179:
Ruc speakers were hunter-gatherers until the late 1970s, when they were relocated into sedentary villages by the
Vietnamese government. The 1985 Soviet-Vietnamese Linguistic Expedition found that there were no more than 200 Ruc people. Half of the Ruc died from a
702:
Reid, Lawrence A. (2005). "The current status of
Austric: A review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.).
208:). Rục is notable for preserving many prefixes that have been lost in Vietnamese, including prefixes (such as *k.-) in archaic Chinese loanwords that are crucial for the reconstruction of
761:
171:
literally means 'underground spring', and is a critically endangered language spoken by a small ethnic group that practiced a hunter-gatherer lifestyle until the late 20th century.
579:
Ruc has historical traces of a stative prefix on a number of adjectives but their word roots have largely eroded, leaving disyllabic adjectives with unanalyzable prefixes.
235:
that have been lost in other Vietic languages like
Vietnamese, but their semantics are largely eroded. The transformation of archaic Vietic morphosyntax like Ruc from an
1533:
887:
239:
inflectional form to a newer analytical one is currently happening irreversibly and accelerating, with some Vietic languages having already finished the process.
3147:
1912:
411:
1526:
841:
795:
686:
660:
632:
647:
Babaev, Kirill
Vladimirovich ; Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna . 2019. Язык май. Материалы Российско-вьетнамской лингвистической экспедиции /
880:
255:
1893:
734:
1905:
1519:
1500:
2212:
3142:
1620:
956:
873:
762:
Ruc and Other Minor Vietic
Languages: Linguistic Strands Between Vietnamese and the Rest of the Mon-Khmer Language Family
3061:
2781:
2742:
1900:
1777:
951:
522:
Affixation in Ruc creates lexicalized forms of words utilizing prefixes and infixes, while suffixes are almost lacking.
135:
164:
1426:
768:, ed. by Karen L. Adams et al. Tempe, Arizona, 3–19. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
450:. However, Ruc grammar will slightly differ with Vietnamese in cases of Ruc verbs that causative affixes are used.
2414:
1158:
3137:
2915:
2601:
1482:
3068:
2146:
439:
254:, in the future, Ruc's older form of morphology may have been lost and replaced with a new one as seen in many
2401:
1406:
160:
493:
Approx. 16% of Ruc words are compounds while 84% are simple words according to a 1996 analysed corpus data.
1542:
929:
228:
73:
3075:
2988:
1495:
1381:
1346:
1258:
1177:
459:
1919:
1132:
3114:
3082:
2993:
3089:
2712:
1271:
1220:
896:
447:
435:
427:
227:
used in verbs and nouns at all, and a general drift towards analytic grammar is evident. In terms of
2929:
2283:
1888:
1883:
1752:
1490:
1401:
1396:
1376:
910:
247:
197:
1924:
1137:
2823:
2386:
1550:
1366:
938:
502:
443:
366:
243:
220:
3005:
2172:
2020:
1742:
1386:
1248:
1153:
1122:
3027:
3020:
2998:
2924:
2888:
2863:
2750:
2419:
2320:
2248:
2059:
1854:
1580:
1472:
1313:
1163:
1059:
837:
833:
791:
778:
Alves, Mark (2021). "Typological
Profile of Vietic". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.).
740:
730:
682:
656:
628:
275:
2961:
2955:
2934:
2873:
2809:
2800:
2786:
2760:
2755:
2732:
2684:
2596:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2475:
2338:
2298:
2253:
2223:
2104:
2064:
2034:
1983:
1868:
1792:
1711:
1706:
1666:
1646:
1452:
1447:
1431:
1371:
1238:
1233:
1087:
1036:
1021:
829:
783:
707:
596:
152:
78:
3010:
2904:
2899:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2727:
2694:
2550:
2545:
2493:
2424:
2391:
2188:
2090:
2069:
1973:
1833:
1737:
1671:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1575:
1570:
1467:
1462:
1351:
1321:
1303:
1298:
1279:
1243:
1210:
1127:
1026:
1011:
1006:
1001:
981:
961:
470:, though Vietic affixation in general is nonproductive and much of it appears fossilized.
65:
1947:
1656:
1615:
1391:
966:
3108:
3050:
3037:
3032:
2983:
2939:
2894:
2882:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2689:
2668:
2663:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2535:
2512:
2470:
2445:
2440:
2371:
2363:
2303:
2238:
2194:
2151:
2141:
1999:
1934:
1849:
1757:
1747:
1727:
1651:
1625:
1590:
1585:
1457:
1356:
1336:
1331:
1228:
1200:
1195:
1095:
1077:
1069:
1054:
1016:
996:
976:
946:
431:
188:
in villages close to the
Laotian border. Ruc settlements include Yên Hợp and Phú Minh.
83:
991:
127:
3131:
2637:
2575:
2565:
2540:
2465:
2376:
2348:
2243:
2167:
2116:
2085:
2049:
2004:
1957:
1942:
1828:
1732:
1701:
1681:
1641:
1361:
1341:
1293:
1283:
1266:
1205:
1190:
1185:
1115:
1100:
1049:
986:
592:
463:
423:
332:
236:
185:
501:
Like other Vietic languages, reduplication in Ruc can be either full reduplication (
3015:
2776:
2409:
2343:
2269:
2054:
1978:
1812:
1807:
1661:
1565:
1105:
1044:
971:
588:
251:
824:
Alves, Mark J. (2014). "Mon–Khmer". In Lieber, Rochelle; Štekauer, Pavol (eds.).
766:
Papers from the
Seventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
704:
The peopling of East Asia: putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics
458:
In word formation, Ruc and archaic Vietic languages can employ three strategies:
2555:
2381:
2353:
2328:
1676:
1326:
600:
419:
209:
140:
780:
The
Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide
2858:
2333:
787:
490:
Verb-Verb/Adjective: khik3 (healthy) + kitəɲ3 (young) → khik3 kitəɲ3 ‘robust’
484:
Verb-Noun: pɨə2 (suitable) + kudəl1 (stomach) → pɨə2 kudəl1 ‘to be satisfied’
467:
415:
224:
156:
56:
744:
1275:
120:
108:
17:
478:
Ruc compounding is similar to those seen in other
Austroasiatic languages:
1511:
266:
There are few recognizable grammatical cases in Ruc and they only utilize
370:
267:
1287:
865:
711:
481:
Noun-Verb: ɲa:2 (house) + ɉo:n1 (tall) → ɲa:2 ɉo:n1 ‘house on stilts’
274:
of Ruc has been cited by some linguists as supporting evidence for the
181:
46:
649:
Jazyk maj. Materialy Rossijsko-vetnamskoj lingvisticheskoj ekspeditsii
587:
In term of basic vocabulary, Ruc shares 52% with Vietnamese, 92% with
298:
258:
with affixes being less syntactically functional or no longer used.
505:) or segment alternation (with polymorphemic roots). For examples,
410:
Like other Vietic languages, Ruc has all similar characteristics:
232:
184:
epidemic in the late 1980s. Today, the Ruc live together with the
533:
turn an intransitive verb into a transitive verb. For examples,
1515:
869:
623:
Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). Sidwell, Paul (ed.).
652:
200:, Rục allows for presyllables with a minor vowel, such as
727:
Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia The State of the Art
487:
Verb-Verb: ti2 (go) + luh1 (exit) → ti2 luh1 ‘to exit’
242:
Under intense interactions with speakers of other more
814:
Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences.
625:
A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam
3049:
2976:
2948:
2913:
2872:
2808:
2799:
2769:
2741:
2720:
2711:
2677:
2656:
2625:
2618:
2589:
2528:
2521:
2501:
2492:
2458:
2433:
2400:
2362:
2319:
2312:
2291:
2282:
2262:
2231:
2222:
2211:
2181:
2160:
2134:
2125:
2103:
2078:
2042:
2033:
2013:
1992:
1966:
1933:
1876:
1867:
1842:
1821:
1800:
1791:
1770:
1720:
1690:
1634:
1558:
1549:
1481:
1440:
1419:
1312:
1257:
1219:
1176:
1146:
1086:
1068:
1035:
937:
928:
919:
903:
549:rɨmɛk3 (‘cool’) → parɨmɛk3 (‘to cool (something)’)
134:
118:
106:
101:
62:
52:
42:
32:
618:
616:
508:pu35 (‘to suckle’) → pu35pu35 (‘to be suckling’)
782:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 469–498.
826:The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology
599:. Ruc also has few loan words originated from
514:kərßeːŋ → kərßeːŋ1 kərßiːt2 (‘to hang about’)
1527:
881:
828:. Oxford University Press. pp. 524–544.
8:
677:Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014).
2965:(unclassified; possibly a language isolate)
2805:
2717:
2622:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2316:
2288:
2228:
2219:
2131:
2109:
2039:
1873:
1797:
1694:
1555:
1534:
1520:
1512:
934:
925:
888:
874:
866:
576:hal1 (‘two’) → muhal1 (‘two-finger span’)
536:(a) kun4 (‘afraid’) → pakun4 (‘threaten’)
29:
566:sɘp3 (‘to cover’) → sanɘp3 (‘a blanket’)
563:tʰut (‘to stop up’) → tanut3 (‘stopper’)
756:
754:
725:Enfield, N. J.; Comrie, Bernard (2015).
280:
834:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641642.013.0042
681:. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
612:
539:kɯcit3 (‘to die’) → kacit3 (‘to kill’)
856:
573:turns numerals into measuring units.
7:
511:lɛɲ1 (‘up’) → lɛɲ1 lɤaw4 (‘agile’)
3148:Endangered Austroasiatic languages
3113:Languages between parentheses are
1889:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
256:Mainland Southeast Asian languages
25:
2994:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
812:Some remarks on the Ruc language.
679:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
542:The causative resultative prefix
27:Austroasiatic language of Vietnam
231:, Ruc retains several forms of
3117:of the language on their left.
1501:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language
1:
603:, mostly in disyllabic form.
2989:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
706:. London: Routledge Curzon.
3164:
3099:
2508:
2112:
1697:
1483:Vietnamese sign languages
788:10.1515/9783110558142-027
595:, and around 33~37% with
560:make a noun from a verb:
37:
552:The normalizing infixes
1543:Austroasiatic languages
1441:Other foreign languages
760:Alves, Mark J. (2003).
569:The quantifying prefix
518:Derivational affixation
229:derivational morphology
204:'bear' (cf. Vietnamese
155:language spoken by the
1496:Haiphong Sign Language
1420:Main foreign languages
399:existential predicate
729:. De Gruyter Mouton.
627:. Brill. p. 13.
525:The causative prefix
395:‘as for/on one/whom’
3143:Languages of Vietnam
897:Languages of Vietnam
810:Solntsev V. (1996).
653:Издательский Дом ЯСК
270:. The dative prefix
3062:Proto-Austroasiatic
2782:Southern Nicobarese
2232:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
1491:Hanoi Sign Language
503:monomorphemic words
466:, and derivational
165:Quảng Bình province
323:‘(to) you’ (obj.)
244:analytic languages
221:isolating language
161:Tuyên Hóa district
3125:
3124:
3109:extinct languages
2972:
2971:
2795:
2794:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2454:
2453:
2278:
2277:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2099:
2098:
2029:
2028:
1863:
1862:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1765:
1509:
1508:
1415:
1414:
1172:
1171:
904:Official language
843:978-0-19-964164-2
797:978-3-11-055606-3
688:978-0-19-994537-5
661:978-5-907117-34-1
634:978-9-00446-108-6
403:
402:
276:Austric languages
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3155:
3138:Vietic languages
2806:
2718:
2623:
2526:
2506:
2499:
2317:
2289:
2229:
2220:
2191:(Northern Chong)
2132:
2110:
2040:
1909:
1897:
1874:
1798:
1695:
1556:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1448:Mandarin Chinese
935:
926:
890:
883:
876:
867:
860:
854:
848:
847:
821:
815:
808:
802:
801:
775:
769:
758:
749:
748:
722:
716:
715:
699:
693:
692:
674:
668:
666:
645:
639:
638:
620:
597:Katuic languages
327:indirect object
281:
130:
111:
68:
30:
21:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3095:
3069:Proto-Palaungic
3052:
3045:
2968:
2944:
2909:
2868:
2791:
2765:
2737:
2699:
2673:
2652:
2606:
2585:
2517:
2480:
2450:
2429:
2396:
2358:
2308:
2274:
2258:
2214:
2199:
2177:
2156:
2127:
2121:
2095:
2074:
2025:
2009:
1988:
1962:
1929:
1903:
1891:
1859:
1838:
1817:
1783:
1762:
1716:
1686:
1630:
1545:
1540:
1510:
1505:
1477:
1436:
1411:
1308:
1253:
1215:
1168:
1142:
1082:
1064:
1031:
921:
915:
899:
894:
864:
863:
855:
851:
844:
823:
822:
818:
809:
805:
798:
777:
776:
772:
759:
752:
737:
724:
723:
719:
701:
700:
696:
689:
676:
675:
671:
664:
646:
642:
635:
622:
621:
614:
609:
585:
520:
499:
476:
456:
432:auxiliary verbs
408:
264:
217:
194:
177:
126:
107:
97:
69:
66:Language family
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1898:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
932:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
907:
905:
901:
900:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
870:
862:
861:
859:, p. 530.
849:
842:
816:
803:
796:
770:
750:
735:
717:
694:
687:
669:
640:
633:
611:
610:
608:
605:
584:
581:
546:is a homonym:
519:
516:
498:
495:
475:
472:
455:
452:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
378:
373:
363:
362:
359:
357:‘(like) this’
340:
335:
329:
328:
325:
306:
301:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
263:
260:
216:
213:
193:
190:
176:
173:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
124:
116:
115:
112:
104:
103:
102:Language codes
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
72:
70:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3076:Proto-Khmeric
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:Chaura-Teresa
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2196:
2195:Western Chong
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Central Chong
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Tai Hang Tong
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
936:
933:
931:
930:Austroasiatic
927:
924:
918:
912:
909:
908:
906:
902:
898:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
872:
871:
868:
858:
853:
850:
845:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
817:
813:
807:
804:
799:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
767:
763:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
736:9781501501708
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
684:
680:
673:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
644:
641:
636:
630:
626:
619:
617:
613:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
577:
574:
572:
567:
564:
561:
559:
555:
550:
547:
545:
540:
537:
534:
532:
528:
523:
517:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
497:Reduplication
496:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
473:
471:
469:
465:
464:reduplication
461:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:topic-comment
421:
417:
413:
412:SVO structure
405:
398:
396:
393:
392:
390:
385:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
352:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Demonstrative
331:
330:
326:
324:
321:
320:
318:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
237:Austroasiatic
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
105:
100:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:Austroasiatic
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3104:
3088:
3083:Proto-Aslian
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
2960:
2887:
2070:Phong-Kniang
1952:
1259:Sino-Tibetan
1178:Austronesian
1110:
852:
825:
819:
811:
806:
779:
773:
765:
726:
720:
703:
697:
678:
672:
665:(in Russian)
648:
643:
624:
586:
578:
575:
570:
568:
565:
562:
557:
553:
551:
548:
543:
541:
538:
535:
530:
526:
524:
521:
513:
510:
507:
500:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
457:
409:
394:
388:
387:
386:
383:
380:
375:
356:
350:
349:
348:
345:
342:
337:
322:
316:
315:
314:
311:
308:
303:
278:hypothesis.
271:
265:
241:
218:
215:Morphosyntax
205:
201:
195:
178:
168:
148:
147:
119:
88:
18:Rục language
3090:Proto-Munda
1904: [
1892: [
1304:Mantsi Lolo
712:10125/33009
601:Old Chinese
591:, 98% with
474:Compounding
460:compounding
440:classifiers
422:structure,
420:noun phrase
367:Existential
361:similitive
233:affixations
210:Old Chinese
167:, Vietnam.
3132:Categories
2930:Semaq Beri
2914:Semelaic (
2812:(Northern)
2713:Nicobarese
2657:Gutob-Remo
2626:Sora-Gorum
2522:Kherwarian
1993:Phong–Liha
1884:Vietnamese
1877:Viet-Muong
1753:Mel-Khaonh
1221:Hmong-Mien
920:Indigenous
911:Vietnamese
857:Alves 2014
651:. Moscow:
607:References
583:Vocabulary
529:and infix
468:affixation
454:Morphology
426:, uses of
416:word order
248:Vietnamese
225:inflection
219:Ruc is an
198:Vietnamese
157:Ruc people
3115:varieties
3107:indicate
3053:languages
2999:Khmer Khe
2876:(Central)
2824:Cheq Wong
2415:Quảng Lâm
2402:Bit-Khang
2387:Meung Yum
2284:Palaungic
2215:Palaungic
2043:Phay-Pram
1913:in the US
1367:Tai Daeng
1276:Cantonese
1159:Quảng Lâm
922:languages
745:909907686
448:modifiers
428:particles
293:Function
192:Phonology
121:Glottolog
109:ISO 639-3
53:Ethnicity
3021:Nyah Kur
2925:Mah Meri
2916:Southern
2770:Southern
2751:Nancowry
2590:Santalic
2529:Mundaric
2249:Lyngngam
2161:Southern
2060:Ksingmul
1901:in China
1551:Bahnaric
1473:Japanese
1362:Tày Sapa
992:Maa (Mạ)
939:Bahnaric
371:Locative
290:Example
268:prefixes
246:such as
223:with no
128:rucc1239
3105:Italics
3040:(Pakan)
3028:Pakanic
2962:Kenaboi
2956:Jah Hut
2935:Semelai
2859:Ten'edn
2787:Shompen
2761:Katchal
2756:Camorta
2743:Central
2733:Teressa
2597:Santali
2581:Agariya
2571:Majhwar
2561:Mundari
2476:Tai Loi
2339:Man Met
2321:Angkuic
2299:Palaung
2254:Maharam
2135:Central
2128:(Chong)
2126:Western
1984:Thavưng
1712:Tampuan
1707:Tariang
1691:Central
1667:Nyaheun
1453:Russian
1432:English
1407:Lao Bóc
1402:Thu Lao
1397:Tày Tac
1377:Tai Dón
1372:Tai Dam
1314:Kra-Dai
1288:Hokkien
1280:Teochew
1272:Chinese
1239:Kim Mun
1234:Iu Mien
1022:Tariang
667:. p.16.
444:numbers
436:markers
346:‘this’
287:Marker
196:Unlike
182:cholera
175:History
47:Vietnam
3051:Proto-
2977:Others
2949:Others
2905:Temiar
2900:Semnam
2874:Senoic
2854:Mintil
2849:Minriq
2844:Kintaq
2839:Kensiu
2810:Jahaic
2801:Aslian
2728:Chaura
2695:Kharia
2678:Others
2551:Birhor
2546:Birjia
2459:Others
2425:Bumang
2392:Savaiq
2263:Others
2224:Khasic
2213:Khasi–
2189:Somray
2182:Others
2173:Sa'och
2152:Kasong
2105:Pearic
2091:Mlabri
2079:Others
2035:Khmuic
2014:Others
1974:Maleng
1869:Vietic
1843:Others
1834:Phuong
1793:Katuic
1780:(East)
1771:Others
1743:Raʼong
1738:Stieng
1672:Sapuan
1611:Rengao
1606:Bahnar
1601:Sedang
1596:Todrah
1576:Kayong
1571:Halang
1468:Korean
1463:German
1427:French
1387:Tai Lü
1352:Qabiao
1322:Caolan
1249:Ná-Meo
1244:Mo Piu
1211:Roglai
1128:Maleng
1088:Vietic
1037:Katuic
1027:Todrah
1012:Stieng
1007:Sedang
1002:Rengao
982:Kayong
962:Halang
840:
794:
743:
733:
685:
659:
631:
446:, and
406:Syntax
384:‘who’
312:‘you’
299:Dative
153:Vietic
79:Vietic
3038:Bugan
3033:Bolyu
3011:Monic
2984:Khmer
2940:Temoq
2895:Semai
2889:Sabüm
2883:Lanoh
2864:Wila'
2834:Jedek
2829:Jahai
2819:Batek
2690:Juang
2669:Gutob
2664:Bonda
2648:Lodhi
2643:Juray
2633:Gorum
2619:South
2536:Korwa
2513:Korku
2502:North
2494:Munda
2471:Danau
2446:Kiorr
2441:Lamet
2434:Lamet
2420:Kháng
2372:Blang
2304:Riang
2239:Khasi
2147:Samre
2000:Phong
1925:Nguồn
1920:Mường
1908:]
1896:]
1855:Ta'Oi
1850:Pacoh
1758:Thmon
1748:Mnong
1728:Chrau
1721:South
1652:Laven
1626:Katua
1591:Monom
1586:Takua
1581:Kacoʼ
1559:North
1458:Czech
1337:Lachi
1332:Gelao
1299:Xapho
1284:Hakka
1229:Hmong
1201:Jarai
1196:Haroi
1164:Kháng
1147:Other
1138:Nguồn
1133:Mường
1078:Khmer
1070:Khmer
1060:Ta'Oi
1055:Pacoh
1017:Takua
997:Monom
977:Katua
947:Chrau
764:. In
284:Case
202:cakuː
151:is a
3006:Mảng
2685:Gtaʼ
2638:Sora
2576:Turi
2566:Koda
2541:Asur
2466:Kuan
2377:Lawa
2364:Waic
2349:Muak
2313:East
2292:West
2244:Pnar
2168:Suoi
2117:Pear
2086:Khmu
2065:Oʼdu
2050:Prai
2021:Cuối
2005:Liha
1958:Sach
1943:Arem
1935:Chut
1829:Katu
1822:Katu
1801:West
1733:Koho
1702:Alak
1682:Brao
1647:Jru'
1642:Lavi
1635:West
1621:Duan
1357:Padi
1347:Nùng
1342:Laha
1294:Hani
1267:Akha
1206:Rade
1191:Chru
1186:Cham
1154:Mảng
1123:Cuối
1116:Sach
1101:Arem
1096:Chut
1050:Katu
987:Koho
957:Duan
838:ISBN
792:ISBN
741:OCLC
731:ISBN
683:ISBN
657:ISBN
629:ISBN
593:Sach
556:and
391:ʔaj1
381:ʔaj1
353:ni33
343:ni33
319:mi31
309:mi31
262:Case
250:and
186:Sach
84:Chut
3016:Mon
2777:Car
2602:Kol
2410:Bit
2344:Mok
2270:War
2055:Mal
1979:Kri
1967:Kri
1953:Ruc
1948:Mày
1813:Bru
1808:Kuy
1778:Cua
1662:Juk
1657:Su'
1616:Hrê
1566:Jeh
1392:Tày
1111:Ruc
1106:May
1045:Bru
972:Jeh
967:Hrê
952:Cua
830:doi
784:doi
708:hdl
589:May
571:mu-
558:-r-
554:-n-
544:pa-
531:-a-
527:pa-
376:ʔa-
338:kə-
304:pa-
272:pa-
252:Lao
206:gấu
169:Rục
159:of
149:Rục
141:Ruc
136:ELP
89:Ruc
57:Ruc
38:Rục
33:Ruc
3134::
2556:Ho
2382:Wa
2354:Va
2329:Hu
1906:vi
1894:vi
1677:Oi
1327:En
1286:·
1282:·
1278:·
836:.
790:.
753:^
739:.
663:.
655:.
615:^
462:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
418:,
414:,
389:ʔa
351:kə
317:pa
163:,
2918:)
2334:U
1535:e
1528:t
1521:v
1290:)
1274:(
889:e
882:t
875:v
846:.
832::
800:.
786::
747:.
714:.
710::
691:.
637:.
369:/
114:–
20:)
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