qullqas built row after row on nearby hills.
195:
system, citizens were required to contribute labor to the Empire and the resultant production of food, textiles, and other goods were stored by the State to be distributed as needed.
909:
224:") and other root crops. Qullqas had a ventilation system consisting of a channel beneath the floor to permit air to enter and an opening under the roof to allow air to escape.
231:
Most of the remains of qullqas near Cuzco have disappeared due to urban expansion and development over the centuries. The largest remaining number of qullqas is in the
738:
483:
Morris and
Thompson, p. 356. While this is true for the highland areas of the Inca Empire, coastal areas of the Empire had well developed trading systems, notably the
129:, which were inns located a day's march, about 22 kilometres (14 mi), from each other along many of the 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) of royal highways.
187:
beams for supporting house roofs, knives, and other tools; sandals and armor for the people of war in such quantity that it is not possible to comprehend.»
1128:
292:. The Inca deity Qullqa, personified in the Pleiades, was the patron of warehousing and preserving seeds for the next season. Of all the stellar
586:
La Lone, pp. 50-51; Faldon, Juan, Parssinen, Martti, Kesseli Risto, and Faldin, Juan (2010), "Paria, the
Southern Inka Capital Rediscovered,"
1133:
1016:
731:
116:
Storage facilities were also necessary because the Incas did not have navigable rivers, wheeled vehicles, or large draft animals, although
470:
La Lone, Mary B and La Lone, Darrell E. (1987), "The Inka State in the
Southern Highlands: State Administrative and Production Enclaves,"
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696:
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152:
The products stored in qullqas varied from region to region in the Inca Empire depending upon production in the local area. At
724:
265:, 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Cochabamba, and hence on to Cuzco. One thousand qullqas have been discovered at Paria.
820:
71:. These were large stone buildings with roofs thatched with "ichu" grass, or what is known as Peruvian feathergrass (
93:, could not usually be grown above 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in elevation. The people at higher elevations grew
1143:
797:
207:
179:
768:
574:
339:
Teofilo Laime
Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
825:
792:
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worshiped by Incas, Qullqa was the "mother", the senior over all heavenly patrons of earthly things.
847:
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Morris, Craig and
Thompson, Donald E. (1970), "Huanuco Viejo: an Incan Administrative Center,"
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The Rule of
Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fall
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The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fall
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The Incas: New Perspectives," New York: W. W. Norton and Company, pp. 115, 119, 121
153:
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center, state-owned farm, temple, and royal estate. Qullqas were built at every
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http://www.bolivia-online.net/en/cochabamba/134/collcas-incaicas-of-cotopachi
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Land Use in the Andes: Ecology and Agriculture in the Madero Valley of Peru,
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Heads of State: Icons, Power, and Politics in The Ancient and Modern Andes
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Additional agriculture products stored in qullqas consisted of quinoa,
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175:, the knotted strings the Incas used in lieu of a written language.
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The scope of the Inca's commitment for storage is described by
573:
D'Altroy (2003), p. 281; "Collcas Incaicas of Cotapachi",
182:
the first Spanish chronicler to visit the Inca capital of
113:
for meat, wool, and as beasts of burden was important.
272:, 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of the city of
433:, Vol 35, No. 3, pp. 352-358. Downloaded from JSTOR.
1073:
1015:
855:
754:
487:which traded along a thousand miles of coast using
211:
The remains of a qullqa in the Mantaro River Valley
603:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 22-23
452:277-343). Editores Técnicos Asociados - Lima Peru
67:and near the cities and political centers of the
590:, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 238. Downloaded from JSTOR.
30:The Inca empire and the roads which traversed it
633:Denise Y. Arnold, Christine A. Hastorf (2008).
682:Diccionario Bilingue Iskay Simipi Yuyayk'ancha
523:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 175.
732:
8:
19:"Qolla" redirects here. For the people, see
167:, other vegetables, dried meat (Ch'arki or
59:"deposit, storehouse"; (spelling variants:
739:
725:
717:
399:, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, p. 280
588:Chungara: Revista de Antropologia Chilena
546:International Potato Center, 1979, p. 125
353:. Oxford University Press. p. 137.
206:
332:
684:, La Paz. (Quechua-Spanish Dictionary)
63:) was a storage building found along
54:
7:
377:, New York: Thames and Hudson, p. 77
650:Provincial Power in The Inca Empire
521:Provincial power in the Inka empire
235:between the present days cities of
261:caravan to the regional center of
14:
652:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
621:D'Altroy (2003), pp. 28, 146, 150
846:
691:, University of Oklahoma Press,
1129:Road transport in South America
680:Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007),
38:A complex of 27 Qullqas above
1:
687:Terry V. LeVine, Ed. (1992),
519:D'Altroy, Terence N. (1992).
375:The Incas and their Ancestors
145:Qullqas (Inca Warehouses) by
1134:Archaeological sites in Peru
748:Native American architecture
663:Terence N. D'Altroy (2003).
648:Terence N. D'Altroy (1992).
395:D'Altroy, Terence N, (2003),
373:Moseley, Michael E. (2001),
61:colca, collca, qolca, qollca
706:. Oxford University Press.
288:name for the constellation
1165:
408:McEwan, Gordon R. (2006),
203:Size, numbers and location
18:
844:
599:LeVine, Terry Y. (1992),
349:Parsons, Timothy (2010).
101:and a few other root and
702:Timothy Parsons (2010).
555:D'Altroy (2003), p. 281
500:D'Altroy (2003), p. 283
474:, Vol. 34, No. 1, p. 48
461:D'Altroy (2003), p. 281
420:D'Altroy (2003), p. 280
317:Tambo (Incan structure)
268:The Campo de Pucara in
180:Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz
612:D'Altroy (2003), p.124
577:, accessed 11 Dec 2016
228:US bushels) of maize.
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52:Quechua pronunciation:
43:
31:
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37:
29:
16:Inca storage building
920:Mesoamerican pyramid
689:Inca Storage Systems
637:. Left Coast Press.
601:Inca Storage Systems
233:Mantaro River valley
87:Andean civilizations
836:Territorial Revival
669:. Wiley-Blackwell.
442:McEwan, pp. 122-123
284:Qullqa is also the
509:Moseley, pp. 71-72
431:American Antiquity
213:
150:
85:The pre-Columbian
44:
32:
1144:Food preservation
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311:Incan agriculture
156:in north central
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84:
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1139:Inca Empire
1088:Corbel arch
1055:Rope bridge
985:Sweat lodge
940:Plank house
880:Earth lodge
831:Territorial
793:San Bartolo
306:Inca Empire
147:Guaman Poma
74:Jarava ichu
69:Inca Empire
1123:Categories
1045:Moki steps
1017:Structures
811:Neo-Andean
251:Cochabamba
81:Background
1093:Roof comb
1025:Ballcourt
910:Longhouse
870:Corn crib
666:The Incas
397:The Incas
270:Argentina
1075:Elements
990:Temazcal
865:Barabara
300:See also
294:pantheon
290:Pleiades
237:Huancayo
218:potatoes
95:potatoes
1040:E-Group
1030:Chultun
980:Shabono
960:Quiggly
924:Triadic
875:Chickee
821:Revival
788:Río Bec
315:Tampu:
255:Bolivia
127:"tambo"
111:alpacas
1103:Sipapu
1098:Sascab
1083:Ashlar
1007:Wigwam
970:Ramada
965:Qullqa
955:Qarmaq
945:Pukara
915:Maloca
816:Pueblo
806:Muisca
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641:
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173:quipus
118:llamas
107:llamas
99:quinoa
48:qullqa
42:, Peru
1065:Ushnu
1060:Sacbe
1002:Tupiq
950:Qargi
900:Jacal
895:Igloo
890:Hogan
773:Aztec
328:Notes
280:Other
274:Salta
263:Paria
259:Llama
241:Jauja
222:chuño
193:mit'a
184:Cuzco
169:jerky
165:beans
91:maize
65:roads
21:Qulla
1035:Cuel
997:Tipi
975:Ruka
905:Kiva
826:Deco
783:Puuc
778:Maya
764:Inca
708:ISBN
693:ISBN
671:ISBN
654:ISBN
639:ISBN
525:ISBN
355:ISBN
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