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intervening 174 years. The Poll tax was eventually combined with the land tax in 1857 almost universally, only government, sacrificial and hunting land was exempt from this alongside canals and barracks. The magistrates who collected taxes levied a 10% surcharge on the collection which was sanctioned by the Kangxi emperor in 1709 this was routinely abused however and peasants were exploited and charged higher surcharges with instances of a 50% surcharge. Despite the reputation of corruption within the Qing dynasty the collection of taxes was efficient and regular and the chief duty of magistrates was to collect taxes and this was done twice annually in spring and autumn with 2 months available for payment per period with an equal apportionment per collection. It was regular for taxes to be waived in poorer regions on an account of bad harvest as the continued collection would make the emperor appear as a tyrant. Taxes were collected per group of households 5 or 10 and each was summoned to pay taxes with records kept by the taxpayer, the magistrate and
Beijing the burden of paying taxes was given to the payer though in the event of a failure to pay the Magistrate would hire professional collectors. However, there was no uniform tax rate and it varied considerably from over 2.9 taels per mou in Hubei to 0.0002 in Gansu. Thus in 1887 on 1,047,783,839 mou of land the Board only collected 31,184,042 taels an average of 0.31 per Mou a very low rate of taxation.
857:
governors the necessary powers to consolidate necessary authority in one man and to allow for general co-ordination to occur the appointment as minister allowed them to bypass official regulation and directly address the emperor, their status as a censor-general allowed them to report on conditions outside of their domain something they could not do without being a censor. Theoretically, a viceroy was half a rank above the governor but with many viceroys and governors residing within the same city struggles between them were common for influence and control and often one would be transferred elsewhere this system of joint residence was a part of the inherent checks and balances placed within the administration by the Qing dynasty as those residing within the same city needed to present joint signatures on documents and often where both resided within the same city one would be Manchu and the other
Chinese. However, as the dynasty progressed many viceroys became concurrent governors of the city they resided within.
97:
493:
870:
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sub-prefects and 72 of the second class and 1,554 magistrates. These 2,000 officials formed the
Zhengyin or principal officials, the other officials were known as the accessory officials (Zuo er) who were appointed to assist the principal such as an assistant prefect. The accessory officials could carry out all the functions of the principal they were seconded to except to hear a case and listen to litigants. There were 3,138 accessory officials in the provinces.
307:
distinct forces. The viceroy could technically command the other two being a higher-ranked official but the governor could also command the provincial commander in chief simultaneously the provincial commander in chief was the
Supreme Military official of the province; however, other circuits did not have to heed the orders of the provincial commander in chief as his control was indirect thus in a province there was no singular military official.
173:
record of lands, provincial borders and conducting a census. The Board also controlled the collection of taxes, non-military salaries, auditing of their provincial counterparts both their treasuries and granaries as well as the central treasury, the transportation of taxes and tributes. Additionally, its responsibilities included coinage, the custom house network and the system of weights and measurements alongside the
Department of works.
340:
323:(and did) overturn judgements of lower courts from time to time. Fairness of treatment was also an issue under the system of control practised by the Manchu government over the Han Chinese majority. To counter these inadequacies and keep the population in line, the Qing government maintained a very harsh penal code towards the Han populace, but it was no more severe than previous Chinese dynasties.
485:
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whereas gate posts for city gates were exclusively held by
Chinese bannermen, though this exclusivity was not always present. Many of the bannermen were given concurrent appointments, holding multiple offices that did not give them work but gave them a title. Only the Zenone or Tartar-General (the commander of a province's forces) were not given concurrent appointments.
1143:
407:. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction.
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engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to
Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "
860:
Viceroys and governors increasingly attempted to centralise their powers and reduce
Central Government oversight towards the end of the dynasty though they still remained easily dismissable according to the Imperial will even Li Hongzhang the most powerful viceroy and viceroy of Zhili the region most
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From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han
Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing
63:
until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the
Forbidden City (highest) to being
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unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including early contacts with Russia – then
1122:
respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in
239:
There were two types of taxes, the land-poll tax and commodity taxes. In 1713 the Kangxi Emperor decided that the census of that year should be used for setting the poll tax to avoid tax dodging this census was still quoted in government figures in 1887 despite the rapid growth in population in the
235:
The board recorded the total size of the empire to be 1,047,783,839 Mou of land of which 70% belonged to the people, 7.8% to the military who farmed it with soldiers, 1.9% by bannermen and Imperial Clansmen, 17% frontier land which could be claimed by any citizen, 0.58% as official land and 0.1% as
172:
The Board of Revenue was second in importance only to the Board of Civil appointments which was ranked first. It followed the Qing practice of 1 supervising minister (normally Manchu) and 2 ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese) and 2 vice-ministers (1 Manchu 1 Chinese). The Board was tasked with keeping a
72:
The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries), each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents. In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split
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and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China
856:
such as junior censor-general and minister of war with a governor being a junior associate censor-general and vice-minister of war. The viceroys of Zhili and Liangjiang were also ministers of Beiyang and Nanyang, respectively. The reason for the consolidation of titles was to give the viceroys and
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was relatively weak compared to modern-day legal systems, as there was no separation of executive and legislative branches of government. The legal system could be inconsistent, and, at times, arbitrary, because the emperor ruled by decree and had final say on all judicial outcomes. Emperors could
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The Bureau of Fujian, which was responsible for the accounts of Zhili and Fujian, auditing the miscellaneous expenses of Zhili which drew from the central treasury, to audit customs collected at Tianjin, to administer all government relief work, auditing rent received for housing by the government
306:
The confused organisation of troops led to severe organisational and command issues and led to a lack of standardisation. The provincial commander in chief would command a couple thousand men in Canton as would the governor of Guangdong and the viceroy of Liangguang, each would maintain their own
179:
The Board of Jiangsu and Anhui, which was responsible for land and poll taxes in the aforementioned provinces as well as the accounts of the government silk factories in Suzhou and Nanjing. It also was responsible for the arrears of taxes the provinces might be responsible for and making sure the
231:
The Board also controlled the relief in the event of natural disasters and maintained a granary reserve of 18,250,000 shih of grain, the practice of private granaries was also protected and both private and state granaries were guarded by bannermen. In the event of disaster the Board would often
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As in many organisations in the Qing government, appointments were made based on racial background. Certain positions could only be held by bannermen, while others (namely, those in the provincial forces) were exclusively Chinese. Guard posts for rivers and canals were also exclusively Chinese,
847:
There were 18 provinces in the early Qing dynasty later joined by 3 in Manchuria, Taiwan and Xinjiang. Amongst the original 18 provinces there were 8 viceroys, 18 governors, 19 finance commissioners, 18 judicial commissioners, 92 circuit-intendants, 185 prefects, 41 first-class independent
851:
Viceroys, governors and financial/judicial commissioners were directly appointed by the emperor with lower ranks either recommended to the emperor, sent by the Board of Civil appointments or appointed direcrly by the provincial authorities above them. A viceroy would hold many ranks
208:
The Bureau of Henan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Henan, to audit the expenses of troops in Qiqihar, to encourage the revisions of reports rejected by the Board, to investigate reports sent to it and report to the emperor and act upon his
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a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.
540:, at approximately 13 million km in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into regular provinces. Taiwan, originally part of
861:
immediate to the capital was dismissed following his failure in the First Sino-Japanese war. It was also common for officials to be rotated every three years as per the law of avoidance to avoid regional ties between officials and the regions they governed.
383:
seen as a tribute nation. The office had the status of a full ministry and was headed by officials of equal rank. However, appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity, until later open to Han Chinese as well.
169:, which was an essential household item, and tea. Thus, in the predominantly agrarian Qing dynasty, the "household" was the basis of imperial finance. The department was charged with revenue collection and the financial management of the government.
3755:
279:
under ministerial control. Furthermore, the ministry's functions were purely administrative. Campaigns and troop movements were monitored and directed by the emperor, first through the Manchu ruling council and later through the Grand
1139:, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.
183:
The Bureau of Zhejiang, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes in Zhejiang and the government silk factories at Hangzhou as well as reporting annually to the emperor the population and grain production of the
118:
as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but soon took over other military and administrative duties, centralizing authority under the crown. The grand councillors served as a sort of
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194:
The Bureau of Huguang, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Huguang, auditing customs collected inland in Hubei, auditing surcharges on the taxes of land, salt, tea and commodities across the
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The Bureau of Shandong, which was responsible for auditing the accounts of Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, to pay the officers of the 8 banners and control the government monopolies of salt and
1178:, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the
398:
Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 – a year after losing the
218:
The Bureau of Guangxi, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guangxi, the customs of Guangxi, the direction and administration of the Beijing mints and the regulation of coinage as well as
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The Bureau of Statistics, for the reward, punishment, and investigation of officials, as well as for defense, policing, and issuing passports for those leaving the country and enforcing regulations.
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The Bureau of Sichuan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Sichuan, auditing customs in Sichuan, to control all confiscated material, to report on crop conditions across the empire.
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cancel tax arrears or reduce the current taxes or even not collect taxes for a time, charitable works would also be organised such as orphanages, hospitals, poorhouses, widows and the shipwrecked.
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The Bureau of Shaanxi, which was responsible for auditing Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang, controlling the government tea monopoly, to act as the paymaster of the empire except where specified.
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The Bureau of Yunnan, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Yunnan, the mining royalties of Yunnan, to control the transportation of grain to Beijing in select provinces.
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The Bureau of Guangdong, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guangdong, to control the bannermen succession and assign Han members and control assignments of the Board.
110:", which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the
450:, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by
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The Board of Works handled all governmental building projects, including palaces, temples and the repairs of waterways and flood canals. It was also in charge of minting coinage.
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This board was responsible for all matters concerning court protocol. It organized the periodic worship of ancestors and various gods by the emperor, managed relations with
387:
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1174:. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The
965:) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The
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The Bureau of Jiangxi, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Jiangxi and to audit and reports of inter-provincial support of its military expenses.
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and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called
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The Commissariat Bureau, which handled the records of servicemen, the recruitment of officers from the examinations, and the supply of ammunition and uniforms.
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The Bureau of Military section, which handled the organisation of army corps and the appointment and dismissal of officials, as well as their ranks and titles.
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In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "
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to administer the region in return for tribute. Until 1937 the inhabitants paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza, who exercised control over the pastures. The
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The Bureau of Guizhou, which was responsible for the land and poll taxes of Guizhou, the inland and maritime customs and the auditing of the fur tributes.
1110:
was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the
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which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the
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The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list".
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into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and
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was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the
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to the Anglo-French coalition – that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the
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The Qing dynasty in ca. 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in light yellow, tributary states in orange
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Unlike its Ming predecessor, which had full control over all military matters, the Qing Board of War had very limited powers. First, the
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165:) is "household". For much of Qing history, the government's main source of revenue came from taxation on landownership supplemented by
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was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example,
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81:, which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial
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With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of
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2864:"Yak keeping in Western High Asia: Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Southern Xinjiang Pakistan, by Hermann Kreutzmann[12]"
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The division of the Board into four Bureaus did not follow a scientific process and it was confused and unsatisfactory.
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invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of
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The Board of Punishments handled all legal matters, including the supervision of various law courts and prisons. The
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for bannermen, to control the orchards of the Imperial Household Department and the nomadic prairie of Qiqihar.
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scholars land. Most farms during the period were reported to be small and not exceeding several Mou in size.
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like previous dynasties in China, by the early 20th century however the Qing court began to move towards a
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The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796
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were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving only the
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The Bureau of Communications, which managed the supply of horses and the relay communication system.
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Other Mongolian leagues – Alshaa khoshuu (League-level khoshuu), Ejine khoshuu, Ili khoshuu (in
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Qing China reached its largest territorial extent during the 18th century, when it ruled over
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1158:. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During
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in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner
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39:(1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the
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between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the
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to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.
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province, became a province of its own in the 19th century, but was ceded to the
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of Qing China. During the Qing dynasty, the Chinese claimed suzerainty over the
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by the end of the century. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as the
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By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as
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Administration of territory in dynastic China § Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
460:. By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.
89:", which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the
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953:. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of
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Sources in Chinese History: Diverse Perspectives from 1644 to the Present
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Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820
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3091:"The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies"
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1033:
1007:
1003:
990:
970:
780:
775:
770:
760:
755:
730:
651:
439:
56:
52:
3263:
926:
4840:
1072:
1046:
1042:
790:
765:
725:
659:
553:
541:
427:
391:
3111:
643:– 6 leagues (Jirim, Josotu, Juu Uda, Shilingol, Ulaan Chab, Ihe Juu)
4880:
4245:
3804:
1187:
1141:
1123:
the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by
1099:
1091:
1024:
1020:
1011:
994:
868:
830:
800:
745:
740:
735:
715:
672:
491:
483:
385:
338:
95:
26:
3205:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
496:
Official map of the empire published by the Qing dynasty in 1905.
4885:
3904:
680:
130:
and their respective areas of responsibilities were as follows:
59:. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the
4678:
3267:
881:, controlled by the majority of China's historical dynasties.
3152:
Ladder to the Clouds: Intrigue and Tradition in Chinese Rank
4415:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3046:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
969:, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital
448:
Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants
2740:
The Changing Legal Orders in Hong Kong and Mainland China
600:
and pay tribute to the Qing China between 1774 and 1798.
2801:
2799:
1182:
up until 1930. In the early 20th century, Britain sent
897:, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a
616:
and Turfan Khanate are placed into an "Eastern Circuit"
176:
The Board had 14 bureaus which were responsible to it:
442:, salt, furs, etc.); managed textile factories in the
355:
rule. While the Qing government was established as an
410:
There was also another government institution called
877:
in 1875 – the core territories of China, inside the
202:
The Bureau of Shanxi to audit the accounts of Shanxi
5183:
5150:
5100:
5049:
5002:
4967:
4934:
4896:
4813:
4787:
4713:
4587:
4555:
4512:
4505:
4420:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
4374:
4219:
4151:
4072:
3977:
3773:
3664:
3474:
3381:
3311:
3302:
2742:. City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 372.
658:(Special region designated as emperor's pasture),
114:. It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the
101:The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller
612:province) – sometimes the small semi-autonomous
1657:List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty
43:structures and institutions from the preceding
3820:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
5108:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
4690:
4240:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4211:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3279:
808:Additional provinces in the late Qing dynasty
8:
2341:
2283:
2231:
2183:
2135:
2087:
2039:
1987:
1936:
1864:
1812:
1760:
1712:
945:under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the
470:Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty
153:The literal translation of the Chinese word
1230:Administrative Commissioner's Office (布政使司)
378:In addition to the six boards, there was a
5097:
4964:
4697:
4683:
4675:
4509:
3308:
3286:
3272:
3264:
3172:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
2979:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2930:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2697:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2645:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2596:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2547:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2498:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2449:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2400:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1201:
456:, or "bondservants," from the Upper Three
5082:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
3900:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2853:sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2602579.pdf
693:(Northeast China, later became provinces)
3749:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3005:
2715:. University of Maryland. Archived from
2353:
1197:Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces
683:, approximately the area of present-day
180:weight stated by the provinces was true.
4356:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3150:Jackson, Beverly; Hugus, David (1999).
2993:
2841:
2829:
2322:
1668:
373:prepare for a constitutional government
2972:
2923:
2817:
2805:
2690:
2638:
2589:
2540:
2491:
2442:
2393:
2329:
4654:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3895:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3189:from the original on 26 November 2015
3137:from the original on 17 December 2016
2891:
2889:
2767:. Taylor & Francis. p. 272.
2658:
2656:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
7:
3875:Ministry of Posts and Communications
426:(in which tasks it largely replaced
4623:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1652:Political systems of Imperial China
4340:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3709:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3702:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3582:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3406:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3248:. Harvard University Asia Center.
3227:(3rd ed.). New York: Norton.
3208:. University of California Press.
3074:. University of California Press.
2948:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2899:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2666:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2614:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2565:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2516:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2467:The Government of China, 1644–1911
2418:The Government of China, 1644-1911
2369:The Government of China, 1644–1911
604:Northern and southern circuits of
446:region; and even published books.
418:and the accession of his son, the
363:, with government bodies like the
284:The Board contained four Bureaus:
55:with some positions also given to
25:
4629:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4470:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4345:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3497:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2874:from the original on 21 July 2019
586:Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
4440:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3756:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3512:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3487:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3373:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1195:", and established the post of
1114:mountains, also known today as
1071: – in charge of
1058: – in charge of
1041: – in charge of
1032: – in charge of
1019: – in charge of
1002: – in charge of
989: – in charge of
980: – in charge of
4909:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
4141:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3431:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3070:Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991).
2274:
2222:
2174:
2126:
2078:
2030:
2025:
2021:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1927:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1751:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1240:; Administrative Provinces 行省)
654:league; directly ruled areas:
162:
158:
1:
5123:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4575:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4350:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4206:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3890:Provincial military commander
3880:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3865:Imperial Household Department
3692:Preparative Constitutionalism
3396:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3175:. Columbia University Press.
2258:Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan
2250:Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan
1647:Government of the Han dynasty
1162:era, taking advantage of the
933:) operating under a prefect (
919:Provincial commander in chief
911:provincial military commander
412:Imperial Household Department
255:, and oversaw the nationwide
5239:Government of Imperial China
4334:Researches on Manchu Origins
3739:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3349:Transition from Ming to Qing
3339:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
3242:Torbert, Preston M. (1977).
3223:Spence, Jonathan D. (2012).
2902:. London. pp. 289–294.
2669:. London. pp. 254–258.
2617:. London. pp. 254–255.
2568:. London. pp. 192–195.
2519:. London. pp. 190–193.
2470:. London. pp. 189–191.
2421:. London. pp. 185–188.
394:(Chefoo) in the Qing dynasty
4234:Changzhou School of Thought
3744:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3719:Railway Protection Movement
3697:1909 Parliamentary election
3682:British expedition to Tibet
3592:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3552:Self-Strengthening Movement
3527:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3225:The Search for Modern China
3169:Millward, James A. (2007).
2024:; traditional Chinese:
1205:Territorial Administration
921:). Below the province were
167:official monopolies on salt
135:Board of Civil Appointments
68:Central government agencies
61:imperial examination system
47:but split rule between the
5255:
4952:Bureau of Military Affairs
4876:Territorial administration
4760:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
4634:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3522:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3461:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3451:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3421:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3202:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998).
2738:Albert H. Y. Chen (2021).
2342:Jackson & Hugus (1999)
2285:
2284:
2233:
2232:
2185:
2184:
2137:
2136:
2089:
2088:
2041:
2040:
1989:
1988:
1938:
1937:
1903:; simplified Chinese:
1866:
1865:
1849:; simplified Chinese:
1814:
1813:
1797:; simplified Chinese:
1762:
1761:
1714:
1713:
1697:; simplified Chinese:
1492:Independent Subprefectures
873:The Eighteen Provinces of
865:Territorial administration
576:, among many others, were
480:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
473:
467:
5170:Embroidered Uniform Guard
4644:Names of the Qing dynasty
4292:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3622:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
3617:Gongche Shangshu movement
3562:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3411:Chinese Rites controversy
3089:Elliott, Mark C. (2000).
2792:. 社会科学文献出版社. p. 530.
2713:"The Rise of the Manchus"
2269:
2217:
2169:
2121:
2073:
1922:
1899:traditional Chinese:
1845:traditional Chinese:
1793:traditional Chinese:
1746:
1693:traditional Chinese:
1676:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1510:
1508:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1346:
1344:
1274:
1272:
1193:Three Northeast Provinces
885:The Qing organization of
843:Provincial administration
596:were forced to submit as
5133:Administrative divisions
4565:Great Qing Treasure Note
4385:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
4095:Administrative divisions
3912:Administrative divisions
3840:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3099:Journal of Asian Studies
2945:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2896:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2663:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2611:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2562:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2513:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2464:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2415:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2366:Hsieh, Pao Chao (2018).
2020:simplified Chinese:
1127:in the 1820s. Likewise,
464:Administrative divisions
348:Great Qing Treasure Note
257:civil examination system
4993:Secretariat-Chancellery
4161:Chengde Mountain Resort
3962:Three Eastern Provinces
3612:First Sino-Japanese War
3587:Northern Chinese Famine
3446:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3344:Qing invasion of Joseon
2951:. London. p. 296.
2372:. London. p. 185.
1452:Independent Departments
685:Tibet Autonomous Region
550:First Sino-Japanese War
361:constitutional monarchy
31:A Qing dynasty mandarin
4542:Great Qing Copper Coin
4430:Convention of Tientsin
4363:Annotated Bibliography
4311:Qing official headwear
3354:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1147:
1100:Imperial commissioners
882:
504:(Eighteen Provinces),
497:
489:
395:
369:parliamentary election
351:
103:
32:
5067:Imperial Commissioner
5012:Ministry of Personnel
4914:Three Ducal Ministers
4836:Imperial examinations
4800:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
4616:Draft History of Qing
4475:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4256:performance criticism
3860:Imperial Commissioner
3850:Great Qing Legal Code
3649:Eight-Nation Alliance
3632:Third plague pandemic
3542:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3466:White Lotus Rebellion
2763:David Atwill (2021).
1145:
1056:Viceroy of Liangguang
1000:Viceroy of Liangjiang
957:or governor-general (
872:
584:in the south-west of
495:
487:
474:Further information:
390:A postage stamp from
389:
342:
99:
30:
5175:Qing Imperial Guards
5158:Tang Imperial Guards
4547:Great Qing Gold Coin
4480:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4425:Convention of Peking
4305:Pentaglot Dictionary
4287:Literary inquisition
3997:Ever Victorious Army
3830:Deliberative Council
3734:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3687:1905 Batang uprising
3627:Hundred Days' Reform
3517:Small Swords Society
1166:in northwest China,
987:Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
698:Eighteen provinces (
320:Qing legal framework
312:Board of Punishments
5077:Imperial Clan Court
5062:Remonstrance Bureau
5032:Ministry of Justice
5017:Ministry of Revenue
4871:Historical capitals
4856:Academies (Shuyuan)
4600:Anti-Qing sentiment
4450:Treaty of the Bogue
4390:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4322:Complete Tang Poems
4002:Green Standard Army
3885:Provincial governor
3855:Imperial Clan Court
3835:Diplomatic missions
3810:Consultative Bureau
3557:Tongzhi Restoration
3436:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3416:Ten Great Campaigns
3324:Jurchen unification
3154:. Ten Speed Press.
3051:. 1906 – via
2820:, pp. 179–180.
2719:on 18 December 2008
2344:, pp. 134–135.
1184:an expedition force
1098:under its control.
879:Great Wall of China
277:Green Standard Army
4485:Treaty of Tientsin
4196:Western Qing tombs
4191:Eastern Qing tombs
4017:Peking Field Force
3761:Manchu Restoration
3654:Declaration of war
3607:Jindandao incident
3426:Lhasa riot of 1750
3032:. 19 January 1906.
3030:The New York Times
3023:"<untitled>"
1889:qouhai nashvn-i ba
1881:coohai nashūn i ba
1148:
1146:Qing China in 1892
1069:Viceroy of Yun-Gui
1039:Viceroy of Min-Zhe
1030:Viceroy of Sichuan
1017:Viceroy of Huguang
883:
588:but permitted the
498:
490:
396:
367:established and a
352:
350:banknote from 1859
104:
75:state examinations
33:
5221:
5220:
5146:
5145:
5087:Viceroys in China
5072:Grand Secretariat
5045:
5044:
5037:Ministry of Works
5022:Ministry of Rites
4969:Three Departments
4926:Translated titles
4831:Five Directorates
4672:
4671:
4583:
4582:
4495:Treaty of Whampoa
4490:Treaty of Wanghia
4465:Treaty of Nanking
4435:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4410:Chefoo Convention
4405:Burlingame Treaty
4276:Kangxi Dictionary
4181:Old Summer Palace
4012:Firearm Battalion
3815:Cup of Solid Gold
3769:
3768:
3714:Manchurian plague
3677:Late Qing reforms
3668:(1901–1912)
3602:Sikkim expedition
3532:Panthay Rebellion
3502:Taiping Rebellion
3478:(1801–1900)
3456:Sino-Nepalese War
3401:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3387:(1683–1799)
3315:(1616–1683)
3255:978-0-674-12761-6
3234:978-0-393-93451-9
3215:978-0-520-21289-3
3182:978-0-231-13924-3
3161:978-1-580-08020-0
3081:978-0-520-06591-8
2958:978-0-429-45550-6
2909:978-0-429-45550-6
2676:978-0-429-45550-6
2624:978-0-429-45550-6
2575:978-0-429-45550-6
2526:978-0-429-45550-6
2477:978-0-429-45550-6
2428:978-0-429-45550-6
2379:978-0-429-45550-6
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1180:Xinhai Revolution
1154:and protector of
951:county magistrate
795:Taiwan Prefecture
594:Khanate of Kokand
582:Taghdumbash Pamir
357:absolute monarchy
253:tributary nations
116:Yongzheng Emperor
79:Grand Secretariat
16:(Redirected from
5246:
5098:
4965:
4866:Tributary system
4821:Nine-rank system
4805:Scholar-official
4795:Grand Chancellor
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4649:New Qing History
4532:Qianlong Tongbao
4510:
4455:Treaty of Canton
4395:Unequal treaties
4201:Fuling Mausoleum
3800:Advisory Council
3729:Wuchang Uprising
3669:
3572:Tianjin Massacre
3537:Second Opium War
3479:
3441:Sino-Burmese War
3388:
3366:Battle of Penghu
3334:Seven Grievances
3316:
3309:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3238:
3219:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3165:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3095:
3085:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2306:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:dorolon-i jurgan
2054:dorolon i jurgan
2047:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1152:Tibetan Buddhism
978:Viceroy of Zhili
967:viceroy of Zhili
949:, overseen by a
578:tributary states
558:Later Lê dynasty
401:Second Opium War
365:Advisory Council
164:
160:
147:Board of Revenue
123:to the emperor.
21:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5179:
5151:Imperial guards
5142:
5096:
5092:Mandarin square
5041:
5027:Ministry of War
4998:
4963:
4935:Middle Imperial
4930:
4892:
4809:
4783:
4709:
4703:
4673:
4668:
4664:Willow Palisade
4610:Chuang Guandong
4579:
4551:
4501:
4460:Treaty of Kulja
4445:Treaty of Aigun
4378:
4370:
4269:History of Ming
4221:
4215:
4153:
4147:
4073:Special regions
4068:
4007:Imperial Guards
3973:
3765:
3724:1911 Revolution
3670:
3667:
3660:
3637:Boxer Rebellion
3597:Sino-French War
3547:Amur Annexation
3492:First Opium War
3480:
3477:
3470:
3389:
3386:
3377:
3361:Great Clearance
3317:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3262:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3112:10.2307/2658945
3093:
3088:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:Millward (2007)
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2971:
2959:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2922:
2910:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2689:
2677:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2637:
2625:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2588:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2539:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2490:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2441:
2429:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2392:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2354:Bartlett (1991)
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2267:
2263:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2215:
2211:
2187:
2167:
2163:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2091:
2071:
2067:
2043:
2019:
2015:
2010:boigon-i jurgan
2002:boigon i jurgan
1991:
1968:
1964:
1940:
1920:
1916:
1898:
1894:
1870:
1868:
1844:
1840:
1816:
1792:
1788:
1764:
1744:
1740:
1716:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1643:
1231:
1137:Willow Palisade
941:), followed by
867:
845:
840:
805:
562:Tây Sơn dynasty
546:Empire of Japan
514:Outer Manchuria
510:Northeast China
482:
472:
466:
416:Shunzhi Emperor
70:
23:
22:
18:Qing Government
15:
12:
11:
5:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5004:Six Ministries
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4982:Zhongshu Sheng
4979:
4977:Shangshu Sheng
4973:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4919:Nine Ministers
4916:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4897:Early Imperial
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Hanlin Academy
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4707:Imperial China
4705:Government of
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Kangxi Tongbao
4524:
4518:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4400:Boxer Protocol
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Forbidden City
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4129:General of Ili
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:List of ambans
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Margary Affair
3574:
3569:
3567:Mudan incident
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Nian Rebellion
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3181:
3166:
3160:
3147:
3106:(3): 603–646.
3086:
3080:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3035:
3014:
2998:
2994:Elliott (2000)
2986:
2957:
2937:
2908:
2885:
2855:
2846:
2842:Torbert (1977)
2834:
2830:Torbert (1977)
2822:
2810:
2808:, p. 179.
2795:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2748:
2730:
2704:
2675:
2652:
2623:
2603:
2574:
2554:
2525:
2505:
2476:
2456:
2427:
2407:
2378:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2272:; pinyin:
2261:
2220:; pinyin:
2209:
2206:weilere jurgan
2198:weilere jurgan
2172:; pinyin:
2161:
2158:beidere jurgan
2150:beidere jurgan
2124:; pinyin:
2113:
2076:; pinyin:
2065:
2028:; pinyin:
2013:
1962:
1959:hafan-i jurgan
1951:hafan i jurgan
1925:; pinyin:
1914:
1907:; pinyin:
1892:
1853:; pinyin:
1838:
1801:; pinyin:
1786:
1749:; pinyin:
1738:
1701:; pinyin:
1686:
1679:; pinyin:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1620:Subprefectures
1617:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1160:The Great Game
1133:Russian Empire
1125:Jahangir Khoja
1088:Outer Mongolia
1080:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1036:
1027:
1014:
997:
984:
943:subprefectures
866:
863:
844:
841:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:Gansu-Xinjiang
811:
810:
809:
804:
803:
798:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
706:
705:
695:
694:
688:
670:
644:
641:Inner Mongolia
638:
620:Outer Mongolia
617:
608:(later became
574:Katoor dynasty
570:Ryukyu Kingdom
566:Nguyễn dynasty
554:Joseon dynasty
548:following the
526:Outer Mongolia
522:Inner Mongolia
468:Main article:
465:
462:
420:Kangxi Emperor
337:
336:
329:Board of Works
325:
324:
282:
281:
261:
260:
245:Board of Rites
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
174:
170:
143:
142:
128:Six Ministries
91:Forbidden City
69:
66:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5251:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Grand Council
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Three Bureaus
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:Late Imperial
5048:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Son of Heaven
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Manchu people
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Canton System
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Hubu Guanpiao
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:Society &
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Summer Palace
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Mukden Palace
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:Palaces &
4150:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Eight Banners
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
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3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
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3928:
3925:
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3910:
3906:
3903:
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3901:
3898:
3896:
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3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:Grand Council
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3665:20th century
3663:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3475:19th century
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2844:, p. 28.
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:, p. 27.
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:Rawski (1998)
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Rawski (1998)
2802:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2790:两岸新编中国近代史．晚清卷
2784:
2781:
2776:
2774:9780429560347
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2749:9789629374501
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:, p. 39.
2331:
2330:Spence (2012)
2326:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2268:Chinese:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2229:
2225:
2216:Chinese:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2181:
2177:
2168:Chinese:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2120:Chinese:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:qouhai jurgan
2107:
2103:
2102:coohai jurgan
2099:
2085:
2081:
2072:Chinese:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2037:
2033:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1934:
1930:
1921:Chinese:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1810:
1806:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:ashan-i amban
1780:
1776:
1775:ashan i amban
1772:
1758:
1754:
1745:Chinese:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1675:Chinese:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1287:
1285:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Kumul Khanate
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:Dungan Revolt
1161:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
988:
985:
983:
979:
976:
975:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
876:
871:
864:
862:
858:
855:
849:
842:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
820:Fujian-Taiwan
818:
816:
813:
812:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
639:
637:
636:Tannu Urianha
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
614:Kumul Khanate
611:
607:
603:
602:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
494:
486:
481:
477:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
393:
388:
384:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
346:
341:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
321:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
278:
274:
273:Eight Banners
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
258:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:instructions.
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
175:
171:
168:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
129:
124:
122:
121:privy council
117:
113:
112:Grand Council
109:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
67:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
5234:Qing dynasty
5212:
5138:Zongli Yamen
4987:Menxia Sheng
4814:Institutions
4659:Treaty ports
4621:
4614:
4588:Other topics
4361:
4354:
4332:
4320:
4303:
4298:Peiwen Yunfu
4296:
4274:
4267:
4238:
3987:Beiyang Army
3969:Zongli Yamen
3825:Da-Qing Bank
3774:
3642:Red Lanterns
3295:Qing dynasty
3244:
3224:
3204:
3191:. Retrieved
3171:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3103:
3097:
3071:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3017:
3001:
2989:
2947:
2940:
2898:
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2789:
2788:王建朗 (2016).
2783:
2764:
2758:
2739:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:the original
2707:
2665:
2613:
2606:
2564:
2557:
2515:
2508:
2466:
2459:
2417:
2410:
2368:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2303:
2295:
2273:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2029:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1977:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1926:
1917:
1910:jūnjī dàchén
1908:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1854:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1802:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1495:
1475:
1455:
1309:
1237:
1149:
1081:
962:
938:
930:
918:
906:
884:
875:China proper
859:
850:
846:
836:Heilongjiang
822:(until 1895)
701:China proper
699:
679:and western
660:Guihua Tümed
628:Kobdo league
598:protectorate
590:Mir of Hunza
502:China proper
499:
451:
424:inner palace
409:
405:Zongli Yamen
397:
377:
353:
327:
326:
310:
309:
305:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
265:Board of War
263:
262:
243:
242:
238:
234:
230:
154:
145:
144:
133:
132:
125:
105:
100:
71:
45:Ming dynasty
41:bureaucratic
37:Qing dynasty
34:
5163:Shence Army
4947:Jimi system
4826:Nine Courts
4772:Consort kin
4595:Aisin Gioro
4557:Paper money
4316:Qing poetry
4037:Wuwei Corps
4032:Shuishiying
3793:Family tree
2996:, p. .
2868:www.fao.org
2292:Möllendorff
2246:Möllendorff
2194:Möllendorff
2146:Möllendorff
2098:Möllendorff
2050:Möllendorff
1998:Möllendorff
1947:Möllendorff
1877:Möllendorff
1835:dorgi yamun
1827:dorgi yamun
1823:Möllendorff
1771:Möllendorff
1735:aliha amban
1727:aliha amban
1723:Möllendorff
1596:Departments
1472:Prefectures
1120:Tarim Basin
923:prefectures
797:until 1885)
108:Inner Court
87:Outer Court
5228:Categories
5118:Lifan Yuan
4263:Four Wangs
4154:mausoleums
4107:Golden Urn
4080:Inner Asia
4057:Xiang Army
4027:Hushenying
3952:Liangguang
3932:Liangjiang
3870:Lifan Yuan
3775:Government
3141:29 October
3053:Wikisource
3008:, p.
2967:1050360672
2918:1050360672
2723:19 October
2685:1050360672
2633:1050360672
2584:1050360672
2535:1050360672
2486:1050360672
2437:1050360672
2388:1050360672
2313:References
1454:(直隸州/直隶州,
1104:Lifan Yuan
854:ex-officio
704:provinces)
572:, and the
380:Lifan Yuan
5185:Dynasties
4861:Censorate
4846:Guozijian
4085:Manchuria
4052:Huai Army
4042:Yong Ying
3927:Shaan-Gan
3383:High Qing
3329:Later Jin
3128:162684575
2975:cite book
2926:cite book
2693:cite book
2641:cite book
2592:cite book
2543:cite book
2494:cite book
2445:cite book
2396:cite book
2318:Citations
2223:Lǐfànyuàn
2042:ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᡳ
1990:ᠪᠣᡳ᠌ᡤᠣᠨ ᡳ
1856:jūnjī chù
1496:zhílìtīng
1456:zhílìzhōu
1234:Provinces
1172:Kashgaria
1168:Yaqub Beg
1129:Manchuria
1116:Dzungaria
1112:Tian Shan
1060:Guangdong
895:censorate
887:provinces
751:Guangdong
691:Manchuria
668:Hulunbuir
656:Dariganga
652:Köke Nuur
606:Tian Shan
506:Manchuria
4957:Shumishi
4942:Jiedushi
4723:Monarchy
4715:Nobility
4537:Hongqian
4506:Currency
4376:Treaties
4282:Kaozheng
4229:Booi Aha
4171:Hetu Ala
4124:Timeline
4119:Xinjiang
4090:Mongolia
4047:Chu Army
4022:New Army
3979:Military
3917:Viceroys
3187:Archived
3132:Archived
2872:Archived
2298:,
2290:,
2252:,
2244:,
2200:,
2192:,
2186:ᠸᡝᡳ᠌ᠯᡝᡵᡝ
2152:,
2144:,
2138:ᠪᡝᡳ᠌ᡩᡝᡵᡝ
2104:,
2096:,
2056:,
2048:,
2004:,
1996:,
1953:,
1945:,
1883:,
1875:,
1869:ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ
1829:,
1821:,
1777:,
1769:,
1729:,
1721:,
1704:shàngshū
1641:See also
1622:(散廳/散厅,
1608:Counties
1584:Counties
1494:(直隸廳/厅,
1306:Circuits
1096:Xinjiang
1051:Zhejiang
909:) and a
899:governor
826:Fengtian
786:Zhejiang
721:Shandong
648:Xinjiang
610:Xinjiang
530:Xinjiang
518:Mongolia
444:Jiangnan
436:Mongolia
280:Council.
199:Ginseng.
83:chancery
4788:Offices
4767:Empress
4745:Emperor
4728:Dynasty
4522:Zhiqian
4514:Coinage
4251:Economy
4222:culture
3957:Yun-Gui
3947:Min-Zhe
3942:Sichuan
3937:Huguang
3783:Emperor
3304:History
3120:2658945
3063:Sources
2878:21 July
2236:ᡤᠣᠯᠣ ᠪᡝ
2234:ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
2090:ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ
1939:ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ ᡳ
1867:ᠴᠣᡠ᠋ᡥᠠᡳ
1763:ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ
1752:shìláng
1624:sàntīng
1600:sànzhōu
1156:Muslims
1108:Qinghai
1077:Guizhou
1064:Guangxi
1034:Sichuan
1008:Jiangxi
1004:Jiangsu
991:Shaanxi
971:Beijing
955:viceroy
891:Huguang
793:(incl.
781:Jiangxi
776:Jiangsu
771:Guizhou
761:Sichuan
756:Guangxi
731:Shaanxi
677:Ü-Tsang
664:Chakhar
632:Köbsgöl
624:Khalkha
458:Banners
440:ginseng
428:eunuchs
219:mining.
57:Mongols
53:Manchus
4841:Taixue
4740:Titles
4136:Taiwan
3312:Early
3297:topics
3252:
3231:
3212:
3193:18 May
3179:
3158:
3126:
3118:
3078:
3048:
2965:
2955:
2916:
2906:
2771:
2746:
2683:
2673:
2631:
2621:
2582:
2572:
2533:
2523:
2484:
2474:
2435:
2425:
2386:
2376:
2282::
2280:Manchu
2240:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2238:ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ
2230::
2228:Manchu
2188:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2182::
2180:Manchu
2175:gōngbù
2140:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2134::
2132:Manchu
2127:xíngbù
2092:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2086::
2084:Manchu
2079:bīngbù
2044:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
2038::
2036:Manchu
1992:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
1986::
1984:Manchu
1941:ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
1935::
1933:Manchu
1863::
1861:Manchu
1811::
1809:Manchu
1759::
1757:Manchu
1711::
1709:Manchu
1610:(縣/县,
1586:(縣/县,
1073:Yunnan
1049:, and
1047:Taiwan
1043:Fujian
1010:, and
963:zongdu
947:county
791:Fujian
766:Yunnan
726:Shanxi
568:, the
564:, the
560:, the
556:, the
542:Fujian
536:, and
534:Taiwan
478:, and
392:Yantai
195:empire
184:Empire
77:. The
5128:Ranks
4881:Yamen
4779:Harem
4733:Cycle
4328:Queue
4246:Dibao
4102:Tibet
3922:Zhili
3805:Amban
3135:(PDF)
3124:S2CID
3116:JSTOR
3094:(PDF)
3026:(PDF)
2300:Abkai
2286:ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ᡳ
2275:bāoyī
2254:Abkai
2202:Abkai
2154:Abkai
2106:Abkai
2058:Abkai
2006:Abkai
1955:Abkai
1885:Abkai
1831:Abkai
1817:ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ
1815:ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
1804:nèigé
1779:Abkai
1765:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
1731:Abkai
1717:ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
1715:ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ
1682:lìubù
1663:Notes
1598:(散州,
1238:shěng
1188:Tibet
1092:Tibet
1084:Inner
1025:Hunan
1021:Hubei
1012:Anhui
995:Gansu
982:Zhili
939:zhīfǔ
907:xunfu
831:Jilin
801:Anhui
746:Hunan
741:Hubei
736:Gansu
716:Henan
711:Zhili
673:Tibet
538:Tibet
432:Tibet
343:2000–
5213:Qing
5208:Yuan
5203:Liao
5198:Tang
5101:Qing
4904:King
4886:Tusi
4750:List
4064:Navy
3905:Ejen
3788:List
3250:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3195:2020
3177:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3143:2013
3076:ISBN
2981:link
2963:OCLC
2953:ISBN
2932:link
2914:OCLC
2904:ISBN
2880:2019
2769:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2725:2008
2699:link
2681:OCLC
2671:ISBN
2647:link
2629:OCLC
2619:ISBN
2598:link
2580:OCLC
2570:ISBN
2549:link
2531:OCLC
2521:ISBN
2500:link
2482:OCLC
2472:ISBN
2451:link
2433:OCLC
2423:ISBN
2402:link
2384:OCLC
2374:ISBN
2304:boui
2296:booi
2031:lǐbù
1979:hùbù
1928:lìbù
1905:军机大臣
1901:軍機大臣
1612:xiàn
1588:xiàn
1474:(府,
1308:(道,
1118:and
1094:and
1086:and
1075:and
1062:and
1023:and
993:and
681:Kham
524:and
512:and
453:booi
434:and
345:cash
126:The
51:and
35:The
5193:Han
3108:doi
3010:190
2218:理藩院
1851:军机处
1847:軍機處
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1236:省,
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2022:礼部
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2000::
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1976:;
1974:户部
1972:;
1970:戶部
1957::
1949::
1931:;
1923:吏部
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1695:尚書
1677:六部
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1090:,
1045:,
1006:,
961:,
959:總督
937:,
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915:提督
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903:巡撫
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