Bureaucracy - Knowledge (XXG)

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bureaucratic management is necessary. He did not oppose universally bureaucratic management; on the contrary, he argued that bureaucracy is an indispensable method for social organization, for it is the only method by which the law can be made supreme, and is the protector of the individual against despotic arbitrariness. Using the example of the Catholic Church, he pointed out that bureaucracy is only appropriate for an organization whose code of conduct is not subject to change. He then went on to argue that complaints about bureaucratization usually refer not to the criticism of the bureaucratic methods themselves, but to "the intrusion of bureaucracy into all spheres of human life." Mises saw bureaucratic processes at work in both the private and public spheres; however, he believed that bureaucratization in the private sphere could only occur as a consequence of government interference. According to him, "What must be realized is only that the strait jacket of bureaucratic organization paralyzes the individual's initiative, while within the capitalist market society an innovator still has a chance to succeed. The former makes for stagnation and preservation of inveterate methods, the latter makes for progress and improvement."

1454:. To ensure transparency and avoid decisions being made that circumvented the Shah, a complex system of bureaucracy and departmental procedures had been put in place that prevented fraud. Every office had a deputy or superintendent, whose job was to keep records of all actions of the state officials and report directly to the Shah. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. And since the Safavid society was meritocratic, and successions seldom were made on the basis of heritage, this meant that government offices constantly felt the pressure of being under surveillance and had to make sure they governed in the best interest of their leader, and not merely their own. 2268:, published in 1957. While Merton agreed with certain aspects of Weber's analysis, he also noted the dysfunctional aspects of bureaucracy, which he attributed to a "trained incapacity" resulting from "over conformity". He believed that bureaucrats are more likely to defend their own entrenched interests than to act to benefit the organization as a whole but that pride in their craft makes them resistant to changes in established routines. Merton stated that bureaucrats emphasize formality over interpersonal relationships, and have been trained to ignore the special circumstances of particular cases, causing them to come across as "arrogant" and "haughty". 2340:. Some of those bureaucracies have a substantial amount of influence to preserve the current political system because they are primarily focused on defending the country and the state from threats from both within and beyond. Since these institutions frequently operate independently and are mostly shielded from politics, they frequently have no affiliation with any particular political party or group. For instance, loyal British civil officials work for both the Conservative and Labour parties. However, on occasion a group might seize control of a bureaucratic state, as the Nazis did in Germany in the 1930s. 1938:. Mill referred to bureaucracy as a distinct form of government, separate from representative democracy. He believed bureaucracies had certain advantages, most importantly the accumulation of experience in those who actually conduct the affairs. Nevertheless, he believed this form of governance compared poorly to representative government, as it relied on appointment rather than direct election. Mill wrote that ultimately the bureaucracy stifles the mind, and that "a bureaucracy always tends to become a pedantocracy." 1902:. Social theorist Martin Krygier had noted the impact of Trotsky's post-1923 writings in shaping receptive views of bureaucracy among later Marxists and many non-Marxists. Twiss argued that Trotsky's theory of Soviet bureaucracy was essential for a study of Soviet history and understanding the process of capitalist restoration in Russia and Eastern Europe. Political scientist, Baruch Knei-Paz argued Trotsky had, above all others, written "to show the historical and social roots of Stalinism" as a bureaucratic system. 664: 2079:

exclusive spheres of competence for government agencies. Because he considers that the overwhelming majority of existing public administrative systems violate several of these aspects, Vogler provides an alternative view of the defining organizational features of modern bureaucracies. According to this view, modern public bureaucracies are "(internally hierarchical) administrative organizations ... subordinated to the government" that have all of the following characteristics:

1630: 5936: 602: 5950: 2126:...is a part of political life only as the methods of the counting house are a part of the life of society; only as machinery is part of the manufactured product. But it is, at the same time, raised very far above the dull level of mere technical detail by the fact that through its greater principles it is directly connected with the lasting maxims of political wisdom, the permanent truths of political progress. 1695:

education in world affairs through humanism. Well into the 20th century, classics, literature, history and language remained heavily favoured in British civil service examinations. In the period of 1925–1935, 67 percent of British civil service entrants consisted of such graduates. Like the Chinese model's consideration of personal values, the British model also took personal physique and character into account.

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observed in many real-world bureaucratic systems. Moreover, Vogler's perspective does not portray bureaucracies as strictly separated from politics and does not require government agencies to have mutually exclusive spheres of influence, which is in line with frequent inter-agency collaboration and conflict over disputed areas of competence in existing public administrations.

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Scribes associated with the temple were not officiants in the temple cult. They functioned largely in administrative and bureaucratic roles. They received incoming staples for the temple, including commodities such as grain, fish, wool, and silver. They traveled to various cities to fulfill official duties, such as the purchase of grain for the temple complex.

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democracies Marx had in mind, socialist societies ended up being more bureaucratic than the governments they replaced. Similarly, after capitalist economies developed the administrative systems required to support their extensive welfare states, the idea that bureaucracy exclusively exists in socialist governments could scarcely be maintained.

3323:: "pertaining to Byzantium (q.v., original name of Constantinople, modern Istanbul), 1770, from Late Latin Byzantinus; originally used of the style of art and architecture developed there 4c.–5c. C.E.; later in reference to the complex, devious, and intriguing character of the royal court of Constantinople (1937)." 2946:

Palace scribes recorded the activities of kings and the affairs of kingdoms in ancient Mesopotamia. Scribes served a variety of administrative functions, including arrangement and storage of texts , collection of taxes and supervision of workers, and supervision of public buildings such as granaries.

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There are two key dilemmas in bureaucracy. The first dilemma revolves around whether bureaucrats should be autonomous or directly accountable to their political masters. The second dilemma revolves around bureaucrats' responsibility to follow preset rules, and what degree of latitude they may have to

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of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This

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compared bureaucratic management to profit management. Profit management, he argued, is the most effective method of organization when the services rendered may be checked by economic calculation of profit and loss. When, however, the service in question cannot be subjected to economic calculation,

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gained fortune and renown by eliminating bureaucratic structures inside corporations. Still, in the modern world, most organized institutions rely on bureaucratic systems to manage information, process records, and administer complex systems, although the decline of paperwork and the widespread use

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adopted Iranian customs for administration and culture. In the Iranian areas, Uzun Hasan preserved the previous bureaucratic structure along with its secretaries, who belonged to families that had in a number of instances served under different dynasties for several generations. The four top civil

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is also used in politics and government with a disapproving tone to disparage official rules that appear to make it difficult—by insistence on procedure and compliance to rule, regulation, and law—to get things done. In workplaces, the word is used very often to blame complicated rules, processes,

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Wilson did not advocate a replacement of rule by the governed, he simply advised that, "Administrative questions are not political questions. Although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices". This essay became a foundation for the study of

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Political scientist Jan Vogler challenges Max Weber's characterization of modern bureaucracies. Specifically, he questions Weber's views regarding strict merit recruitment, clearly delineated career-paths for bureaucrats, the full separation of bureaucratic operations from politics, and mutually

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where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly owned or privately

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In the British civil service, just as it was in China, entrance to the civil service was usually based on a general education in ancient classics, which similarly gave bureaucrats greater prestige. The Cambridge-Oxford ideal of the civil service was identical to the Confucian ideal of a general

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Although numerous ideals associated with democracy, such as equality, participation, and individuality, are in stark contrast to those associated with modern bureaucracy, specifically hierarchy, specialization, and impersonality, political theorists did not recognize bureaucracy as a threat to

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Vogler considers modern bureaucracies as only requiring "minimal competence" from candidates for bureaucratic offices. This leaves space for the possibility of biases in recruitment processes that give preferential treatment to members of specific social, economic, or ethnic groups, which are

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system, the emperor assigned administration to dedicated officials rather than nobility, ending feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own

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the government of imperial China still seems in many ways curiously modern and familiar. Bureaucratically organized, and dominated by a graded civil service led by men selected through competitive examinations, it was both a model for a precursor of the complex administrations of our modern

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According to Marx and other socialist thinkers, the most advanced bureaucracies were those in France and Germany. However, they argued that bureaucracy was a symptom of the bourgeois state and would vanish along with capitalism, which gave rise to the bourgeois state. Though clearly not the

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which saw to the handling of state affairs. Ashanti's Foreign Office was based in Kumasi. Despite the small size of the office, it allowed the state to pursue complex negotiations with foreign powers. The Office was divided into departments that handled Ashanti relations separately with the

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One answer to this problem is to say that bureaucracy has no place at all in a real democracy. Theorists who adopt this perspective typically understand that they must demonstrate that bureaucracy does not necessarily occur in every contemporary society; only in those they perceive to be

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was able to exert control over the entire system of tax revenue and government expenditure. By the late 18th century, the ratio of fiscal bureaucracy to population in Britain was approximately 1 in 1300, almost four times larger than the second most heavily bureaucratized nation, France.

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Any managerial role in a bureaucratic hierarchy must have full managerial accountabilities and authorities (veto selection to the team, decide task types and specific task assignments, decide personal effectiveness and recognition, decide initiation of removal from the team within due

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As many countries in Europe industrialised their economy and liberalised their political structure, Russia was bound by the conservative nature of the Tsarist regime. The economic, social and political tensions that emerged in the late 19th century led to revolution in the 20th

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Napoleonic France adopted this meritocracy system and soon saw a rapid and dramatic expansion of government, accompanied by the rise of the French civil service and its complex systems of bureaucracy. This phenomenon became known as "bureaumania". In the early 19th century,

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and government bureaucracy seem to operate in opposition, in actuality they mutually rely on one another to exist. He wrote that "The Corporation is civil society's attempt to become state; but the bureaucracy is the state which has really made itself into civil society."

2067:" of bureaucratic, rule-based, rational control. Weber's critical study of the bureaucratization of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. Many aspects of modern public administration are based on his work, and a classic, hierarchically organized 1009:

referring to the apparatus used by the British government to subjugate Ireland as "the Bureaucratie, or office tyranny, by which Ireland has so long been governed". By the mid-19th century the word appeared in a more neutral sense, referring to a system of

1674:(1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only", and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution 2308:

Lateral working accountabilities and authorities must be defined for all the roles in the hierarchy (seven types of lateral working accountabilities and authorities: collateral, advisory, service-getting and -giving, coordinative, monitoring, auditing,

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325) claimed that Diocletian's reforms led to widespread economic stagnation, since "the provinces were divided into minute portions, and many presidents and a multitude of inferior officers lay heavy on each territory." After the Empire split, the

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gained power by promising to eliminate government regulatory bureaucracies, which they saw as overbearing, and return economic production to a more purely capitalistic mode, which they saw as more efficient. In the business world, managers like

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propelled many countries, especially in Europe, to significant social changes. However, due to the conservative nature of the Tsarist regime and its desire to maintain power and control, social change in Russia lagged behind that of Europe.

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The late M. de Gournay... sometimes used to say: "We have an illness in France which bids fair to play havoc with us; this illness is called bureaumania." Sometimes he used to invent a fourth or fifth form of government under the heading of

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The number of levels in the hierarchy of a bureaucracy must match the complexity level of the employment system for which the bureaucratic hierarchy is created. (Jaques identified a maximum of eight levels of complexity for bureaucratic

2063:. Weber also saw bureaucracy, however, as a threat to individual freedoms, and ongoing bureaucratization as leading to a "polar night of icy darkness", in which increasing rationalization of human life traps individuals in a soulless " 4030:"Bureaucracy" from Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification. Chapter 6 Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. Palgrave MacMillan 2015, pp. 73–128 1707:, the old nobility had neither power nor political influence, their only privilege being exemption from taxes. The dissatisfied noblemen complained about this "unnatural" state of affairs, and discovered similarities between 1078:

and written work that are interpreted as obstacles rather than safeguards and accountability assurances. Socio-bureaucracy would then refer to certain social influences that may affect the function of a society.

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argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which human activity can be organized and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, maximize

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expanded the definition to include any system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules. Weber saw bureaucracy as a relatively positive development; however, by 1944 the

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The fall of the present bureaucratic dictatorship, if it were not replaced by a new socialist power, would thus mean a return to capitalist relations with a catastrophic decline of industry and culture.

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2. In order to fulfill these duties the necessary chains of command are firmly established and divided up , and their capacity to coerce (physical, sacred, or other) is firmly restricted by regulation.

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of bureaucracy, including an increase in the amount of space and population being administered, an increase in the complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out, and the existence of a

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was the first to endorse bureaucracy as a necessary feature of modernity, and by the late 19th century bureaucratic forms had begun their spread from government to other large-scale institutions.

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state was one of checks and balance, both within the government and on a local level. At the apex of this system was the Shah, with total power over the state, legitimized by his bloodline as a

1909:, was that the USSR would come before a disjuncture: either the toppling of the ruling bureaucracy by means of a political revolution, or capitalist restoration led by the bureaucracy: 2051:

Although he was not necessarily an admirer of bureaucracy, Weber saw bureaucratization as the most efficient and rational way of organizing human activity and therefore as the key to

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French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.

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3. Regular and continuous fulfillment of these assigned duties, and the execution of respective rights is systematically secured by hiring people with certified qualifications.

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The level of work complexity in the roles must be matched by the level of human capability of the role holders. (Jaques identified maximum of eight levels of human capability.)

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and the rule of weak or corrupt tsars because of the strength of the government's central bureaucracy. Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's

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of Europe. Western perception of China even in the 18th century admired the Chinese bureaucratic system as favourable over European governments for its seeming meritocracy;

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1. A rigid division of labor is in place for the purpose of performing regular daily tasks as official duties in the functioning of the bureaucratically governed system.

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The level of work complexity in any managerial role within a bureaucratic hierarchy must be one level higher than the level of work complexity of the subordinate roles.

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describes the discovery of a universal and uniform underlying structure of managerial or work levels in the bureaucratic hierarchy for any type of employment systems.

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non-democratic. Because their democracy was resistant to bureaucracy, nineteenth-century British writers frequently referred to it as the "Continental nuisance".

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Jaques argues and presents evidence that for the bureaucracy to provide a valuable contribution to the open society some of the following conditions must be met:

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of the Continental type is called a "Weberian civil service" or a "Weberian bureaucracy". Social scientists debate whether Weberian bureaucracy contributes to

6251: 1283:(Emperor from 284 to 305) doubled the number of administrative districts and led to a large-scale expansion of Roman bureaucracy. The early Christian author 1163:

to document and carry out various administrative functions, such as the management of taxes, workers, and public goods/resources like granaries. Similarly,

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Weber, Max "Bureaucracy" in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, translated and edited by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, Palgrave-Macmillan 2015. p. 114

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Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1947.

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democracy. Yet democratic theorists still have not developed a sufficient solution to the problem bureaucratic authority poses to democratic government.

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Weber, 2015, pp. 73–127 in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society, edited and translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, New York: Palgrave MacMillan

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The fully developed bureaucratic apparatus compares with other organisations exactly as does the machine with the non-mechanical modes of production.

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took place to determine which candidates qualified to hold given positions. The imperial examination system lasted until 1905, six years before the

1248:(960–1279) that the recruitment of those who passed the exams and earned degrees was given greater emphasis and significantly expanded. During the 7867: 7169: 6177: 6002: 980: 7288: 3833: 1187:

government. Under this system, the government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. The

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3500 BC) and the use of documents was a critical component of such systems. The first definitive example of bureaucracy occurred in ancient

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first originated in the mid-18th century, organized and consistent administrative systems existed much earlier. The development of writing (

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and earned an official degree. Yet recruitment by recommendations to office was still prominent in both dynasties. It was not until the

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during the early years of the Soviet Union. According to political scientist Thomas M. Twiss, Trotsky associated bureaucratism with

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By the mid-19th century, bureaucratic forms of administration were firmly in place across the industrialized world. Thinkers like

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faction controlling the throne. In the 17th century, the bureaucracy expanded dramatically. The number of government departments (

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argued for bureaucracy as a professional cadre, devoid of allegiance to fleeting politics. Wilson advocated a bureaucracy that:

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advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. The governments of China, Egypt, Peru and Empress

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posts of the Aq Qoyunlu were all occupied by Iranians, which under Uzun Hasan included: the vizier, who led the great council (

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attempted to reform the bureaucracies of France and other territories under his control by the imposition of the standardized

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coined the word in the mid-18th century. Gournay never wrote the term down but a letter from a contemporary later quoted him:

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in many jurisdictions is an example of bureaucracy, as is any centralized hierarchical structure of an institution, including

8191: 8104: 7957: 6843: 6197: 6192: 5419: 5053: 4728: 3668: 3643: 2166: 1497:) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting 623: 493: 271: 119: 3865: 1962:(1864-1920) was the first to study bureaucracy formally, and his works led to the popularization of this term. In his essay 1688: 1433:, who supervised the royal court. Through the use of his increasing revenue, Uzun Hasan was able to buy the approval of the 8144: 8017: 7239: 6270: 4772: 2209: 1183: 508: 3542: 3333:

Lane, George (2016). "Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. (eds.).

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Weber, Max. Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification

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limited discretion in bureaucrats' work-routines and an overall political-legal orientation of the administrative system

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The 1980s brought a backlash against perceptions of "big government" and the associated bureaucracy. Politicians like

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Cheng, Tun-Jen, Stephan Haggard, and David Kang. "Institutions and growth in Korea and Taiwan: the bureaucracy". in

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Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organizations' success

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into mainstream governance by installing a system of recommendation and nomination in government service known as

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Statesmen in Disguise: The Changing Role of the Administrative Class of the British Home Civil Service 1853–1965

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were regarded as models of Enlightened Despotism, admired by such figures as Diderot, D'Alembert and Voltaire.

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theorized that successful monarchies were essentially bureaucracies, and found evidence of their existence in

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Various commentators have argued for the necessity of bureaucracies in modern society. The German sociologist

4151:. Translated by Elbers, Benjamin; Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 76. 2195: 1505:

governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and even the

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Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification

2386: 1906: 1617:. However, both scholars agree that it was a sign of a highly developed government with a complex system of 1525: 1506: 745: 709: 266: 4638: 1439:(clergy) and the mainly Iranian urban elite, while also taking care of the impoverished rural inhabitants. 7234: 7214: 7101: 7064: 6734: 6362: 6209: 6167: 6152: 6110: 5988: 5857: 5842: 4632: 3113: 2823: 2683: 2416: 1529: 1478: 1369: 1199:

in family, relationships, and politics. With each subsequent dynasty, the bureaucracy evolved. In 165 BC,

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began to theorize about the economic functions and power-structures of bureaucracy in contemporary life.

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Constructing the infrastructure for the knowledge economy : methods and tools, theory and structure

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a full separation of offices and officeholders (i.e., no private possession of administrative positions)

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continuity (a structure where administrators have a full-time salary and advance within the structure)

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Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system. Under

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expertise (officials are chosen according to merit, have been trained, and hold access to knowledge)

903:, and eliminate favoritism. On the other hand, Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to 663: 8176: 8087: 8002: 7967: 7937: 7857: 7383: 7323: 7131: 6644: 6564: 6132: 5837: 4977: 4894: 3509: 1972: 1854: 1738: 1704: 1513: 1006: 545: 455: 309: 211: 161: 99: 2859:

Wirl, Franz (July 1998). "Socio-economic typologies of bureaucratic corruption and implications".

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Michael Loewe pp. 145, 148. 2011. Dong Zhongshu, a 'Confucian' Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu.

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Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933–1953

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Creel, H.G. (1949). Confucius: The Man and the Myth. New York: John Day Company. pp. 239–241

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Griet Vankeerberghen 2001 pp. 20, 173. The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority.

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Within capitalist systems, informal bureaucratic structures began to appear in the form of

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was "always applied with an opprobrious connotation", and by 1957 the American sociologist

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recruitment procedures focused on relevant skills and ensuring at least minimal competence

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stable salaries and salary progression, mostly determined by individual bureaucratic rank

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determine appropriate solutions for circumstances that are unaccounted for in advance.

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Empires and bureaucracy in world history: from late antiquity to the twentieth century

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Bureaucrats and Bourgeois Society: Office Politics and Individual Credit, 1789–1848

3342: 3117: 1899: 1887: 1883: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1742: 1727:

reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional

1675: 1498: 1443: 1401:

conquest of most of mainland Iran shifted the seat of power to the east, where the

1362: 1276: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1229: 863: 759: 714: 647: 171: 4007:"VI – Of the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative Government is Liable" 3423:"Historical Reminisciences: Great Empires Of Yore (Part 15) By Mike Ozekhome, SAN" 2913: 1203:

introduced the first method of recruitment to civil service through examinations.

1191:(202 BC – 220 AD) established a complicated bureaucracy based on the teachings of 1091:

impersonality (prescribed rules and operating rules rather than arbitrary actions)

1081:

In modern usage, modern bureaucracy has been defined as comprising four features:

4648: 4609: 4496: 4395:. Linger, Henry. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2004. p. 104. 4371: 4209: 4146: 3976: 3869: 3633: 3472: 3052: 2787: 2336:

is highly bureaucratized, with numerous sizable organizations filled with career

1988:. His ideal-typical bureaucracy, whether public or private, is characterized by: 1613:, disagree over the power of this sophisticated bureaucracy in comparison to the 7726: 7721: 7656: 7651: 7501: 7373: 7328: 7318: 7111: 7106: 7044: 6981: 6764: 6739: 6664: 6624: 6594: 6569: 6549: 6528: 6508: 6478: 6447: 6312: 6045: 5935: 5876: 5817: 5604: 5599: 5437: 5338: 5254: 5213: 5180: 5145: 5068: 4992: 4942: 4857: 4587:

Cornell, Agnes, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Jan Teorell. "Bureaucracy and Growth".

4558:, by Dennis F. Thompson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, pp. 50–70. 3814: 2426: 2144: 1871: 1724: 1650: 1602: 1253: 1225: 1188: 1179: 1160: 1127: 1099: 884: 872: 750: 475: 440: 343: 196: 4177:

These three aspects constitute the essence of bureaucratic administration of a

2473: 1870:

himself. By contrast, Marx was opposed to bureaucracy. Marx posited that while

8109: 7917: 7817: 7666: 7586: 7358: 7249: 7091: 7034: 7011: 6976: 6925: 6915: 6883: 6828: 6654: 6634: 6559: 6523: 6427: 6412: 6337: 6040: 5940: 5869: 5749: 5687: 5432: 5353: 5348: 5306: 5288: 5276: 5237: 5083: 5073: 5033: 5018: 5002: 4952: 4889: 4884: 3267: 3209:

Proconsuls: Delegated Political-Military Leadership from Rome to America Today

1977: 1895: 1826: 1614: 1610: 1402: 1398: 1284: 1280: 1103: 1056: 1019: 900: 565: 555: 550: 289: 151: 4303: 4294: 4277: 3312: 3253:, 9; Cascio, "The New State of Diocletian and Constantine" (CAH), 179; Rees, 2534: 2295:

Roles within a bureaucratic hierarchy differ in the level of work complexity.

7807: 7746: 7303: 6946: 6873: 6858: 6779: 6699: 6694: 6619: 6574: 6554: 6533: 6518: 6498: 6483: 6347: 6307: 5847: 5812: 5754: 5729: 5594: 5491: 5479: 5464: 5452: 5380: 5298: 5271: 5155: 4737: 4410: 4134: 3918: 2447:"Bureaucracy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 2371: 2361: 2064: 2025: 1959: 1843: 1777: 1773: 1716: 1712: 1667: 1658: 1470: 1272: 1208: 1192: 1107: 1030: 908: 895: 740: 450: 348: 231: 186: 166: 17: 4457: 4245:

The European Commission and the integration of Europe: images of governance

3072:

Xinzhong Yao 2003. p. 231. The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-volume Set.

4137:(8 April 2015). "'The Nature, Conditions, and Development of Bureaucratic 2872: 2459:

Definition of bureaucracy 1a: a body of nonelected government officials

1014:

in which offices were held by unelected career officials. In this context

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Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption

2411: 1757:. But paradoxically, that led to even further growth of the bureaucracy. 1750: 1734: 1540:(1721–1917). In the 19th century, the forces of change brought on by the 1502: 1451: 1213: 1023: 573: 533: 216: 201: 181: 50: 4556:

Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in Government, Business, and Healthcare

4317:

Vogler, Jan P. (2023). "Bureaucracies in Historical Political Economy".

3978:

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?

3051:

Michael Loewe 1994 p.. Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China.

1830:

of electronic databases is transforming the way bureaucracies function.

1085:

hierarchy (clearly defined spheres of competence and divisions of labor)

8119: 8032: 6920: 6888: 6878: 6649: 6609: 6442: 6367: 6352: 6332: 6262: 6127: 5786: 5734: 5714: 5662: 5474: 5392: 5208: 5170: 5118: 3104:

Edward A Kracke Jr, Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960–1067, p. 253

2366: 2169: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1985: 1268:

collapsed, marking the end of China's traditional bureaucratic system.

1236:

class would begin to present itself by means of the fully standardized

1061: 1035: 488: 146: 4105:

Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World

3448:"3 Public finance in China and Britain in the long eighteenth century" 3183:

The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System

3041:(Spring 2012 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2980: 6868: 6669: 6457: 6432: 6422: 6392: 6377: 5886: 5739: 5484: 5375: 5370: 5316: 4987: 2662:[Introduction: semantic evolution of the 'bureaucracy' term] 2089:

written rules and regulations that set standards for official conduct

1935: 1598: 1585: 1528:, played a major role in solidifying and maintaining the rule of the 1493: 1447: 1156: 538: 480: 378: 4211:

Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics

2020:

qualifications evaluated by organizational rules, not by individuals

3572:(revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 17–18. 2972: 2896:

Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics

826: 6898: 6387: 6322: 5827: 5771: 5677: 5518: 5321: 4820: 3474:

States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis

2929: 1859: 1628: 1482: 1435: 1408: 1175: 1152: 1126: 4626:

Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy

2032:

requiring a more efficient administrative system. Development of

6893: 6317: 5980: 5709: 5657: 5513: 4911: 4827: 4723:. Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, 2015. 2959:

Ronald J. Williams (1972). "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt".

2011:

all decisions and powers specified and restricted by regulations

1807:

nations, a powerful class of bureaucratic administrators termed

1606: 1043: 6266: 5984: 4754: 4741: 3661:

The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform

907:, with the potential of trapping individuals in an impersonal " 6462: 6357: 4781: 4664:

The expansion of England: race, ethnicity and cultural history

4527:

The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities

4372:

The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management

2138: 2040:

technologies make more efficient administration possible, and

1320: 655: 960: 954: 3066:

Creel, H.G. 1960. pp. 239–241. Confucius and the Chinese Way

2660:"Introduction: Évolution sémantique du terme 'bureaucratie'" 1846:

theorized about the role and function of bureaucracy in his

4276:

Cornell, Agnes; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Teorell, Jan (2020).

3891:

Stewart R. Clegg; Martin Harris; Harro Höpfl, eds. (2011).

3094:

https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQjJxvkY-34C&pg=PA145

3074:

https://books.google.com/books?id=P-c4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA231

1737:

claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and

844: 838: 3080:

https://books.google.com/books?id=zt-vBqHQzpQC&pg=PA20

2822:. Glencoe, IL;Free Press. pp. 195–206. Archived from 829: 4145:' by Max Weber". In Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (eds.). 4096: 4094: 4092: 3614:. The Fabian Society / George Allen & Unwin. p. 1905:

One of the predictions made by Trotsky in his 1936 work,

1691:

as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy.

823: 2568:

The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts

2264:

expanded on Weber's theories of bureaucracy in his work

2017:

career advancement dependent on technical qualifications

3815:"Viewpoints: How did Margaret Thatcher change Britain?" 3638:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 200–8, 201. 3023:

World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 36

1649:

Instead of the inefficient and often corrupt system of

1609:. Scholars of Ashanti history, such as Larry Yarak and 4750: 4047:

Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (28 January 2003).

2044:

and rationalization of culture results in demands for

1461:

adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture.

1167:

had a hereditary class of scribes that administered a

3927:

Marx's Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843)

1672:

Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China

1637:

developed a sophisticated bureaucracy. Pictured, the

1308:

came to refer to any complex bureaucratic structure.

854: 841: 832: 27:

Administrative system governing any large institution

4652:, Yale University Press, 1962. Liberty Fund (2007), 3122:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

835: 820: 7990: 7759: 7407: 7140: 7020: 6939: 6851: 6842: 6708: 6542: 6471: 6300: 6218: 6083: 6018: 5905: 5795: 5618: 5527: 5418: 5297: 5199: 4920: 4788: 4319:

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy

4203: 4201: 4101:Kenneth Allan; Kenneth D. Allan (2 November 2005). 1862:had supported the role of specialized officials in 1787:hierarchies, as detailed in mid-century works like 4733:English translation of "Bureaucracy" by Max Weber. 4102: 4048: 3786: 3688: 2627: 2625: 2008:regular and continuous execution of assigned tasks 4637:and Engels discusses the origins of the state in 2936:. Macmillan Library Reference. pp. 2265–2278 2930:"The Scribes and Scholars of Ancient Mesopotamia" 1368:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 3868:. Businessweek.com. 14 June 1997. Archived from 1922:Writing in the early 1860s, political scientist 1221:, from which Emperor Wu would select officials. 4357:Woodrow Wilson, "The Study of Administration", 2124: 1946: 1911: 1042:opined in the context of his experience in the 985: 4631:Marx comments on the state bureaucracy in his 3145:Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China 3053:https://books.google.com/books?id=m2tmgvB8zisC 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2014:officials with expert training in their fields 1584:was built upon a sophisticated bureaucracy in 1098:Bureaucracy in a political theory is mainly a 6278: 5996: 4766: 3951:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy 3682: 3680: 3659:Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996). 3570:Confucian China and Its Modern Fate, Volume 1 2894:BARNETT, Michael; FINNEMORE, Marftha (2004). 2571:. Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21. 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1486: 1240:, of partial recruitment of those who passed 792: 624: 8: 6784: 6252:Civil service reform in developing countries 4597:Crooks, Peter, and Timothy H. Parsons, eds. 4248:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–. 4138: 3663:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15. 3186:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 69–71. 2898:. Cornell University Press. pp. 17–18. 2108:Writing as an academic while a professor at 1886:developed a critical theory of the emerging 1813:governed nearly all aspects of public life. 1548:Russian-speakers referred to bureaucrats as 1135:to receive a position in the bureaucracy of 1065: 928: 6720: 4195:, books.google.ca; accessed 30 August 2015. 4011:Considerations on Representative Government 3695:. University of California Press. pp. 3523:Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report 3276:On the Manner in which the Persecutors Died 2024:Weber listed several preconditions for the 6848: 6285: 6271: 6263: 6003: 5989: 5981: 4773: 4759: 4751: 4738: 3249:9 (1996): pp. 539–542). See also: Barnes, 3148:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. 2741: 2739: 2737: 2668:Revue Internationale des Sciences Sociales 2507:Dahlström, Carl; Lapuente, Victor (2022). 1416:, high-ranking financial accountants; the 799: 785: 642: 631: 617: 38: 4293: 3587:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 95–96. 2808: 2806: 2597: 2595: 2524: 2229:Learn how and when to remove this message 5918:History of the American legal profession 4579:East Asian Development: New Perspectives 3503: 3501: 3069:Creel, H.G. 1970, What Is Taoism?, 86–87 2961:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2778: 2776: 2461:b: an administrative policy-making group 1207:(r. 141–87 BC) cemented the ideology of 7868:Reflections on the Revolution in France 4634:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 4628:. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979. 3894:Managing Modernity: Beyond Bureaucracy? 3627: 3625: 3039:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2692:. Transaction Publishers. p. 142. 2437: 1849:Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 981:Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay 758: 732: 696: 670: 654: 49: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4416: 4055:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 2995:"China's First Empire | History Today" 2934:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 2565:Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). 1420:, who affixed the state seal; and the 1005:use dates to 1818 with Irish novelist 4327:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.19 3789:Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class 3725: 3723: 3292:. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 2526:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-102543 1182:(221–206 BC) unified China under the 7: 3124:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2502: 2500: 2167:adding citations to reliable sources 1678:. Influenced by the ancient Chinese 1302:complicated administrative hierarchy 1275:and their deputies administered the 1110:, in which management tends more to 1106:and tends to be differentiated from 1029:In the 1920s the German sociologist 7978:The End of History and the Last Man 7888:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4601:(Cambridge University Press, 2016) 4581:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 87–111. 4208:George Ritzer (29 September 2009). 2846:"Meaning of bureaucracy in English" 2509:"Comparative Bureaucratic Politics" 1304:, and in the 20th century the term 1195:, who emphasized the importance of 911:" of rule-based, rational control. 6226:National civil service commissions 4476:www.psychoanalysis-and-therapy.com 4374:. Oxford University Press. p. 76. 3840:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library 3751:Handbook of Administrative History 3691:The Bureaucratization of the World 3005:from the original on 17 April 2017 2819:Social Theory and Social Structure 2689:Handbook of Administrative History 2513:Annual Review of Political Science 2266:Social Theory and Social Structure 2131:public administration in America. 1866:, although he never used the term 1501:, the central government, through 1358:for transliterated languages, and 1338:of its non-English content, using 1252:(960–1279) the bureaucracy became 25: 4902:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3832:Ronald Reagan (27 October 1964). 3568:Joseph Richmond Levenson (1964). 3471:Linda Weiss; John Hobson (1995). 2861:Journal of Evolutionary Economics 499:Biology and political orientation 7948:The Open Society and Its Enemies 5949: 5948: 5934: 3748:Raadschelders, Jos C.N. (2000). 2397:Outline of organizational theory 2143: 1796:The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1325: 1238:civil service examination system 816: 662: 600: 6755:Family as a model for the state 5913:History of the legal profession 4440:A general theory of bureaucracy 4214:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42. 3948:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). 3421:Chioma, Unini (15 March 2020). 3033:Riegel, Jeffrey (3 July 2002). 2867:(2). Springer-Verlag: 199–220. 2278:A General Theory of Bureaucracy 2154:needs additional citations for 1018:was seen as a distinct form of 8105:Separation of church and state 8003:Collectivism and individualism 7958:The Origins of Totalitarianism 4472:"Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy" 3981:. Mehring Books. p. 251. 3583:Fry, Geoffrey Kingdon (1969). 3343:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193 3211:. Cambridge university press. 1976:in 1921, Weber described many 1374:multilingual support templates 927:: it combines the French word 494:Theories of political behavior 120:Political history of the world 1: 8145:Category:Political philosophy 8018:Critique of political economy 4719:Weber, Max, "Bureaucracy" in 4589:Comparative Political Studies 4554:"Bureaucracy and Democracy." 4282:Comparative Political Studies 4109:. Pine Forge Press. pp. 3541:Walker, David (9 July 2003). 2670:(in French), XXX I (4), Paris 1292: 1288: 1228:(581–618) and the subsequent 1155:, where an emergent class of 1148: 509:Critique of political economy 8043:Institutional discrimination 8038:History of political thought 6770:Negative and positive rights 4680:Sociology, Work and Industry 4619:Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms 3929:. Cambridge University Press 3510:"China: A Teaching Workbook" 3255:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy 3247:Journal of Roman Archaeology 3037:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 2713:Lady Morgan, Sydney (1818). 2402:Power (social and political) 1764:Other industrialized nations 961: 90:Outline of political science 32:Bureaucracy (disambiguation) 8053:Justification for the state 7838:Two Treatises of Government 4614:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 4382:. Retrieved 29 January 2019 4359:Political Science Quarterly 3897:. Oxford University Press. 3793:(1st ed.). Doubleday. 3318:Online Etymology Dictionary 3142:McKnight, Brian E. (1983). 2932:. In Jack M. Sasson (ed.). 2474:"definition of bureaucracy" 2332:Like every modern state, a 2280:, first published in 1976, 2119:The Study of Administration 1995:formal lines of authority ( 1689:His Majesty's Civil Service 1657:states such as France, the 1562: 1550: 1487: 8218: 6723:Bellum omnium contra omnes 5580:International legal theory 5059:International slavery laws 5054:International human rights 5049:International criminal law 4624:On Karl Marx: Hal Draper, 4574:(London: Macmillan, 1970). 3754:. Transaction Publishers. 3632:Rung, Margaret C. (2002). 3335:The Encyclopedia of Empire 2637:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2608:, Pine Forge Press, 2004; 2328:Representative bureaucracy 2317: 1715:. With the translation of 1684:Northcote–Trevelyan Report 955: 671:Foundations and Philosophy 95:Index of politics articles 29: 8172:Bureaucratic organization 8140: 6244: 5928: 5633:Administration of justice 4748: 4743:Links to related articles 4701:Wilson, James Q. (1989). 4591:53.14 (2020): 2246–2282. 4529:. Yale University Press. 4438:Elliott., Jaques (1976). 4370:Christopher Hood (2000). 3611:The British Civil Service 3397:"Definition of Chinovnik" 3373:. Red Apple Education Ltd 2928:Laurie E. Pearce (1995). 2719:. Henry Colburn. p. 2382:Hierarchical organization 2314:Bureaucracy and democracy 2247:, the Austrian economist 1992:hierarchical organization 1687:led to implementation of 1568: 1560:) because of the rank or 1556: 1070:" in some circumstances. 1022:, often subservient to a 733:Methodological background 7928:The Revolt of the Masses 6236:Civil service by country 5410:Basic structure doctrine 5260:Natural and legal rights 5141:Public international law 4678:Watson, Tony J. (1980). 4497:"In Praise of Hierarchy" 4295:10.1177/0010414020912262 4278:"Bureaucracy and Growth" 4193:Max Weber (2015) extract 3954:. BRILL. pp. 1–15. 3528:22 December 2014 at the 3290:"Byzantine – Definition" 3251:Constantine and Eusebius 3241:, reproduced in Barnes, 3180:Wolfgang Franke (1960). 2752:. U of Minnesota Press. 2053:rational-legal authority 2002:a fixed area of activity 1852:, published in 1843. In 1300:developed a notoriously 1271:A hierarchy of regional 1262:competitive examinations 1054:suggested that the term 979:'. The French economist 7908:The Communist Manifesto 6834:Tyranny of the majority 6745:Consent of the governed 5590:Principle of typicality 5064:International trade law 4662:Schwarz, Bill. (1996). 4621:. Boston: Kluwer, 1993. 4501:Harvard Business Review 4242:Liesbet Hooghe (2001). 3401:www.merriam-webster.com 3114:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 2746:Beetham, David (1996). 2476:. Thefreedictionary.com 2387:Machinery of government 2005:rigid division of labor 1958:The German sociologist 1907:The Revolution Betrayed 1536:(1547–1721) and in the 1526:Russian Orthodox Church 1507:Eastern Orthodox Church 881:nonprofit organisations 710:Judicial interpretation 504:Political organisations 267:International relations 105:Politics by subdivision 6785: 6735:Clash of civilizations 6721: 6231:Government occupations 4423:: CS1 maint: others ( 4139: 3975:Trotsky, Leon (1991). 3738:Schwarz (1996), p. 232 3729:Schwarz (1996), p. 229 3608:Finer, Herman (1937). 3512:. Columbia University. 2658:Riggs, Fred W (1979), 2417:Requisite organization 2128: 1950: 1915: 1666:, Britain's consul in 1646: 1580:The government of the 1140: 1066: 999: 953:– with the Greek word 929: 8192:Organizational theory 6750:Divine right of kings 6065:Public administration 5585:Principle of legality 5344:Delegated legislation 5044:Intellectual property 4640:Origins of the Family 4442:. London: Heinemann. 4181:in the public sector. 3866:"Jack Welch's Encore" 3687:Henry Jacoby (1973). 3234:Laterculus Veronensis 3207:Lord, Carnes (2012). 2873:10.1007/s001910050062 2449:. Merriam-webster.com 2407:Public administration 2260:American sociologist 1982:public administration 1934:, and the regimes of 1864:public administration 1664:Thomas Taylor Meadows 1632: 1542:Industrial Revolution 1133:imperial examinations 1131:Students competed in 1130: 1046:regime that the term 1012:public administration 869:public administration 584:Political campaigning 324:Public administration 157:Collective leadership 7898:Democracy in America 7277:political philosophy 7260:political philosophy 7075:political philosophy 6904:political philosophy 6814:Separation of powers 6775:Night-watchman state 6760:Monopoly on violence 6294:Political philosophy 6084:By country/territory 5803:Barristers' chambers 5745:Legal representation 5683:Justice of the peace 5029:Financial regulation 4617:Neil Garston (ed.), 2999:www.historytoday.com 2324:Bureaucratic inertia 2163:improve this article 1799:. Meanwhile, in the 1790:The Organization Man 1680:imperial examination 1635:Department of Excise 1372:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 1336:specify the language 1334:This section should 434:Separation of powers 305:Political psychology 280:Comparative politics 258:political scientists 245:Academic disciplines 125:Political philosophy 30:For other uses, see 8088:Right-wing politics 7968:A Theory of Justice 7938:The Road to Serfdom 7858:The Social Contract 6565:Christian democracy 5838:Election commission 5550:Expressive function 5079:Landlord–tenant law 4978:Consumer protection 4666:. Psychology Pres; 3835:A Time For Choosing 2826:on 27 December 2012 2618:Google Print, p. 55 1973:Economy and Society 1966:, published in his 1855:Philosophy of Right 1723:, the concept of a 1705:Louis XIV of France 1619:checks and balances 1572:) which they held. 1514:tsarist bureaucracy 1450:, or descendant of 1414:mostawfi al-mamalek 915:Etymology and usage 607:Politics portal 456:Election commission 427:Government branches 310:Political sociology 162:Confessional system 100:Politics by country 8100:Political violence 8095:Political theology 8078:Left-wing politics 8073:Political spectrum 5796:Legal institutions 5663:Lawsuit/Litigation 5653:Dispute resolution 5458:Catholic canon law 5166:State of emergency 5129:Will and testament 4853:Law of obligations 4806:Constitutional law 4796:Administrative law 4646:Ludwig von Mises, 4321:: C19.S1–C19.N41. 3846:on 14 January 2016 3231:As taken from the 2914:10.7591/j.ctt7z7mx 2320:Bureaucratic drift 1984:, government, and 1888:Soviet bureaucracy 1653:that prevailed in 1647: 1219:Confucian classics 1143:Although the term 1141: 923:originated in the 905:individual freedom 290:Political analysis 222:Semi-parliamentary 8202:Political science 8197:Management theory 8182:Philosophy of law 8159: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8063:Philosophy of law 8008:Conflict theories 7848:The Spirit of Law 7755: 7754: 6804:Original position 6260: 6259: 6031:Government agency 5978: 5977: 5638:Constitutionalism 5560:Law and economics 5398:Act of parliament 5136:Product liability 5089:Legal archaeology 5014:Environmental law 5008:Entertainment law 4848:International law 4712:978-0-465-00785-1 4689:978-0-415-32165-5 4658:978-0-86597-663-4 4608:Kingston, Ralph. 4380:978-0-19-829765-9 4336:978-0-19-761860-8 4288:(14): 2246–2282. 4255:978-0-521-00143-4 4221:978-0-07-340438-7 4120:978-1-4129-0572-5 4066:978-1-57675-193-0 3988:978-0-929087-48-1 3961:978-90-04-26953-8 3872:on 1 January 2010 3800:978-0-385-17657-6 3783:Michael Voslensky 3706:978-0-520-02083-2 3594:978-1-349-00034-0 3311:Harper, Douglas. 3218:978-0-521-25469-4 3193:978-0-674-75250-4 3155:978-0-226-56060-1 3116:, Anne Walthall, 2905:978-0-8014-4090-8 2716:Florence Macarthy 2578:978-0-8047-5095-0 2334:liberal democracy 2241:In his 1944 work 2239: 2238: 2231: 2213: 2110:Bryn Mawr College 1818:Margaret Thatcher 1719:texts during the 1711:and bureaucratic 1709:absolute monarchy 1633:The 18th century 1534:Tsardom of Russia 1396: 1395: 1376:may also be used. 1279:. The reforms of 862:) is a system of 809: 808: 773:judicial opinions 720:Law and economics 641: 640: 589:Political parties 529:Electoral systems 253:Political science 227:Semi-presidential 139:Political systems 115:Political history 110:Political economy 16:(Redirected from 8209: 8068:Political ethics 8058:Machiavellianism 7998:Authoritarianism 7983: 7973: 7963: 7953: 7943: 7933: 7923: 7913: 7903: 7893: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7853: 7843: 7833: 7823: 7813: 7803: 7793: 7783: 7773: 6849: 6790: 6726: 6716:Balance of power 6690:Social democracy 6685:Social Darwinism 6660:Multiculturalism 6605:Environmentalism 6580:Communitarianism 6287: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6198:Northern Ireland 6005: 5998: 5991: 5982: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5939: 5938: 5762:Question of fact 5643:Criminal justice 4973:Construction law 4968:Conflict of laws 4933:Agricultural law 4775: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4739: 4716: 4693: 4570:Albrow, Martin. 4559: 4552: 4541: 4540: 4523:John Mearsheimer 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4503:. 1 January 1990 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4167: 4165: 4144: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4108: 4098: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4054: 4044: 4038: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4003:John Stuart Mill 3999: 3993: 3992: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3842:. Archived from 3829: 3823: 3822: 3821:. 13 April 2013. 3811: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3694: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3538: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3427:TheNigeriaLawyer 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3337:. pp. 1–5. 3330: 3324: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3139: 3133: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2848:. Cambridge.org. 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2814:Robert K. Merton 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2784:Ludwig von Mises 2780: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2743: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2679: 2673: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2620: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2442: 2262:Robert K. Merton 2256:Robert K. Merton 2249:Ludwig von Mises 2234: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2171: 2147: 2139: 2135:Ludwig von Mises 2030:monetary economy 1997:chain of command 1954: 1924:John Stuart Mill 1918:John Stuart Mill 1892:authoritarianism 1770:John Stuart Mill 1739:François Quesnay 1670:, argued in his 1588:, with separate 1571: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1516:, alongside the 1490: 1475:Time of Troubles 1432: 1429: 1426: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1298:Byzantine Empire 1294: 1290: 1256:. Following the 1150: 1112:decentralization 1069: 1040:Ludwig von Mises 1003:English-language 1001:The first known 997: 974: 971: 968: 964: 958: 957: 952: 949: 946: 942: 939: 936: 932: 858: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 801: 794: 787: 725:Sociology of law 666: 643: 633: 626: 619: 605: 604: 395: 340: 295:Political theory 285:Election science 275: 261: 39: 21: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8136: 8125:Totalitarianism 7986: 7981: 7971: 7961: 7951: 7941: 7931: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7891: 7881: 7871: 7861: 7851: 7841: 7831: 7821: 7811: 7801: 7798:Treatise on Law 7791: 7781: 7771: 7751: 7409: 7403: 7142: 7136: 7022: 7016: 6935: 6838: 6824:State of nature 6819:Social contract 6799:Ordered liberty 6787:Noblesse oblige 6704: 6538: 6467: 6296: 6291: 6261: 6256: 6240: 6214: 6079: 6014: 6009: 5979: 5974: 5947: 5933: 5924: 5901: 5892:Political party 5865:Legal education 5853:Law enforcement 5833:Court of equity 5791: 5767:Question of law 5720:Practice of law 5700:Judicial review 5614: 5565:Legal formalism 5545:Comparative law 5540:Contract theory 5523: 5443:Legal pluralism 5414: 5403:Act of Congress 5327:Executive order 5293: 5195: 5114:Nationality law 5039:Immigration law 4963:Competition law 4916: 4784: 4779: 4744: 4713: 4705:. Basic Books. 4700: 4690: 4677: 4567: 4565:Further reading 4562: 4553: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4337: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4100: 4099: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3530:Wayback Machine 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4234: 4220: 4197: 4185: 4157: 4126: 4119: 4088: 4079: 4065: 4039: 4036:978-1137365866 4023: 3994: 3987: 3967: 3960: 3940: 3910: 3904:978-0199563654 3903: 3883: 3857: 3824: 3806: 3799: 3774: 3761:978-0765807267 3760: 3740: 3731: 3719: 3705: 3676: 3669: 3651: 3644: 3621: 3600: 3593: 3575: 3560: 3533: 3515: 3508:Bodde, Derke. 3497: 3484:978-0745614571 3483: 3463: 3439: 3413: 3388: 3371:www.skwirk.com 3358: 3352:978-1118455074 3351: 3325: 3303: 3281: 3259: 3224: 3217: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3154: 3134: 3106: 3097: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3056: 3044: 3025: 3016: 2986: 2973:10.2307/600648 2967:(2): 214–221. 2951: 2919: 2904: 2886: 2851: 2837: 2802: 2772: 2759:978-0816629398 2758: 2733: 2705: 2698: 2674: 2650: 2621: 2591: 2577: 2548: 2496: 2487: 2465: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2422:State (polity) 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2392:Michel Crozier 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2338:civil servants 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2282:Elliott Jaques 2273: 2272:Elliott Jaques 2270: 2257: 2254: 2237: 2236: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2114:Woodrow Wilson 2105: 2104:Woodrow Wilson 2102: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2038:transportation 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1932:Russian Empire 1928:Imperial China 1919: 1916: 1880: 1877: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1765: 1762: 1700: 1697: 1643:City of London 1626: 1625:United Kingdom 1623: 1582:Ashanti Empire 1577: 1576:Ashanti Empire 1574: 1538:Russian Empire 1466: 1463: 1394: 1393: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1242:standard exams 1232:(618–907) the 1137:Imperial China 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 990: 988:"bureaucracy." 916: 913: 807: 806: 804: 803: 796: 789: 781: 778: 777: 776: 775: 763: 762: 756: 755: 754: 753: 748: 743: 735: 734: 730: 729: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 699: 698: 694: 693: 692: 691: 686: 681: 673: 672: 668: 667: 659: 658: 652: 651: 639: 638: 636: 635: 628: 621: 613: 610: 609: 596: 595: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 570: 569: 553: 548: 543: 542: 541: 531: 525: 521: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 478: 472: 469:Related topics 468: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 437: 436: 430: 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411: 406: 404:Foreign policy 401: 396: 383: 377: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 351: 346: 341: 328: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 307: 302: 300:Policy studies 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 265: 263: 251: 248: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 137: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 86: 83:Primary topics 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 68: 63: 57: 54: 53: 47: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8214: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048:Jurisprudence 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7878:Rights of Man 7875: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7788:De re publica 7785: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408:20th and 21st 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7141:18th and 19th 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997:Nizam al-Mulk 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Republicanism 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:United States 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:Public policy 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Spoils system 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Public sector 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012:Civil service 6006: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Civil society 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Trier of fact 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668:Legal opinion 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648:Court-martial 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5620:Jurisprudence 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Statutory law 5507: 5505: 5504:Socialist law 5502: 5498: 5497:Byzantine law 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448:Religious law 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5420:Legal systems 5417: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388:Statutory law 5386: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:Statutory law 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Transport law 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Legal fiction 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:Financial law 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Corporate law 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907:Statutory law 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789:Core subjects 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4682:. Routledge. 4681: 4676: 4673: 4672:0-415-06025-7 4669: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4235: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4160: 4158:9781137365866 4154: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3941: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3887: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3464: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130:0-618-13384-4 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2699:9780765807267 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2684:Raadschelders 2678: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2633:"Bureaucracy" 2628: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614:0-7619-8819-X 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:George Ritzer 2598: 2596: 2592: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2377:Civil servant 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309:prescribing). 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2292:hierarchies.) 2290: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2230: 2222: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: – 2179: 2178:"Bureaucracy" 2175: 2174:Find sources: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2152:This section 2150: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2069:civil service 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:communication 2031: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:ideal-typical 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1822:Ronald Reagan 1819: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730:ancien regime 1726: 1722: 1721:Enlightenment 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1564: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:jurisdictions 1496: 1495: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473:survived the 1472: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1428:stable master 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1354: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1303: 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(2006). 2830:12 October 2795:12 October 2433:References 2318:See also: 2189:newspapers 1953:–Max Weber 1896:centralism 1827:Jack Welch 1655:absolutist 1615:Asantehene 1590:ministries 1551:chinovniki 1503:provincial 1479:legitimacy 1403:Aq Qoyunlu 1285:Lactantius 1281:Diocletian 1273:proconsuls 1205:Emperor Wu 1104:management 1057:bureaucrat 1038:economist 1020:management 901:efficiency 684:Philosophy 679:Definition 566:Governance 556:Government 551:Federalism 152:City-state 8187:Max Weber 7828:Leviathan 7808:Monarchia 7802:(c. 1274) 7637:Oakeshott 7582:Mansfield 7577:Luxemburg 7562:Kropotkin 7457:Bernstein 7410:centuries 7324:Nietzsche 7267:Jefferson 7195:Condorcet 7143:centuries 7122:Pufendorf 6987:Marsilius 6874:Confucius 6859:Aristotle 6852:Antiquity 6780:Noble lie 6700:Third Way 6695:Socialism 6620:Feudalism 6575:Communism 6555:Anarchism 6534:Theocracy 6519:Oligarchy 6499:Democracy 6484:Autocracy 6398:Pluralism 6383:Obedience 6348:Hierarchy 6308:Authority 6249:See also: 6188:Sri Lanka 6183:Singapore 6116:Hong Kong 6091:Australia 5848:Judiciary 5843:Executive 5818:The bench 5755:Solicitor 5730:Barrister 5610:Sociology 5595:Pseudolaw 5535:Anarchist 5492:Roman law 5480:Parsi law 5465:Hindu law 5453:Canon law 5428:Civil law 5381:Concordat 5272:Precedent 5181:Trust law 5156:Space law 4993:Drugs law 4863:Procedure 4801:Civil law 4419:cite book 4304:0010-4140 4164:18 August 3919:Karl Marx 3477:. Wiley. 2926:Compare: 2881:154833892 2543:246605188 2535:1094-2939 2444:Compare: 2372:Authority 2362:Adhocracy 2305:process). 2116:'s essay 2065:iron cage 2026:emergence 1980:forms of 1960:Max Weber 1942:Max Weber 1872:corporate 1844:Karl Marx 1839:Karl Marx 1778:Max Weber 1774:Karl Marx 1717:Confucian 1713:despotism 1668:Guangzhou 1659:Exchequer 1557:чиновники 1522:judiciary 1491:; sing., 1471:autocracy 1387:July 2024 1306:Byzantine 1260:reforms, 1209:Confucius 1193:Confucius 1108:adhocracy 1073:The word 1031:Max Weber 919:The term 909:iron cage 896:Max Weber 877:societies 741:Normative 546:Unitarism 534:Elections 522:Subseries 451:Judiciary 446:Executive 349:Adhocracy 232:Theocracy 187:Feudalism 167:Democracy 8083:Centrism 7778:Politics 7768:Republic 7737:Voegelin 7717:Spengler 7702:Shariati 7677:Rothbard 7632:Nussbaum 7532:Habermas 7507:Fukuyama 7497:Foucault 7422:Ambedkar 7399:Voltaire 7369:de Staël 7344:Rousseau 7225:Franklin 7200:Constant 7160:Beccaria 6992:Muhammad 6972:Gelasius 6957:Averroes 6931:Xenophon 6911:Polybius 6864:Chanakya 6709:Concepts 6675:Populism 6645:Localism 6630:Islamism 6615:Feminism 6514:Monarchy 6418:Property 6408:Progress 6373:Monopoly 6343:Hegemony 6173:Pakistan 6158:Malaysia 6060:Diplomat 6019:Concepts 5955:Category 5897:Tribunal 5882:Military 5725:Attorney 5695:Judgment 5555:Feminist 5470:Jain law 5267:Case law 4988:Cyberlaw 4895:Corporal 4873:Criminal 4843:Evidence 4833:Doctrine 4811:Contract 4694:On Weber 4525:(2018). 4411:55877281 4261:24 March 4227:22 March 4179:Behoerde 4072:22 March 4005:(1861). 3921:(1970). 3850:13 March 3819:BBC News 3785:(1984). 3549:. 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the 1379:See why 1224:In the 1157:scribes 1123:Ancient 1118:History 1062:epithet 859:-rə-see 689:History 579:Culture 489:Country 147:Anarchy 61:Outline 7982:(1992) 7972:(1971) 7962:(1951) 7952:(1945) 7942:(1944) 7932:(1929) 7922:(1859) 7912:(1848) 7892:(1820) 7882:(1791) 7872:(1790) 7862:(1762) 7852:(1748) 7842:(1689) 7832:(1651) 7822:(1532) 7812:(1313) 7742:Walzer 7732:Taylor 7687:Sartre 7652:Popper 7647:Pareto 7642:Ortega 7627:Nozick 7617:Mouffe 7567:Laclau 7527:Guénon 7512:Gandhi 7452:Berlin 7442:Bauman 7437:Badiou 7427:Arendt 7394:Tucker 7284:Le Bon 7245:Herder 7235:Haller 7230:Godwin 7215:Fichte 7210:Engels 7205:Cortés 7175:Bonald 7132:Suárez 7107:Milton 7097:Luther 7070:Hobbes 7055:Filmer 7045:Calvin 7030:Boétie 7023:period 7002:Ockham 6869:Cicero 6670:Nazism 6458:Utopia 6433:Rights 6423:Regime 6393:People 6378:Nation 6178:Russia 6133:Greece 6123:France 6106:Canada 6101:Brazil 5887:Police 5858:Agency 5740:Lawyer 5485:Sharia 5376:Treaty 5371:Repeal 5317:Decree 5228:Custom 5124:Estate 5074:Labour 4838:Equity 4727: 4709: 4686: 4670: 4656: 4603:online 4593:online 4583:online 4533: 4456: 4446: 4409: 4399: 4378: 4343: 4333: 4302: 4252: 4218: 4155: 4117: 4111:172–76 4063: 4034: 3985: 3958: 3901: 3797: 3767:26 May 3758: 3703: 3667: 3642: 3591: 3553:9 July 3481: 3432:30 May 3349: 3296:26 May 3215: 3190: 3168:world. 3152: 3128: 2981:600648 2979: 2912: 2902: 2879: 2765:26 May 2756: 2696: 2643:26 May 2612: 2575: 2541: 2533: 2480:26 May 2453:26 May 2326:, and 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2176: 1936:Europe 1930:, the 1699:France 1682:, the 1605:, and 1599:French 1586:Kumasi 1520:, the 1494:prikaz 1465:Russia 1448:sayyid 1317:Persia 1312:Modern 1291:250 – 1197:ritual 962:kratos 956:κράτος 948:office 930:bureau 883:, and 539:voting 481:Polity 379:Policy 358:Public 272:theory 8131:Index 7760:Works 7747:Weber 7712:Spann 7707:Sorel 7672:Röpke 7667:Rawls 7622:Negri 7612:Mosca 7607:Mises 7572:Lenin 7542:Hoppe 7537:Hayek 7502:Fromm 7492:Evola 7482:Dugin 7379:Taine 7359:Smith 7339:Renan 7334:Paine 7255:Iqbal 7240:Hegel 7190:Comte 7180:Burke 7092:Locke 7082:James 7035:Bodin 6967:Dante 6962:Bruni 6916:Shang 6899:Plato 6453:State 6403:Power 6388:Peace 6323:Elite 6301:Terms 6153:Japan 6148:Italy 6138:India 6111:China 5962:Index 5828:Court 5772:Trial 5678:Judge 5519:Yassa 5322:Edict 4868:Civil 4821:Crime 3699:–43. 3451:(PDF) 2977:JSTOR 2910:JSTOR 2877:S2CID 2664:(PDF) 2539:S2CID 2210:JSTOR 2196:books 1860:Hegel 1607:Arabs 1603:Dutch 1530:Tsars 1483:boyar 1436:ulama 1409:divan 1176:China 1159:used 1153:Sumer 885:clubs 855:bure- 769:Legal 562:forms 485:State 362:Civil 66:Index 7662:Rand 7657:Qutb 7557:Kirk 7432:Aron 7349:Sade 7329:Owen 7314:Mill 7304:Marx 7272:Kant 7250:Hume 7112:More 7012:Wang 6894:Mozi 6318:Duty 5710:Jury 5658:Fiqh 5514:Xeer 4912:Tort 4828:Deed 4725:ISBN 4707:ISBN 4684:ISBN 4668:ISBN 4654:ISBN 4531:ISBN 4509:2018 4483:2018 4454:OCLC 4444:ISBN 4425:link 4407:OCLC 4397:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4341:SSRN 4331:ISBN 4300:ISSN 4263:2011 4250:ISBN 4229:2011 4216:ISBN 4166:2024 4153:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4074:2011 4061:ISBN 4032:ISBN 4018:2012 3983:ISBN 3956:ISBN 3935:2012 3923:"3A" 3899:ISBN 3878:2010 3852:2014 3795:ISBN 3769:2013 3756:ISBN 3714:2013 3701:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3640:ISBN 3589:ISBN 3555:2003 3492:2013 3479:ISBN 3458:2012 3434:2020 3408:2016 3379:2016 3347:ISBN 3298:2013 3213:ISBN 3188:ISBN 3163:2013 3150:ISBN 3126:ISBN 3011:2017 2942:2014 2900:ISBN 2832:2012 2797:2012 2767:2013 2754:ISBN 2728:2014 2694:ISBN 2645:2013 2610:ISBN 2586:2011 2573:ISBN 2531:ISSN 2482:2013 2455:2013 2182:news 2036:and 1898:and 1820:and 1803:and 1793:and 1772:and 1563:chin 1512:The 1457:The 1442:The 1343:lang 1258:Song 1064:, a 1044:Nazi 975:or ' 970:rule 965:) – 938:desk 827:ʊəˈr 771:and 7727:Sun 7587:Mao 6463:War 6358:Law 4782:Law 4323:doi 4290:doi 3339:doi 3237:or 2969:doi 2869:doi 2521:doi 2165:by 2059:of 1569:чин 1363:IPA 1234:shi 1174:In 1026:. 943:or 656:Law 8168:: 6053:/ 5216:/ 4731:. 4545:^ 4499:. 4474:. 4452:. 4421:}} 4417:{{ 4405:. 4339:. 4329:. 4298:. 4286:53 4284:. 4280:. 4200:^ 4168:. 4113:. 4091:^ 4059:. 4057:52 4009:. 3925:. 3817:. 3722:^ 3697:40 3679:^ 3624:^ 3616:92 3545:. 3500:^ 3425:. 3399:. 3381:. 3369:. 3345:. 3315:. 3274:. 3270:. 3165:. 3001:. 2997:. 2975:. 2965:92 2963:. 2944:. 2908:. 2875:. 2863:. 2805:^ 2775:^ 2736:^ 2721:35 2666:, 2635:. 2624:^ 2616:, 2604:, 2594:^ 2551:^ 2537:. 2529:. 2517:25 2515:. 2511:. 2499:^ 2457:. 2322:, 2112:, 2075:. 2048:. 1970:, 1858:, 1621:. 1601:, 1597:, 1509:. 1348:, 1293:c. 1289:c. 1149:c. 1114:. 933:– 887:. 879:, 875:, 857:OK 852:; 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