1971:
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was probably overrun by
Calakmul due to its alliance with Tikal and its influence over the trade route to the Caribbean. The site was resettled during the Late Classic; this was probably overseen by Kinal. The population was concentrated in the residential areas and there was little new construction. Ceramic finds at Río Azul demonstrate that Maya trade routes still ran through the city in the 9th century, however the city was completely abandoned by AD 880.
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reinhabited during the Late
Classic, with the general repopulation of Río Azul and the group is estimated to have housed some 2500 people between the AD 692 and 830. The total area covered by the group is estimated to be 7 to 8 square kilometres (2.7 to 3.1 sq mi), of which mapping and test excavations covered just 0.8 square kilometres (0.31 sq mi). In the mapped area, archaeologists recorded 275 structures and 30
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event that quickly eliminated elite Maya culture in the region. Stela 1 faces west and has a total height of 5.4 metres (18 ft) including the 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) buried portion of the shaft; it measures 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) wide by 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) thick. The monument is sculpted on three sides and has traces of red paint.
442:
travelled to Río Azul in 1981 to follow up rumours of the looting and document the damage; as a result of his survey the
Guatemalan government stationed custodians at the site. Richard Adams started formal investigations of Río Azul in 1983, beginning the five-year Río Azul Project, which finished in
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The city underwent a pronounced decline in the 6th century, towards the end of the Early
Classic, and it may even have been abandoned at this time. This period corresponds to a period of conflict between Tikal and Calakmul during which there is evidence of deliberate destruction at Río Azul. The city
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The ruins were discovered in 1962 by
Trinidad Pech; soon after their discovery a number of elite tombs were plundered by looters. The looters dug large trenches cutting through the most important temples; at the height of the looting in the late 1970s as many as 80 workers were employed, funded by a
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dates to the Late
Classic and includes a hieroglyphic text that mentions an elite visitor from La Milpa, at a time when Río Azul was long past its peak. It was found associated with Structure B-XI and faces south. It measures 3.3 metres (11 ft) high including the buried portion, which measures
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The BA-20 Group is situated a few kilometers to the northeast of the site core and includes four platforms dating to the Late
Preclassic. The group was already abandoned by the time Río Azul reached its maximum extent; no Early Classic remains have been found in the vicinity of BA-20. The group was
391:
Río Azul was first settled in the Middle
Preclassic (c. 1000–350 BC) around 900 BC and underwent a period of notable expansion during the Late Preclassic, at which time a number of monumental temples were built. These have been dated to around 500 BC. In the Preclassic the population was spread out
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The city reached its maximum population during between AD 390 and 540, when it had about 3500 inhabitants. The ruling elite lived in palace complexes within the site core; their households consisted of extended families with their servants. The population was concentrated almost entirely within the
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was found intact; it contained fine textiles and
Teotihuacan-influenced ceramics, including tripod cylinder vessels of a type common on the Gulf Coast and at Teotihuacan itself. Some of the ceramic vessels were found to contain traces of cacao and one of them was decorated with a hieroglyphic text
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obligations to their overlords. The unusual highly nucleated population pattern has been attributed to Río Azul's status as a frontier fortress. During the site's Late
Classic resurgence the rural population density in the once-peripheral BA-20 group reached approximately 300/km (777/square mile).
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bedrock and the walls were painted red and black. A number of tomb chambers were uncovered under Structure A-3 by looters who removed most of the tomb contents. The chamber walls were painted with hieroglyphic texts. More than thirty tombs have been investigated by archaeologists at Río Azul, all
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dates to the Early Classic and was associated with Structure F1. It measures 3.2 metres (10 ft) high, with 2.3 metres (7.5 ft) of this above ground. The monument is 1.1 metres (3.6 ft) wide and 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) thick. It faces west and is sculpted on three faces. The stela
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was associated with Structure A-3. It is inscribed with a date equivalent to AD 392 and mentions one of Río Azul's kings. By the 9th century AD the stela had been enclosed within a shrine; the shrine was half filled with broken pottery around AD 850; this was symptomatic of a calamitous regional
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at Tikal. The military costume of Yax Nuun Ayiin I depicted on monuments at both Tikal and Río Azul, combined with a number of hieroglyphic texts, links the Tikal king with the political events at Río Azul at this time. Tikal's dominance over Río Azul at this time would have secured an important
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The ruins are situated immediately southeast of the Río Azul ("Blue River") upon a low ridge in the extreme northeast of the department of Petén. Río Azul is bounded on the eastern side by interconnected linear structures and by swamps. The southern boundary is formed by an artificially modified
421:, Tikal's great rival, which would have used the Hondo river for its own route to the sea. This incursion into Calakmul's sphere of influence provoked a period of fierce rivalry between the two powers that ultimately led to the downfall of Río Azul. During the Early Classic, the nearby site of
451:
The site covers an area of approximately 1.3 square kilometres (0.50 sq mi) and includes approximately 729 major structures dating from the 5th to 6th centuries AD; the densest concentration of substantial structures is clustered within the central 0.5 square kilometres
452:(0.19 sq mi) of the site core; the tallest temple stands 15 metres (49 ft) high. The principal architecture was erected under the supervision of the dynasty installed by Tikal and its Teotihuacan allies. Teotihuacan-influences architectural elements include the
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0.6 metres (2.0 ft). The monument is 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) wide and 0.6 metres (2.0 ft) thick and is sculpted on all four faces. It has traces of red and green pigments. The monument was dedicated in AD 690 and mentions the birth of a ruler of Río Azul in 661.
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still has traces of red paint. Stela 3 was already badly damaged when it was discovered in 1983. Although no hieroglyphic text survives on the monument, the position on the monument of a figure with the feet pointing to the left is typical of Early Classic monuments.
1109:
Adams, Richard E. W.; H. R. Robichaux; Fred Valdez Jr.; Brett A. Houk; Ruth Mathews (2005) . "Transformations, Periodicity, and Urban Development in the Three Rivers Region". In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
462:. Minor palaces and residential complexes were scattered amongst the major groups. Río Azul possesses nine major architectural groups in its site core, each including an elite residential complex and its associated funerary
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pigment and decorated with hieroglyphs. The hieroglyphic text in the tomb proclaimed the royal Tikal ancestry of its occupant. As the occupant's name is unknown, they are currently referred to with the designation
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of at least eight nobles are sculpted on a series of three circular altars dated to AD 385; this has been interpreted as the sacrifice of the local elite after a takeover by Tikal and its Teotihuacano allies. The
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dated to a period spanning a few centuries from the Late Preclassic to the Early Classic periods. Watery imagery is prominent in the royal tombs, linked to the descent of the deceased's soul into the underworld.
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was a large temple. Three inscribed altars dating to the Early Classic were found buried under it; they depicted scenes of human sacrifice. The temple was built during Río Azul's apogee between 390 and 530.
574:. The corpse of the deceased was positioned in the centre of the tomb with glyphs for each of the cardinal directions painted upon the corresponding walls, thus positioning him at the centre of the world.
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1227:
Christie, Jessica Joyce (2003). "The Tripartite Layout of Rooms in Maya Elite Residences: Symbolic Centering, Ritual Mediating, and Historical Governing". In Jessica Joyce Christie (ed.).
1970:
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The earliest major architecture dates to around 500 BC, in the Late Preclassic period (c. 350 BC – AD 250). In the late 4th century AD Río Azul was dominated by the city of
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city with a population density of 2,700 people/km (7,000 people/sq mi). Farmers and labourers made up 31% and 57% of the population respectively and were subject to
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Borowicz, James (2003). "Images of Power and the Power of Images: Early Classic Iconographic Programs of the Carved Monuments of Tikal". In Braswell, Geoffrey E. (ed.).
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is located under Structure A-3. It has walls painted with Maya script that includes mention of a person called Six Sky, his death or entombment in 450 and the Río Azul
328:, its great rival. The city was largely abandoned in the 6th century but saw a resurgence in the Late Classic (c. AD 600–900), probably as a result of repopulation by
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gully. The site is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north of the Late Classic ruins of Kinal, 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of the Early to Late Classic ruins of
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mask has been found to be inscribed with hieroglyphs naming the same king as is mentioned on Stela 1 together with a truncated version of the Río Azul emblem glyph.
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An individual nicknamed Six Sky by archaeologists was a prominent ruler of Río Azul in the early 5th century AD. It has been speculated that Six Sky was the son of
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Hammond, Norman; Tourtellot, Gair (2005) . "Out with a Whimper: La Milpa in the Terminal Classic". In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
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along the east bank of the river; in the Late Preclassic the population began to concentrate on the ridge, and this continued into the Early Classic period.
254:
1078:
Adams, Richard E.W. (2000). "Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
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identifying it specifically as a "cacao pot", and cacao residue has been found in a number of other vessels. Finds at Río Azul include a screw-top
1453:(2003). "Architectural Aspects of Interaction between Tikal and Teotihuacan during the Early Classic Period". In Braswell, Geoffrey E. (ed.).
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is believed to have been the tomb of a native of Teotihuacan. Like Tomb 19, it also contained Teotihuacan-style tripod cylinder vessels.
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was inserted into Structure C-1. Although it was looted it contains fine examples of elaborate Early Classic murals and includes a
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Between AD 692 and 830 the total population at Río Azul once again peaked at around 3500, with 2500 of these in the BA-20 zone.
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date of 8.19.1.9.13, equivalent to a date in September 417. The walls of the tomb were coated with plaster, painted a red
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Braswell, Geoffrey E. (2003). "Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction". In Braswell, Geoffrey E. (ed.).
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2007:
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The site is known for a number of ornate tombs, some of which are corbel-vaulted. The tombs were excavated out of the
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describing its function and naming its owner. The tomb's occupant is believed to have been a native of Teotihuacan.
492:. Almost all of the architecture within the group is domestic in nature and the likely food-storage function of the
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1380:(2000). "The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
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1327:. The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press.
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1596:(in Spanish). XXII (2008). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 1233–1245
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1673:(in Spanish). XXII (2008). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 418–430
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1365:(in Spanish). XIX (2005). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 729–738
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Valdez, Fred; Liwy Grazioso; Palma J. Buttles (2001). J.P. Laporte; A.C. Suasnávar; B. Arroyo (eds.).
345:, and 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Tikal. Río Azul's location ensured that it controlled a
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1992:
1751:(in Spanish). XIV (2000). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 93–97
1664:"Programa de intervención de las Tumbas 1 y 19 de Rio Azul, Primera etapa: Limpieza y estabilización"
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style. The main architectural groups of the site core were connected by a series of paved plazas and
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1728:(in Spanish). IV (1990). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 58–62
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Adams, Richard E. W. (March 1990). "Archaeological Research at the Lowland Maya City of Rio Azul".
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466:. The city possesses 39 formal courtyards with their associated architectural complexes. Three
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Grazioso Sierra, Liwy; Daniel Juárez Cossío (2009). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (eds.).
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1987. The project investigated and documented more than 125 looters' trenches and tunnels.
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1
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301:. Río Azul is situated to the southeast of the Azul river and its apogee dates to the
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Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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is mentioned in an inscription at Río Azul dated to AD 393, during the reign of king
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The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
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The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
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113:
73:
1741:
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Grazioso, Liwy; Fred Valdez; Norma García; Karen Pereira; Carmen Ramos (2006).
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supports the interpretation of the group as principally residential in nature.
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A number of ceramic pots have been recovered from Río Azul that were used for
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1356:"Río Azul vuelto a visitar: Nuevas investigaciones y orígenes Preclásicos"
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was dedicated around AD 840. This monument has been associated with the
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In the late 4th century AD Río Azul came to be dominated by the city of
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The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period
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The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
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The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
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The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction
459:
396:
329:
309:
1717:
Valdez, Fred (1992). J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. Brady (eds.).
472:(subterranean storage chambers) were found within the site core.
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Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach
529:
1767:
1587:"Paisajes cosmológicos Mayas: Las pinturas murales de Río Azul"
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1763:
1685:
Greenberg, J. (26 May 1984). "Ancient Maya Tomb Discovered".
1719:"G-103: Una estructura Preclásica Tardía en Río Azul, Petén"
1635:
Graham, Ian (April 1986). "Looters Rob Graves and History".
1235:. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press. pp.
993:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 327. Fitzsimmons 2009, p. 68.
16:
Mayan archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala
2816:
10th-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
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trade route to the Caribbean and would have challenged
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9th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
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Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
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Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
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Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
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Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
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Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala
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Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 326. Hammond 2000, p. 216.
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Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 326. Hammond 2000, p. 217.
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1693:(21). Society for Science & the Public: 326–327.
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Populated places established in the 10th century BC
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for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
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1641:. Vol. 169, no. 4. pp. 420–451.
1614:. Vol. 169, no. 4. pp. 452–461.
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1608:Adams, Richard E.W. (April 1986). "Río Azul".
1545:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
1054:(1). Society for American Archaeology: 23–41.
796:SharerTraxler 2006, p. 326. Adams 1990, p. 23.
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316:. Tikal used Río Azul to secure an important
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8:
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1742:"Orígenes y surgimiento de Río Azul, Petén"
1002:Fitzsimmons 2009, p. 68. Drew 1999, p. 202.
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859:Hammond and Tourtellot 2004, 2005, p. 298.
532:Maya by investigator Richard E. W. Adams.
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1011:Christie 2003, p. 292. Drew 1999, p. 294.
438:wealthy private collector. Archaeologist
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281:. It is the most important site in the
184:
161:
37:
1304:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire and New York:
353:, which was an important route to the
1269:The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings
922:Adams et al. 2004, 2005, pp. 337–339.
913:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 326–327.
7:
2806:Former populated places in Guatemala
312:and its great central Mexican ally
425:was probably subject to Río Azul.
14:
2801:Archaeological sites in Guatemala
1300:Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2011).
1969:
1325:Death and the Classic Maya Kings
966:Adams et al. 2004, 2005, p. 339.
945:Adams et al. 2004, 2005, p. 335.
850:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 376.
814:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 325.
726:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 327.
656:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 326.
222:
47:
2796:Maya sites in Petén Department
1585:; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (eds.).
1354:; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (eds.).
1323:Fitzsimmons, James L. (2009).
1:
957:Grazioso et al. 2006, p. 733.
936:Grazioso et al. 2006, p. 732.
868:Grazioso et al. 2006, p. 729.
832:Martin and Grube 2000, p. 30.
1421:University Press of Colorado
1120:University Press of Colorado
186:Spanish conquest of the Maya
599:. One of the pots includes
2842:
2736:
1386:Cambridge University Press
1084:Cambridge University Press
975:Estrada-Belli 2009, p. 64.
759:Hammond 2000, pp. 216–217.
293:, close to the borders of
18:
2734:
1967:
1581:Acuña, Mary Jane (2009).
1547:Stanford University Press
1537:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
1463:University of Texas Press
1275:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1198:University of Texas Press
1159:University of Texas Press
349:along a tributary of the
19:For names of rivers, see
1048:Latin American Antiquity
984:Fitzsimmons 2009, p. 68.
305:period (c. AD 250–600).
29:This article is part of
2767:17.779083°N 89.280000°W
1712:(subscription required)
1507:. London and New York:
1073:(subscription required)
886:Adams 1990, pp. 23, 25.
399:. Scenes depicting the
1020:Christie 2003, p. 292.
841:Borowicz 2003, p. 233.
283:Río Azul National Park
229:Mesoamerica portal
2772:17.779083; -89.280000
1811:Actun Tunichil Muknal
1032:Braswell 2003, p. 11.
904:Laporte 2003, p. 205.
750:Hammond 2000, p. 217.
700:Hammond 2000, p. 216.
684:Webster 2002, p. 289.
381:Siyaj Chan K'awiil II
177:Classic Maya collapse
1993:Altar de Sacrificios
1388:. pp. 197–249.
2763: /
1638:National Geographic
1611:National Geographic
1509:Thames & Hudson
1451:Laporte, Juan Pedro
383:, a king of Tikal.
272:archaeological site
877:Adams 1990, p. 23.
805:Adams 2000, p. 30.
787:Drew 1999, p. 202.
773:Adams 1990, p. 28.
672:Adams 1990, p. 25.
2746:
2745:
2739:Pre-Columbian era
2684:
2193:Motul de San José
1826:Barton Creek Cave
1535:Sharer, Robert J.
1384:. Cambridge, UK:
1334:978-0-292-71890-6
1315:978-0-415-42994-8
1086:. pp. 1–44.
1082:. Cambridge, UK:
279:Maya civilization
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40:Maya civilization
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2228:Punta de Chimino
1998:Arroyo de Piedra
1973:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1710:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1631:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1568:
1544:
1541:The Ancient Maya
1530:
1506:
1488:
1460:
1446:
1418:
1407:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1346:
1319:
1296:
1272:
1258:
1234:
1223:
1195:
1184:
1156:
1145:
1117:
1105:
1074:
1071:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
946:
943:
937:
934:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
785:
774:
771:
760:
757:
751:
748:
727:
724:
701:
698:
685:
682:
673:
670:
657:
654:
447:Site description
414:Yax Nuun Ayiin I
287:Petén Department
257:
250:
243:
227:
226:
225:
51:
41:
26:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2687:
2365:
2342:
1974:
1965:
1797:
1792:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1699:10.2307/3968813
1684:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1634:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1574:Further reading
1571:
1557:
1533:
1519:
1491:
1477:
1449:
1435:
1410:
1396:
1378:Hammond, Norman
1376:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1349:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1299:
1285:
1261:
1247:
1226:
1212:
1187:
1173:
1148:
1134:
1108:
1094:
1077:
1072:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
949:
944:
940:
935:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
777:
772:
763:
758:
754:
749:
730:
725:
704:
699:
688:
683:
676:
671:
660:
655:
624:
620:
593:
538:
502:
485:
449:
435:
389:
377:
363:
338:
261:
223:
221:
214:
172:Preclassic Maya
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Plan de Ayutla
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Piedras Negras
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Marco Gonzalez
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1737:
1714:
1682:
1659:
1632:
1605:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1555:
1531:
1517:
1489:
1475:
1447:
1433:
1408:
1394:
1374:
1347:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1297:
1283:
1259:
1245:
1224:
1210:
1185:
1171:
1146:
1132:
1106:
1092:
1075:
1060:10.2307/971708
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
947:
938:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
775:
761:
752:
728:
702:
686:
674:
658:
621:
619:
616:
592:
589:
537:
534:
501:
498:
484:
481:
448:
445:
434:
433:Modern history
431:
388:
385:
376:
373:
362:
359:
337:
334:
324:and challenge
263:
262:
260:
259:
252:
245:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
166:
165:
159:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Joya de Cerén
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Moral Reforma
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Dzibilchaltun
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Cotzumalhuapa
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Nohoch Cheʼen
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:0-8047-4817-9
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:0-500-05103-8
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:Nikolai Grube
1494:
1493:Martin, Simon
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:0-292-70587-5
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:0-87081-822-8
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:0-521-35165-0
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:0-297-81699-3
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:0-292-71244-8
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:0-292-70587-5
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:0-292-70587-5
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:0-87081-822-8
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:0-521-35165-0
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
952:
948:
942:
939:
933:
931:
929:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
782:
780:
776:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
703:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
669:
667:
665:
663:
659:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
623:
617:
615:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
482:
480:
477:
476:Structure A-3
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
456:
455:talud-tablero
446:
444:
441:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
393:
386:
384:
382:
374:
372:
369:
360:
358:
356:
355:Caribbean Sea
352:
348:
344:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
322:Caribbean Sea
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
303:Early Classic
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:Pre-Columbian
273:
269:
258:
253:
251:
246:
244:
239:
238:
236:
235:
230:
220:
219:
218:
217:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
187:
183:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
164:
160:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2758:89°16′48.0″W
2755:17°46′44.7″N
2748:
2678:
2599:San Gervasio
2439:Chichen Itza
2384:Aguada Fénix
2338:Zapote Bobal
2268:Takalik Abaj
2258:San Clemente
2242:
1911:Nim Li Punit
1753:. Retrieved
1748:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1690:
1687:Science News
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1636:
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:J.P. Laporte
1540:
1502:
1456:
1414:
1381:
1367:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:J.P. Laporte
1324:
1301:
1268:
1230:
1191:
1152:
1113:
1079:
1051:
1047:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
941:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
755:
609:
594:
584:
583:
577:
576:
572:Emblem glyph
567:
566:
548:
547:
539:
525:
524:
518:
517:
511:
510:
504:
503:
493:
489:
486:
475:
474:
467:
453:
450:
436:
427:
394:
390:
378:
364:
339:
307:
289:of northern
267:
266:
99:Architecture
2770: /
2706:Casa Blanca
2693:El Salvador
2444:Chunchucmil
2399:Balankanche
2308:Wajxaklajun
2273:Tamarindito
2253:San Bartolo
2183:Mixco Viejo
2138:Kaminaljuyu
2073:El Porvenir
2018:Cerro Quiac
1961:Xunantunich
1936:San Estevan
1891:Lower Dover
1465:. pp.
1423:. pp.
1419:. Boulder:
1263:Drew, David
1200:. pp.
1161:. pp.
1122:. pp.
1118:. Boulder:
601:hieroglyphs
483:BA-20 Group
410:Siyaj K'ak'
406:Teotihuacan
351:Hondo River
347:trade route
318:trade route
314:Teotihuacan
2791:Maya sites
2785:Categories
2737:See also:
2721:San Andrés
2701:Cara Sucia
2614:Tortuguero
2489:Hormiguero
2464:Comalcalco
2434:Chinkultic
2419:Chacchoben
2293:Tres Islas
2178:Machaquila
2168:La Joyanca
2078:El Temblor
2063:El Mirador
2038:Chutixtiox
2028:Chitinamit
1941:Santa Rita
1886:Louisville
1846:Chaa Creek
1831:Cahal Pech
1821:Baking Pot
1795:Maya sites
1755:2013-07-20
1732:2013-07-20
1677:2013-07-20
1600:2021-02-23
1461:. Austin:
1369:2013-07-20
1273:. London:
1196:. Austin:
1157:. Austin:
1039:References
553:Long Count
440:Ian Graham
361:Population
21:Azul River
2659:Yaxchilan
2589:Punta Sur
2524:Kohunlich
2484:Ekʼ Balam
2469:Dzibanche
2454:Chunlimón
2449:Chunhuhub
2361:El Puente
2238:Qʼumarkaj
2173:La Muerta
2163:La Corona
2158:La Blanca
2153:La Amelia
2083:El Tintal
2048:Dos Pilas
1980:Guatemala
1896:Lubaantun
1866:KaʼKabish
1655:643483454
1647:0027-9358
1628:643483454
1620:0027-9358
1343:216941064
1306:Routledge
610:A looted
605:chocolate
591:Artifacts
542:limestone
500:Monuments
494:chultunob
490:chultunob
469:chultunob
460:causeways
401:sacrifice
291:Guatemala
205:Guatemala
104:Astronomy
89:Sacrifice
84:Mythology
69:Languages
2711:Cihuatán
2674:Yoʼokop
2574:Palenque
2569:Oxkintok
2429:Chicanná
2414:Calakmul
2409:Bonampak
2348:Honduras
2328:Zacpeten
2298:Uaxactun
2243:Río Azul
2233:Quiriguá
2198:Naachtun
2148:Kʼatepan
2128:Ixtonton
2003:Balberta
1988:Aguateca
1926:Pacbitun
1876:La Milpa
1861:El Pilar
1816:Altun Ha
1565:57577446
1527:47358325
1499:(2000).
1485:49936017
1443:61719499
1404:33359444
1293:43401096
1265:(1999).
1255:55889753
1220:49936017
1181:49936017
1142:61719499
1102:33359444
557:hematite
464:pyramids
423:La Milpa
419:Calakmul
408:warlord
343:La Milpa
336:Location
326:Calakmul
268:Río Azul
144:Medicine
124:Textiles
109:Calendar
79:Religion
31:a series
2726:Tazumal
2654:Xtampak
2594:Río Bec
2564:Ocomtún
2544:Mayapan
2529:Komchen
2424:Chactún
2394:Balamku
2379:Acanceh
2333:Zaculeu
2288:Topoxte
2278:Tayasal
2218:Pajaral
2213:Naranjo
2188:Montana
2113:Iximche
2093:Guaytán
2088:El Zotz
2068:El Perú
2058:El Chal
2053:El Baúl
2033:Chocolá
2013:Cancuén
2008:Bejucal
1951:Uxbenka
1931:Pusilha
1906:Minanha
1881:Lamanai
1836:Caracol
1707:3968813
1425:288–301
1124:324–341
585:Tomb 23
578:Tomb 19
568:Tomb 12
562:Ruler X
526:Stela 4
519:Stela 3
512:Stela 2
505:Stela 1
387:History
320:to the
285:in the
274:of the
200:Chiapas
195:Yucatán
163:History
154:Warfare
149:Cuisine
74:Writing
64:Society
2664:Yaxuná
2649:Xpuhil
2644:Xlapak
2634:Xcaret
2609:Toniná
2584:Pomona
2539:La Mar
2509:Joljaʼ
2494:Izamal
2371:Mexico
2318:Xultun
2313:Witzna
2303:Ucanal
2263:Seibal
2133:Ixtutz
2103:Holtun
2098:Holmul
1956:Xnaheb
1916:Nohmul
1871:Kʼaxob
1856:Cuello
1841:Cerros
1803:Belize
1705:
1653:
1645:
1626:
1618:
1563:
1553:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1473:
1469:–216.
1441:
1431:
1402:
1392:
1341:
1331:
1312:
1291:
1281:
1253:
1243:
1239:–314.
1218:
1208:
1179:
1169:
1165:–234.
1140:
1130:
1100:
1090:
1068:971708
1066:
549:Tomb 1
375:Rulers
368:feudal
299:Belize
295:Mexico
270:is an
114:Stelae
94:Cities
59:People
33:on the
2639:Xelha
2624:Uxmal
2619:Tulum
2604:Sayil
2559:Muyil
2534:Labna
2519:Kiuic
2514:Kabah
2504:Jaina
2499:Izapa
2479:Edzna
2404:Becan
2356:Copán
2323:Yaxha
2283:Tikal
2248:Sacul
2208:Nakum
2203:Nakbe
2143:Kinal
2118:Ixkun
2108:Itzan
2023:Chama
1851:Colha
1745:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1703:JSTOR
1667:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1204:–43.
1064:JSTOR
618:Notes
607:pot.
597:cacao
536:Tombs
397:Tikal
330:Kinal
310:Tikal
210:Petén
139:Dance
134:Music
129:Trade
2669:Yula
2629:Uxul
2549:Maní
2459:Coba
2123:Ixlu
1946:Tipu
1651:OCLC
1643:ISSN
1624:OCLC
1616:ISSN
1561:OCLC
1551:ISBN
1523:OCLC
1513:ISBN
1481:OCLC
1471:ISBN
1439:OCLC
1429:ISBN
1400:OCLC
1390:ISBN
1339:OCLC
1329:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1289:OCLC
1279:ISBN
1251:OCLC
1241:ISBN
1216:OCLC
1206:ISBN
1177:OCLC
1167:ISBN
1138:OCLC
1128:ISBN
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
612:jade
530:Puuc
297:and
2389:Aké
1695:doi
1691:125
1467:199
1237:291
1163:217
1056:doi
564:".
119:Art
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