623:
573:. In another, the two were the brothers Gao Ming and Gao Jue. Ruthless generals, they fell at Peach Blossom Mountain and subsequently haunted it as demons. They appeared to Mazu when she traveled nearby and challenged her to battle, with the loser to do the winner's bidding. They intended to have her marry them both but were defeated by her magic and became her servants. In still another, the Gao brothers were bandits during the
40:
555:
during a storm and were defeated by Mazu's magical silk scarf, which blew clouds of sand into their eyes and ears. After their submission, they pledged their loyalty when she kindly healed them of the damage she had caused them. In another, the two were Song generals who competed for her hand at
651:
at her altars or on her yellow paper charms. He is separately worshipped in some villages and by mariners for assistance avoiding danger. During the 8-day, 250-kilometer (155 mi) annual pilgrimages from
672:
Qianliyan typically appears as a green-skinned demon shielding his eyes from the sun's glare. This was not his original position: The
Southern Song statue mentioned above and another in the
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of Shang. In this version of the story, they are sometimes said to have already possessed their superhuman powers and to have used them to foil the first moves towards rebellion by the
537:
Qianliyan's sharp vision is employed to help protect sailors at night and during fog and other inclement weather. In some accounts, he is capable of seeing everything in the world.
404:
also probably long predates its first publication during the Ming
Dynasty; in it, the eldest two brothers have powers just like those of Qianliyan and Shunfeng'er.
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951:
738:
as that god's followers came to worship Mazu. Qianliyan also occasionally appears with three heads and six arms. He usually appears to the right of his companion
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to defeat them. Their powers fail them when he covers them in the blood of a black dog and Ji Fa is able to triumph at
1359:
622:
20:
660:, Mazu's idol is accompanied by 10-foot (3 m) figures of Qianliyan and Shunfeng'er played by masked men on
602:
1259:
673:
1260:"The Transformation of Gods in Chinese Popular Religion: The Examples of Huaguang Dadi and Zhaobao Qilang"
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but do not have either of his hands raised to his brow. He apparently picked up the pose from the earlier
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653:
414:
345:
341:'s eyes and one of his lieutenants. There is, however, an earlier depiction of him in the caves of Shimen
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1344:
1297:
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236:
808:
1290:
The
Preservation and Adaption of Tradition: Studies of Chinese Religious Expression in Southeast Asia
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479:
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273:" or "League Eyes" but may be taken more generally as "Hawkeye", "Lynx-Eyed", "Far-Seeing", or even "
251:
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1083:
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A Selection of Essays on
Oriental Studies of the Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies
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742:. He sometimes appears as the red demon, in which case he usually has two horns and
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338:
302:
195:
104:
1275:
Ruitenbeek, Klaas (1999), "Mazu, Patroness of
Sailors, in Chinese Pictorial Art",
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1227:
1177:
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908:
709:
706:
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His partner
Shunfeng'er's name similarly means "Sharp-Eared" or "All-Hearing".
589:
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727:
723:
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270:
77:
938:
Guardian of the South Seas: Thian Hock Keng and
Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan
858:
883:
The
Chinese Heart in a Cognitive Perspective: Culture, Body, and Language
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In still another account, the pair were originally warriors or guards of
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adept, however, who uses the esoteric knowledge he received from the
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was idiomatic in
Chinese for any great distance. It also appears as
621:
397:
45:
1017:
869:, Ningbo: East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs Folk Custom Museum, 2010
1288:
Soo Khin Wah (1990), "The Cult of Mazu in
Peninsular Malaysia",
626:
Actors portraying Qianliyan and Shunfeng'er during a parade in
812:
1127:
1313:
The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese
1042:
504:) and, particularly, gradually conflated with the earlier
862:
269:
The name "Qianliyan" literally means "He of the Thousand-
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Qianliyan is first attested in the early-16th century
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1179:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
551:. By one account, he and Shunfeng'er appeared off
1012:Sam, Chris W.C; et al. (28 September 2008),
835:"Mazu and General Sees All and General Hears All"
407:Qianliyan next appeared as a lieutenant of the
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1294:Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography
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1078:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2016, p.
1300:Department of Anthropology, pp. 29–51
1269:, Osaka: Kansai University, pp. 85–92
1210:
1057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1014:"The Goddess of the Sea and Her Guardians"
991:Taoist and Buddhist Sichuan Rock Cave Art
950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
577:before they began to haunt the mountain.
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88:
38:
995:, Sichuan People's Publishing, p. 16
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544:defeated and tamed or befriended by the
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540:Qianliyan is most often portrayed as a
1229:Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain,
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1099:
1050:
943:
525:) as he was supplanted by the cult of
25:
885:, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p.
610:and finally establish himself as the
7:
1105:
1226:Dean, Kenneth; et al. (2010),
1143:
809:"The Good, the Bad, and the Divine"
639:Qianliyan most often appears as a
14:
1308:"Mazu, Mother Goddess of the Sea"
1022:, Macao: Macau Times Publications
1122:Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (2008),
647:temples or as a guardian beside
569:) but were both defeated by her
859:"A Guide to Qing'an Guild Hall"
409:Emperor of Flowering Brightness
1365:Journey to the West characters
305:, Qianliyan was also known as
215:
201:
166:
147:
124:
110:
63:
1:
1124:"Mazu: The Princess of Tides"
940:, Singapore, 2006, p. 28
1243:, Vol. 23/2, Leiden: Brill,
1237:Handbook of Oriental Studies
392:which has been dated to the
1258:Nikaido, Yoshihiro (2011),
1186:: Wiley-Blackwell, p.
916:, Santa Barbara: ABC Clio,
592:is made out to have been a
483:. He was confused with the
1381:
910:Holy People of the World,
903:Giuffrida, Noelle (2004),
330:, where he appears as the
246:. He usually appears with
21:Qianliyan (disambiguation)
18:
1316:, World Folklore Series,
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684:
598:Primordial Lord of Heaven
560:
514:
493:
443:
419:
371:
350:
281:" as a distance of 1,000
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178:
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44:A statue of Qianliyan in
37:
33:
1172:Nadeau, Randall (2012),
142:Traditional Chinese
1320:: Libraries Unlimited,
556:Peach Blossom Mountain
161:Simplified Chinese
1037:Baquet, James (2015),
674:Nanhai Longwang Temple
631:
473:and as a character in
1306:Yuan Haiwang (2006),
1019:The Macau Daily Times
843:, Hong Kong: Blogspot
625:
250:as a guardian of the
720:Nánhǎi Lóngwáng Miào
612:Martial King of Zhou
480:Creation of the Gods
470:Journey to the South
19:For other uses, see
1296:, No. 9, Columbus:
833:Lobb, Fred (2011),
327:Journey to the West
1360:Sea and river gods
1282:, pp. 281–329
1156:Dean et al. (2010)
632:
588:. Ji Fa's advisor
1211:Ruitenbeek (1999)
1039:"Mazu's Consorts"
989:Hu Wenhe (1994),
840:Chinese Folktales
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682:
441:
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189:Standard Mandarin
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533:Religion stories
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1075:The Boxer Codex
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73:Literal meaning
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1044:Shenzhen Daily
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977:Nikaido (2011)
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788:"Chien Li Yen"
786:Masure, Yves,
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767:Nikaido (2011)
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753:
751:
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736:Zhaobao Qilang
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582:King Zhou
553:Meizhou Island
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523:Zhāobǎo Qīláng
509:Zhaobao Qilang
396:. The Chinese
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183:Transcriptions
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865:Official site
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722:) in eastern
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614:("King Wu").
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1350:Liminal gods
1345:Chinese gods
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1220:Bibliography
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839:
814:Taipei Times
813:
802:
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762:
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603:Mount Kunlun
579:
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402:Ten Brothers
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339:Jade Emperor
325:
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268:
232:
231:
196:Hanyu Pinyin
105:Hanyu Pinyin
1129:China Expat
1106:Yuan (2006)
740:Shunfeng'er
567:Táohuā Shān
546:sea goddess
475:Xu Zhonglin
465:Yu Xiangdou
294:Qian Li Yan
279:Clairvoyant
256:sea goddess
248:Shunfeng'er
16:Chinese god
1339:Categories
1174:"Divinity"
1158:, p.
1144:Soo (1990)
1108:, p.
1047:, Shenzhen
750:References
732:three eyes
590:Jiang Ziya
400:about the
386:Shíménshān
301:Under the
288:Qianli Yan
275:All-Seeing
210:Wade–Giles
119:Wade–Giles
905:"Tianhou"
755:Citations
730:give him
728:Guangdong
724:Guangzhou
398:folk tale
233:Qianliyan
111:Qiānlǐyǎn
76:Thousand-
29:Qianliyan
1318:Westport
1053:citation
946:citation
641:door god
485:door god
244:door god
50:Malaysia
1231:Vol. II
912:Vol. II
807:Ho Yi,
793:ThaiLex
658:Beigang
645:Mazuist
635:Worship
571:kung fu
506:sea god
502:Shēnshū
488:Shenshu
390:Sichuan
334:of the
317:History
254:of the
252:temples
237:Chinese
58:Chinese
1324:
1247:
1239:, §4:
1194:
1184:Malden
1086:
920:
746:eyes.
668:In art
662:stilts
628:Taipei
618:Legacy
594:Taoist
336:Taoist
309:
277:" or "
216:Li Lou
202:Lí Lóu
136:Li Lou
83:Eye(s)
81:
1263:(PDF)
1241:China
1110:123–4
654:Dajia
575:Shang
542:demon
463:) in
388:) in
323:novel
235:is a
46:Perak
1355:Mazu
1322:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1059:link
952:link
918:ISBN
649:Mazu
608:Muye
586:Zhou
549:Mazu
527:Mazu
516:招宝七郎
303:Ming
291:and
271:Mile
265:Name
259:Mazu
242:and
1298:OSU
1188:375
1160:147
1080:644
887:288
726:in
656:to
643:at
600:on
561:桃花山
477:'s
467:'s
313:.
311:Lou
240:sea
65:千里眼
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707:南海
689:龍王
686:南海
664:.
529:.
495:神荼
307:Li
283:li
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78:Li
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424:光
421:華
415:t
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379:山
376:门
373:石
367:s
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358:山
355:門
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343:(
296:.
171:娄
168:离
152:婁
149:離
23:.
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