386:
355:
649:"The term 靑丘 (Kor. Ch’ŏnggu) meaning ‘green hills’ is a historic, poetic reference to Korea...The phrase was used by the Chinese in ancient times to refer to Korea. A Chinese legend states that a meteor called Ch’ŏnggu fell to earth on the Korean peninsula. The character ch’ŏng represents the direction ‘east’ and the character ku/gu means ‘earth’ or ‘land’."
483:, the same shrine built by the Hata clan and one of the most influential shrines to officially celebrate the god Inari, also stated that the fox deity was most likely not of Japanese origin and had most likely arrived in Japan from the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula. It states that during the
262:
or just above the Korean peninsula. Judging by the nuance of the records, it can also be deduced that
Cheonggu was not part of China's jurisdiction and was not part of the sino-centric sphere. Some historians have suggested
385:
522:
A Taoist scholar Luo
Gongyuan stated that he had not killed a fox spirit disguised as an individual named "Liu Cheng" and he exorcised the spirit to Silla. The people of Silla still worship the spirit to this
491:. This sentiment was later carried over to the Japanese archipelago by the Hata clan and other immigrant clans which arrived in Japan in the earlier centuries and was given the name "稲荷 (いなり)" in
343:, much of the routes taken by the Tang forces were through the Yellow sea into the inner Korean peninsula, therefore, it can be deduced that the "Way to Cheonggu" meant this certain vicinity.
267:(known as simply Joseon in ancient records) as the location of Cheonggu. However, the name of Joseon was introduced separately in the same record and may be considered as a different area.
258:. Due to the mentioning of it being located in the east of China and above Silla (Gunja), many modern historians suggest that the exact location of Cheonggu to be somewhere in lower
362:
Koreans widely used the name "Cheonggu" as part of their identity throughout their history as evident in many of their records recording the peninsula under
Cheonggu.
153:
The origin of the name is unknown with many historians speculating that the letter "Cheong (靑)" meaning "azure" or "clear" often alluded to the cardinal direction,
558:
By cross-referencing
Chinese, Korean and Japanese records, it can be deduced that the Korean peninsula was a place where people worshiped foxes as deities due to
246:
claims that
Cheonggu was located to the north of "Gunja country (君子國)" meaning "country of the enlightened", a name given by the Chinese to the area of
659:
468:, of general prosperity and worldly success, is believed to have been introduced first in the late fifth century suggested by scholars such as
784:
487:
period, foxes were widely celebrated as gods and were deified as protectors of agriculture and prosperity due to the influence of
789:
562:
and later, Buddhist influence. Hence, why foxes are heavily associated with
Cheonggu and other Korean kingdoms such as Silla.
605:
120:
67:
516:
encountered a fox spirit that he exorcised to Silla, and instead of killing it, the people of Silla worshiped said spirit.
682:
584:
313:
general named "Niu Jinda (牛進達)" was given leadership of the
Chinese navy for the "Way to Cheonggu (青丘道)" when it declared
697:
It should also be noted that the Korean peninsula was very mountainous and was not part of the
Chinese sinocentricism.
270:
On the other hand, several sources allude to the inner Korean peninsula as the location of
Cheonggu as evident in the
157:
with "Gu (丘)" meaning "hills" or "land". Therefore, the name would have most likely meant "Azure Land" in the east of
288:, a fierce look that was popularized in Cheonggu (Korean peninsula) and intellect that intimidated even the Chinese
779:
373:
539:
that was created during the Silla period also euphemizes foxes as mystical beings that represent great beauty.
419:
The story of fox spirits being worshiped by the inhabitants of
Cheonggu might draw connections to Japan as the
346:
Though much of the sources point to an area near the Korean peninsula, the exact location is yet to be found.
774:
484:
365:
The name became a prevalent placename that alluded to the general term for the peninsula. In maps like the "
318:
142:
550:
536:
340:
314:
81:
327:
Niu Jinda was given the position of naval leader of the Way to Cheonggu for the battle against Goguryeo.
180:
480:
378:
640:
473:
469:
366:
465:
354:
289:
281:
623:
Grayson, J. H. (2016). "Son Chint'ae and the Foundations of Modern Korean Folklore Studies".
632:
559:
499:
445:
394:
332:
306:
235:
193:
134:
545:
Foxes turn themselves into beautiful women. Leopard cats turn themselves into handsome men.
528:
508:
100:
425:
410:
230:
The foreign Land of Blue Hills (Cheonggu) lies to the east outside the nation (China).
203:
The Land of Blue Hills (Cheonggu) lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the
768:
644:
398:
188:
677:
513:
310:
285:
255:
251:
636:
579:
461:
297:
271:
220:
204:
184:
171:
57:
53:
35:
600:
284:) had the patience of several mountains, accomplishments that could reach the
212:
433:
414:
259:
488:
264:
138:
497:
which means "carrying rice", (literally "rice load") first found in the
441:
432:
is believed to be a foreign god thought to have been introduced by the
72:
429:
197:
also notes that Cheonggu lies in the east of China as a foreign land.
27:
369:(청구도) " include the term to represent the land they were depicting.
493:
437:
384:
353:
247:
158:
110:
45:
725:
457:
449:
421:
278:公大祖{太祖}<中牟王>，积德比{北}山，立切{功}南海，威风振于<靑丘>，仁敎被于<玄>。
208:
154:
401:
etc. all sharing the same characters of the ancient placename.
453:
393:
In modern Korea, Cheonggu is carried over to names such as
376:
where a newspaper was published under the same name called
169:
The first ever mention of the name "Cheonggu" is found in
520:羅公遠上前報告說，“這是天狐，不能殺，應該把它流放到東方去。”于是就寫符把它流放到新羅。於是就寫符把它流放到新羅。
86:
133:
in Chinese, was a name given by ancient China to the
124:
749:(ed. Hiroji Naoe). Tokyo: Yūzankaku Shuppan, 1983.
80:
66:
44:
26:
472:as the name "Inari" does not appear in classical
618:
616:
358:Cheonggudo, a map of the Korean peninsula (1834)
541:
518:
323:
276:
226:
199:
512:states that a Taoist scholar, Luo Gongyuan of
8:
305:Another evidence within the Chinese record,
114:
104:
51:
33:
325:左武衛大將軍牛進達為青丘道行軍大總管，李世勣為遼東道行軍大總管，率三總管兵以伐高麗。
745:Higo, Kazuo. "Inari Shinkō no Hajime".
213:foxes that have four legs and nine tails
741:
739:
571:
711:(in Korean). 서울: 혜안. pp. 185~242.
587:Original text: 又东三百里，曰青丘之山，其阳多玉，其阴多青藤。
18:
7:
720:
718:
440:. The kami, a deity that looks over
14:
685:Original text: 朝鮮在列陽東，海北山南。列陽屬燕。
252:enlightenment in Chinese culture
606:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
143:Three Kingdoms period of Korea
115:
105:
52:
34:
1:
683:Classic of Mountains and Seas
637:10.1080/0015587X.2017.1388020
585:Classic of Mountains and Seas
405:Possible connections to Japan
177:Classic of Mountains and Seas
374:Japanese annexation of Korea
372:It was also used during the
125:
87:
73:
806:
408:
309:mentions Cheonggu where a
21:
506:A Chinese record called
242:Another record found in
16:Chinese exonym for Korea
790:Historiography of Korea
553:, 古意, excerpt from poem
319:Emperor Taizong of Tang
556:
533:
390:
359:
337:
303:
240:
225:
785:China–Korea relations
726:"「おいなりさん物語」 ~伏見稲荷大社~"
388:
357:
201:靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。
181:Warring States period
179:), compiled from the
730:Fushimi Inari Taisha
481:Fushimi Inari-taisha
68:Revised Romanization
317:during the rule of
129:) also rendered as
560:native shamanistic
474:Japanese mythology
391:
360:
339:As evident in the
256:Confucius ideology
341:Goguryeo–Tang War
290:Xuantu Commandery
282:Chumo of Goguryeo
254:, an allusion to
94:
93:
82:McCune–Reischauer
797:
780:History of China
759:
756:
750:
743:
734:
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713:
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704:
698:
695:
689:
688:
674:
668:
667:
656:
650:
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620:
611:
610:
597:
591:
590:
576:
554:
531:
395:Cheonggu station
389:Cheonggu station
335:
333:New Book of Tang
307:New Book of Tang
301:
238:
223:
135:Korean peninsula
128:
118:
117:
108:
107:
90:
76:
61:
60:
39:
38:
19:
805:
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532:
529:Taiping Guangji
527:
521:
509:Taiping Guangji
417:
409:Main articles:
407:
352:
336:
331:
326:
315:war on Goguryeo
302:
300:(Book of Silla)
296:
279:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
202:
167:
151:
139:Gojoseon period
62:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
803:
801:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
775:Names of Korea
767:
766:
761:
760:
751:
735:
732:(in Japanese).
714:
707:Lee, Sangtae.
699:
690:
669:
651:
612:
592:
570:
569:
567:
564:
551:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
547:
537:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
525:
485:Three Kingdoms
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379:Ch'ŏnggu Sinbo
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24:
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4:
3:
2:
802:
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552:
546:
543:狐能化美女。 狸亦作書生。
540:
538:
530:
524:
517:
515:
511:
510:
504:
502:
501:
500:Ruijū Kokushi
496:
495:
490:
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482:
479:In addition,
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467:
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451:
447:
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439:
435:
431:
427:
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399:Cheonggu-dong
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280:King Jungmo (
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236:Lüshi Chunqiu
231:
222:
216:
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194:Lüshi Chunqiu
190:
189:ancient China
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71:
69:
65:
59:
55:
49:
47:
43:
37:
31:
29:
25:
20:
754:
747:Inari Shinkō
746:
729:
709:《한국 고지도 발달사》
708:
702:
693:
681:
672:
663:
660:"國中歷史 - 君子國"
654:
628:
624:
609:(in Korean).
604:
595:
583:
574:
557:
542:
534:
519:
514:Tang dynasty
507:
505:
498:
492:
478:
420:
418:
392:
377:
371:
364:
361:
345:
338:
324:
311:Tang dynasty
304:
277:
269:
243:
241:
228:亦有青丘國在海外水經云。
227:
211:and worship
200:
192:
176:
170:
168:
152:
130:
96:
95:
631:(1): 1–17.
503:in 892 AD.
462:agriculture
411:Inari Ōkami
298:Samguk Sagi
286:Namhae seas
272:Samguk Sagi
250:due to its
244:Shanhaijing
221:Shanhaijing
205:Five Grains
185:Western Han
172:Shanhaijing
137:during the
123::
113::
103::
769:Categories
566:References
535:A poem by
470:Kazuo Higo
367:Cheonggudo
187:period of
28:Chosŏn'gŭl
758:Smyers 16
666:(in Twi).
645:166128926
446:fertility
434:Hata clan
430:Shintoism
415:Hata clan
260:Manchuria
149:Etymology
625:Folklore
601:"청구(靑丘)"
548:—
526:—
489:Buddhism
466:industry
330:—
295:—
265:Gojoseon
233:—
218:—
126:Cheonggu
97:Cheonggu
88:Ch'ŏnggu
74:Cheonggu
22:Cheonggu
207:, wear
183:to the
165:History
141:to the
131:Qingqiu
678:"海內北經"
664:翰林雲端學院
643:
350:Legacy
119:;
116:靑丘, 靑邱
109:;
101:Korean
46:Hancha
641:S2CID
580:"南山經"
494:kanji
460:, of
442:foxes
438:Silla
426:Inari
248:Silla
159:China
111:Hanja
523:day.
464:and
458:sake
456:and
450:rice
422:kami
413:and
209:silk
155:east
633:doi
629:129
454:tea
436:of
428:of
771::
738:^
728:.
717:^
680:.
662:.
639:.
627:.
615:^
603:.
582:.
476:.
452:,
448:,
444:,
397:,
321:.
274:.
191:.
161:.
145:.
121:RR
106:청구
58:靑邱
56:,
54:靑丘
36:청구
687:.
647:.
635::
589:.
381:.
292:.
215:.
175:(
99:(
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