397:
366:
660:"The term 靑丘 (Kor. Ch’ŏnggu) meaning ‘green hills’ is a historic, poetic reference to Korea...The phrase was used by the Chinese in ancient times to refer to Korea. A Chinese legend states that a meteor called Ch’ŏnggu fell to earth on the Korean peninsula. The character ch’ŏng represents the direction ‘east’ and the character ku/gu means ‘earth’ or ‘land’."
494:, the same shrine built by the Hata clan and one of the most influential shrines to officially celebrate the god Inari, also stated that the fox deity was most likely not of Japanese origin and had most likely arrived in Japan from the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula. It states that during the
273:
or just above the Korean peninsula. Judging by the nuance of the records, it can also be deduced that
Cheonggu was not part of China's jurisdiction and was not part of the sino-centric sphere. Some historians have suggested
396:
533:
A Taoist scholar Luo
Gongyuan stated that he had not killed a fox spirit disguised as an individual named "Liu Cheng" and he exorcised the spirit to Silla. The people of Silla still worship the spirit to this
502:. This sentiment was later carried over to the Japanese archipelago by the Hata clan and other immigrant clans which arrived in Japan in the earlier centuries and was given the name "稲荷 (いなり)" in
354:, much of the routes taken by the Tang forces were through the Yellow sea into the inner Korean peninsula, therefore, it can be deduced that the "Way to Cheonggu" meant this certain vicinity.
278:(known as simply Joseon in ancient records) as the location of Cheonggu. However, the name of Joseon was introduced separately in the same record and may be considered as a different area.
269:. Due to the mentioning of it being located in the east of China and above Silla (Gunja), many modern historians suggest that the exact location of Cheonggu to be somewhere in lower
373:
Koreans widely used the name "Cheonggu" as part of their identity throughout their history as evident in many of their records recording the peninsula under
Cheonggu.
164:
The origin of the name is unknown with many historians speculating that the letter "Cheong (靑)" meaning "azure" or "clear" often alluded to the cardinal direction,
569:
By cross-referencing
Chinese, Korean and Japanese records, it can be deduced that the Korean peninsula was a place where people worshiped foxes as deities due to
257:
claims that
Cheonggu was located to the north of "Gunja country (君子國)" meaning "country of the enlightened", a name given by the Chinese to the area of
670:
479:, of general prosperity and worldly success, is believed to have been introduced first in the late fifth century suggested by scholars such as
795:
498:
period, foxes were widely celebrated as gods and were deified as protectors of agriculture and prosperity due to the influence of
800:
573:
and later, Buddhist influence. Hence, why foxes are heavily associated with
Cheonggu and other Korean kingdoms such as Silla.
616:
131:
78:
527:
encountered a fox spirit that he exorcised to Silla, and instead of killing it, the people of Silla worshiped said spirit.
693:
595:
324:
general named "Niu Jinda (牛進達)" was given leadership of the
Chinese navy for the "Way to Cheonggu (青丘道)" when it declared
708:
It should also be noted that the Korean peninsula was very mountainous and was not part of the
Chinese sinocentricism.
281:
On the other hand, several sources allude to the inner Korean peninsula as the location of
Cheonggu as evident in the
168:
with "Gu (丘)" meaning "hills" or "land". Therefore, the name would have most likely meant "Azure Land" in the east of
299:, a fierce look that was popularized in Cheonggu (Korean peninsula) and intellect that intimidated even the Chinese
790:
384:
550:
that was created during the Silla period also euphemizes foxes as mystical beings that represent great beauty.
430:
The story of fox spirits being worshiped by the inhabitants of
Cheonggu might draw connections to Japan as the
357:
Though much of the sources point to an area near the Korean peninsula, the exact location is yet to be found.
785:
495:
376:
The name became a prevalent placename that alluded to the general term for the peninsula. In maps like the "
329:
153:
561:
547:
351:
325:
92:
338:
Niu Jinda was given the position of naval leader of the Way to Cheonggu for the battle against Goguryeo.
191:
491:
389:
651:
484:
480:
377:
476:
365:
300:
292:
634:
Grayson, J. H. (2016). "Son Chint'ae and the Foundations of Modern Korean Folklore Studies".
643:
570:
510:
456:
405:
343:
317:
246:
204:
145:
556:
Foxes turn themselves into beautiful women. Leopard cats turn themselves into handsome men.
539:
519:
111:
436:
421:
241:
The foreign Land of Blue Hills (Cheonggu) lies to the east outside the nation (China).
214:
The Land of Blue Hills (Cheonggu) lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the
779:
655:
409:
199:
688:
524:
321:
296:
266:
262:
647:
590:
472:
308:
282:
231:
215:
195:
182:
68:
64:
46:
611:
295:) had the patience of several mountains, accomplishments that could reach the
223:
444:
425:
270:
499:
275:
149:
508:
which means "carrying rice", (literally "rice load") first found in the
452:
443:
is believed to be a foreign god thought to have been introduced by the
17:
83:
440:
208:
also notes that Cheonggu lies in the east of China as a foreign land.
38:
380:(청구도) " include the term to represent the land they were depicting.
504:
448:
395:
364:
258:
169:
121:
56:
736:
468:
460:
432:
289:公大祖{太祖}<中牟王>，积德比{北}山，立切{功}南海，威风振于<靑丘>，仁敎被于<玄>。
219:
165:
412:
etc. all sharing the same characters of the ancient placename.
464:
404:
In modern Korea, Cheonggu is carried over to names such as
387:
where a newspaper was published under the same name called
180:
The first ever mention of the name "Cheonggu" is found in
531:羅公遠上前報告說，“這是天狐，不能殺，應該把它流放到東方去。”于是就寫符把它流放到新羅。於是就寫符把它流放到新羅。
97:
144:
in Chinese, was a name given by ancient China to the
135:
760:(ed. Hiroji Naoe). Tokyo: Yūzankaku Shuppan, 1983.
91:
77:
55:
37:
483:as the name "Inari" does not appear in classical
629:
627:
369:Cheonggudo, a map of the Korean peninsula (1834)
552:
529:
334:
287:
237:
210:
523:states that a Taoist scholar, Luo Gongyuan of
8:
316:Another evidence within the Chinese record,
125:
115:
62:
44:
336:左武衛大將軍牛進達為青丘道行軍大總管，李世勣為遼東道行軍大總管，率三總管兵以伐高麗。
756:Higo, Kazuo. "Inari Shinkō no Hajime".
224:foxes that have four legs and nine tails
752:
750:
582:
722:(in Korean). 서울: 혜안. pp. 185~242.
598:Original text: 又东三百里，曰青丘之山，其阳多玉，其阴多青藤。
29:
7:
731:
729:
451:. The kami, a deity that looks over
25:
696:Original text: 朝鮮在列陽東，海北山南。列陽屬燕。
263:enlightenment in Chinese culture
617:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
154:Three Kingdoms period of Korea
126:
116:
63:
45:
1:
694:Classic of Mountains and Seas
648:10.1080/0015587X.2017.1388020
596:Classic of Mountains and Seas
416:Possible connections to Japan
188:Classic of Mountains and Seas
385:Japanese annexation of Korea
383:It was also used during the
136:
98:
84:
817:
419:
320:mentions Cheonggu where a
32:
517:A Chinese record called
253:Another record found in
27:Chinese exonym for Korea
801:Historiography of Korea
564:, 古意, excerpt from poem
330:Emperor Taizong of Tang
567:
544:
401:
370:
348:
314:
251:
236:
796:China–Korea relations
737:"「おいなりさん物語」 ~伏見稲荷大社~"
399:
368:
212:靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。
192:Warring States period
190:), compiled from the
741:Fushimi Inari Taisha
492:Fushimi Inari-taisha
79:Revised Romanization
328:during the rule of
140:) also rendered as
571:native shamanistic
485:Japanese mythology
402:
371:
350:As evident in the
267:Confucius ideology
352:Goguryeo–Tang War
301:Xuantu Commandery
293:Chumo of Goguryeo
265:, an allusion to
105:
104:
93:McCune–Reischauer
16:(Redirected from
808:
791:History of China
770:
767:
761:
754:
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733:
724:
723:
715:
709:
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679:
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661:
659:
631:
622:
621:
608:
602:
601:
587:
565:
542:
406:Cheonggu station
400:Cheonggu station
346:
344:New Book of Tang
318:New Book of Tang
312:
249:
234:
146:Korean peninsula
139:
129:
128:
119:
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101:
87:
72:
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50:
49:
30:
21:
816:
815:
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540:Taiping Guangji
538:
532:
520:Taiping Guangji
428:
420:Main articles:
418:
363:
347:
342:
337:
326:war on Goguryeo
313:
311:(Book of Silla)
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290:
250:
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178:
162:
150:Gojoseon period
73:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
814:
812:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Names of Korea
778:
777:
772:
771:
762:
746:
743:(in Japanese).
725:
718:Lee, Sangtae.
710:
701:
680:
662:
623:
603:
581:
580:
578:
575:
562:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
558:
548:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
536:
496:Three Kingdoms
417:
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390:Ch'ŏnggu Sinbo
362:
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103:
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35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
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2:
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554:狐能化美女。 狸亦作書生。
551:
549:
541:
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528:
526:
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521:
515:
513:
512:
511:Ruijū Kokushi
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490:In addition,
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466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
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410:Cheonggu-dong
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291:King Jungmo (
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247:Lüshi Chunqiu
242:
233:
227:
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217:
209:
207:
206:
205:Lüshi Chunqiu
201:
200:ancient China
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66:
60:
58:
54:
48:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
765:
758:Inari Shinkō
757:
740:
720:《한국 고지도 발달사》
719:
713:
704:
692:
683:
674:
671:"國中歷史 - 君子國"
665:
639:
635:
620:(in Korean).
615:
606:
594:
585:
568:
553:
545:
530:
525:Tang dynasty
518:
516:
509:
503:
489:
431:
429:
403:
388:
382:
375:
372:
356:
349:
335:
322:Tang dynasty
315:
288:
280:
254:
252:
239:亦有青丘國在海外水經云。
238:
222:and worship
211:
203:
187:
181:
179:
163:
141:
107:
106:
642:(1): 1–17.
514:in 892 AD.
473:agriculture
422:Inari Ōkami
309:Samguk Sagi
297:Namhae seas
283:Samguk Sagi
261:due to its
255:Shanhaijing
232:Shanhaijing
216:Five Grains
196:Western Han
183:Shanhaijing
148:during the
134::
124::
114::
780:Categories
577:References
546:A poem by
481:Kazuo Higo
378:Cheonggudo
198:period of
39:Chosŏn'gŭl
769:Smyers 16
677:(in Twi).
656:166128926
457:fertility
445:Hata clan
441:Shintoism
426:Hata clan
271:Manchuria
160:Etymology
636:Folklore
612:"청구(靑丘)"
559:—
537:—
500:Buddhism
477:industry
341:—
306:—
276:Gojoseon
244:—
229:—
137:Cheonggu
108:Cheonggu
99:Ch'ŏnggu
85:Cheonggu
33:Cheonggu
218:, wear
194:to the
176:History
152:to the
142:Qingqiu
18:Qingqiu
689:"海內北經"
675:翰林雲端學院
654:
361:Legacy
130:;
127:靑丘, 靑邱
120:;
112:Korean
57:Hancha
652:S2CID
591:"南山經"
505:kanji
471:, of
453:foxes
449:Silla
437:Inari
259:Silla
170:China
122:Hanja
534:day.
475:and
469:sake
467:and
461:rice
433:kami
424:and
220:silk
166:east
644:doi
640:129
465:tea
447:of
439:of
782::
749:^
739:.
728:^
691:.
673:.
650:.
638:.
626:^
614:.
593:.
487:.
463:,
459:,
455:,
408:,
332:.
285:.
202:.
172:.
156:.
132:RR
117:청구
69:靑邱
67:,
65:靑丘
47:청구
698:.
658:.
646::
600:.
392:.
303:.
226:.
186:(
110:(
20:)
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