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430:(IJC) to resolve disputes. In 1931, New York's Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Power Authority Act which allowed the development of the St. Lawrence River for power use. A primary site was just below the Long Sault Rapids. Despite the cooperation, the U.S. Federal Government was unable to open up the river for increased navigation and development due to political issues. Upset with this, Canada unilaterally passed two acts in 1951 which allowed projects on the St. Lawrence for power and navigation purposes. As Daniel Macfarlane's book
59:
520:
designed for juvenile
American Eels to head upriver, across the generating station. At 521 ft (159 m) long and 95 ft (29 m) high, it was the only one in North America and the tallest in the world at the time. By 2009, it had been upgraded and extended 984 ft (300 m) in length. OPG maintains a trap and transport program with local commercial fisherman for downstream migration. From 2006 to 2011, approximately four million young eels crossed into the upper St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.
459:. Robert Hood Saunders had already been elected mayor of Toronto four times when he joined Ontario Hydro. Saunders would not live to see his name on the station. He died on January 16, 1955, from injuries and shock from the previous evening when his ice-covered aircraft crashed near an airstrip in London, Ontario. He and four others were returning to Toronto from Windsor; Saunders had reportedly just delivered a speech in Detroit on the St. Lawrence Power Project. He was only 51 and at the peak of his career.
402:
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43:
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the flooding of ten islands belonging to
Akwesasne for the creation of the head pond. In 2008, a 15 year effort to address the past wrongs resulted in a proposed settlement between Ontario Power Generation and The Mohawk Council of Akwesasne. The settlement included monetary compensation, a transfer of islands originally owned by Akwesasne, and environmental stewardship.
66:
581:
Sault
Islands. In between the Long Sault Island the New York shore is the Eisenhower and Snell Locks. Located 7.5 mi (12 km) upstream is the Massena Intake. Further securing the reservoir is 10.9 mi (18 km) of dikes. The Long Sault Dam, completely in the U.S., is 2,960 ft (902 m) long and 109 ft (33 m) high. It serves as a
467:
Lawrence River Board of
Control as a mechanism to regulate the river above and below the dam. Competing interests for power and navigation had to be controlled in order to maintain good function of the dam. Those interested in power and flood control desired moderate water levels and the shipping industry and power station operators wanted levels to be higher.
479:, as well as some farmers before the land was flooded. The residents were given market value for their land, though there are claims it was unfair because the land prices were believed to have already been depressed due to the anticipated submergence; some residents were forcibly removed. Most were relocated to homes in new communities called
580:
The 195.5 ft (60 m) tall and 3,212 ft (979 m) long dam is situated in between the
Canadian shore at Cornwall and New York's Barnhart Island. To create the reservoir, the Long Sault Dam was constructed 3.5 mi (6 km) upstream in between Barnhart Island and one of the Long
563:
and throat ring linings were deformed. From 1993 to 2001 extensive repairs were carried out to fix damaged concrete and mitigate concrete expansion. From 1987 to 2007 upgrades to R.H. Saunders
Generating Station have increased efficiency by 16 percent. In 1998, the New York Power Authority began a $
490:
The construction and operation of the dam impacted the traditional territory used by the Native
American Mohawks of Akwesasne. Over 1,200 acres (500 ha) of reserve lands and 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) of traditional lands were flooded. The group was not consulted or compensated in any way for
434:
shows, Canada attempted to build the Seaway alone, with
Ontario and New York constructing the power dam. The United States considered this a security threat and asked Canada to accept a shared Seaway. The next year a proposal for a hydroelectric dam and navigation lock was submitted to the IJC for
421:
was signed, which in part demarcated the St. Lawrence River as a boundary and offered
Americans greater use of the Canadian side of the river for shipping. In 1895 the Deep Waterways Commission was established to explore expanded use of the river for navigation. International shipping on the river
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of explosives to demolish the cofferdam that had diverted St. Lawrence River water away from the powerhouse construction site. It took four days for the plant to become fully operational. The last generators were commissioned in 1959. Previously, in 1956, the IJC established the
International St.
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R.H. Saunders Generating Station controls its environmental initiative by conducting studies, improving habitats, and coordinating electricity production during spawning seasons. In the summer of 2016, Bird Studies Canada installed a MOTUS tracking system at R.H. Saunders Generating Station that
519:
have been affected. The loss of spawning grounds is also believed to have contributed to drops in their populations. Recent efforts have stabilized or increased much of the populations. In the early 1970s, a ladder was created from a decommissioned ice sluce at R.H. Saunders Generating Station
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Because of political stalemate and the railway companies, construction did not begin until August 19, 1954, when the entire seaway project began with a groundbreaking ceremony at the dam site. Construction was expected to last seven years and much of which was supervised by the
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to pass flood waters on the river. The Massena Intake is 721 ft (220 m) long and 108 ft (33 m) high. It provides water for industry and local civil consumption. The power station at the Moses-Saunders Dam contains 32 turbine generators.
385:
of large vessels. Despite the enormous economic advantages to the dam, it required the relocation of 6,500 people and caused harm to the surrounding environment. Efforts have been made over the years to improve shoreline and fish habitats.
542:
New York and Ontario have instituted programs to improve the local environment around the reservoir and its water quality. The U.S. programs were mainly instituted after the power station was re-licensed for 50 years on October 23, 2003.
1308:
602:. The Eisenhower and Snell Locks can pass ships up to 730 ft (223 m) in length and 76 ft (23 m) wide a height of 38 ft (12 m) (Eisenhower) and 43 ft (13 m) (Snell).
422:
enabled trade between the two countries. The early St. Lawrence Seaway was proposed but railway companies in the United States stopped its construction because they felt it would reduce their profits. The
988:
455:, oversaw the Canadian side of the project. The project included the main dam, the Long Sault Dam, the Eisenhower & Snell Locks, the Massena Intake, and 10.9 mi (18 km) of
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1333:
598:-generators and the U.S. power station, St. Lawrence-FDR contains 16 x 57 MW vertical fixed-pitch Kaplan turbine-generators. The dam affords the turbines 81 ft (25 m) of
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On July 1, 1958, Dr. Otto Holden, chief engineer of Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario, and J. Burch McMorran, Chief Engineer of the New York Power Authority, detonated 27
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689:
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operates units 1-16 and the New York Power Authority operates 17-32. The Canadian side of the power station, R.H. Saunders Generating Station, contains 16 x 65.3
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694:
409:
1323:
769:
125:
1038:
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Development of the St. Lawrence River which serves as a border between Canada and the United States was in its early stages in 1871 when the
475:
6,500 people in Eastern Ontario were displaced to construct the dam, including the residents of six villages and three hamlets, known as
684:
381:. Aside from providing significant amounts of renewable power, the dam regulates the St. Lawrence River and affords passage for the
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740:
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further solidified cooperation between the U.S. and Canada on the river, allowing "free and open" navigation and establishing the
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254 million refurbishment of the turbine-generators at the St. Lawrence/FDR. The project is expected to be complete in 2013.
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423:
714:
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1120:
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After investigations in 1990 and 1991, it was determined that generator and structural problems within the dam were due to
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The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth
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203:
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Armstrong, Leslie (August 14, 2014). "Great Lakes Water Levels Rebound Thanks to Prolonged Winter".
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17:
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opened factories in the area. These factories generated severe pollution on the river and are now
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Flooding and pollution have affected fish populations on the river and in Lake St. Lawrence.
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989:"Mohawk Council of Akwesasne Announces Ontario Power Generation proposed settlement terms"
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42:
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803:"Order Approving Settlement Agreements, Dismissing Complaint and Issuing New License"
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Reclaiming the environmental debate : the politics of health in a toxic culture
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559:. The power station's concrete was cracking and deteriorating while the generator
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straddling the border between the United States and Canada. It is located between
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1013:"FISH HABITAT CHANGES - Thousand Islands, Middle Corridor, and Lake St. Lawrence"
1273:
Negotiating a River: Canada, the US, and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway
872:
Negotiating a River: Canada, the US, and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway
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719:(1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. xxiii.
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447:, Chairman of the New York Power Authority, oversaw the U.S. portion and
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tracks the migration of 85 species of birds, bats, and large insects.
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and Iroquois. In 2008, Ontario Hydro made an official apology.
887:"The Great Lakes-The St. Lawrence River: Under Climate Change"
413:
Long Sault dam under construction, Saint Lawrence Seaway, 1957
1189:"R.H. Saunders Generating Station Structural Rehabilitation"
373:. Constructed between 1954 and 1958 as part of the larger
1309:
Buildings and structures in St. Lawrence County, New York
808:. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 23 October 2003
885:
Levasseur, Phillip G.; Dane McKinney (22 April 2010).
523:
Power produced by the dam was the primary reason that
964:. Postmedia Network Inc. 28 June 2008. Archived from
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approval. In October 1952 the project was approved.
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St. Lawrence/FDR: 16 x 57 MW fixed pitch Kaplan-type
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690:List of electrical generating stations in Ontario
73:Location of Moses-Saunders Power Dam in New York
65:
361:generating stations, the United States' 912 MW
1304:Hydroelectric power plants in New York (state)
1193:AWARD OF EXCELLENCE: Water Structures Category
772:. Ontario Power Generation Inc. Archived from
1334:Buildings and structures in Cornwall, Ontario
273:R.H. Saunders: July 8, 1958-December 18, 1959
8:
741:"St. Lawrence River (International Section)"
1121:"Land Management Plan - St. Lawrence River"
917:"St. Lawrence-FDR Power Project & NYPA"
1339:United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
1217:. New York Power Authority. Archived from
1143:"Future Habitat Improvement Projects Fund"
1041:. Lake Ontario Waterkeeper. Archived from
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863:
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47:The dam's R.H. Saunders Generating Station
41:
32:
1195:. International Concrete Repair Institute
357:. The dam supplies water to two adjacent
85:Robert Moses-Robert H. Saunders Power Dam
1248:Learning on the Great Lakes Seaway Trail
695:List of largest power stations in Canada
1329:1959 establishments in New York (state)
1319:Energy infrastructure completed in 1959
1299:Hydroelectric power stations in Ontario
705:
797:
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405:Panorama of the dam from the U.S. side
7:
18:R.H. Saunders – St. Lawrence Station
685:List of power stations in New York
25:
1241:"Erie Canal and Eisenhower Locks"
1093:Hofrichter, Richard, ed. (2000).
252:100 sq mi (259 km)
1037:Johnson, Brian (1 August 2009).
654:
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371:R.H. Saunders Generating Station
64:
57:
1099:. London: MIT. pp. 96–97.
896:. University of Texas at Austin
389:The dam regulates the level of
1324:1958 establishments in Ontario
938:Gorrie, Peter (29 June 2008).
743:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
713:Parham, Claire Puccia (2009).
428:International Joint Commission
424:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
1:
894:Transboundary Water Resources
1039:"The eels weren't forgotten"
441:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1018:. RE Grant & Associates
870:Macfarlane, Daniel (2014).
551:Rehabilitation and upgrades
533:Aluminum Company of America
27:Dam in New York and Ontario
1370:
1271:Macfarlane, Daniel (2014)
1145:. New York Power Authority
1123:. New York Power Authority
1074:. Ontario Power Generation
576:R.H. Saunders control room
221:3,216 ft (980 m)
557:Alkali–aggregate reaction
377:project, the dam created
293:R.H. Saunders: 16 x 65.3
213:195.5 ft (60 m)
52:
40:
1344:Ontario Power Generation
1289:Dams in New York (state)
1215:"St. Lawrence-FDR Power"
588:Ontario Power Generation
324:Moses-Saunders Power Dam
314:St. Lawrence/FDR: 912 MW
189:Ontario Power Generation
185:New York Power Authority
36:Moses-Saunders Power Dam
30:Dam in Cornwall, Ontario
1275:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
915:Little, Gordie (2009).
874:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
770:"R.H. Saunders Station"
662:Renewable energy portal
634:New York (state) portal
312:R.H. Saunders: 1,045 MW
308:Installed capacity
260:30 mi (48 km)
165:Construction began
1314:Dams completed in 1958
940:"Our own Three Gorges"
577:
414:
406:
369:and Canada's 1,045 MW
283:81 ft (25 m)
919:. Absolutely Business
670:Saint Lawrence Seaway
575:
412:
404:
375:Saint Lawrence Seaway
365:Franklin D. Roosevelt
141:45.00639°N 74.79500°W
1354:Saint Lawrence River
1177:– via opg.com.
1065:"Power News 2015 Q3"
568:Design and operation
495:Floods and pollution
449:Robert Hood Saunders
419:Treaty of Washington
339:Saint Lawrence River
270:Commission date
204:Saint Lawrence River
93:United States/Canada
962:"The Lost Villages"
828:"The HydroX System"
432:Negotiating a River
359:hydroelectric power
257:Maximum length
146:45.00639; -74.79500
137: /
968:on 4 November 2012
776:on 5 February 2012
680:Long Sault Parkway
578:
415:
407:
337:, is a dam on the
333:Robert H. Saunders
1165:"Bird Monitoring"
726:978-0-8156-0913-1
675:The Lost Villages
477:The Lost Villages
379:Lake St. Lawrence
320:
319:
249:Surface area
244:Lake St. Lawrence
195:Dam and spillways
173:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
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539:clean-up sites.
483:(Long Sault) or
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68:
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61:
45:
33:
21:
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1294:Dams in Ontario
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1266:Further reading
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1221:on 7 March 2012
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1045:on 14 July 2011
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529:Reynolds Metals
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316:Total: 1,957 MW
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1250:. Seaway Trail
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987:Time, Indian.
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942:. Toronto Star
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620:Ontario portal
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600:hydraulic head
596:Kaplan turbine
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525:General Motors
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481:South Stormont
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451:, chairman of
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279:Hydraulic head
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3:
2:
1366:
1355:
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1349:Ontario Hydro
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833:. Orbit. 2004
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513:Lake Sturgeon
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501:Northern Pike
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453:Ontario Hydro
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367:Power Project
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363:St. Lawrence-
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265:Power Station
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82:Official name
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19:
1272:
1252:. Retrieved
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1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1209:
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1192:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1115:
1095:
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1047:. Retrieved
1043:the original
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1020:. Retrieved
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996:. Retrieved
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970:. Retrieved
966:the original
956:
944:. Retrieved
933:
921:. Retrieved
910:
898:. Retrieved
893:
880:
871:
854:Toronto Star
853:
847:
835:. Retrieved
822:
810:. Retrieved
778:. Retrieved
774:the original
745:. Retrieved
735:
715:
708:
648:Water portal
594:fixed-pitch
579:
554:
545:
541:
522:
517:American eel
498:
489:
474:
471:Displacement
461:
445:Robert Moses
437:
431:
416:
391:Lake Ontario
388:
370:
362:
329:Robert Moses
327:
326:, short for
323:
321:
297:fixed-pitch
1173:November 9,
1078:November 9,
993:Indian Time
509:Muskellunge
299:Kaplan-type
160:Operational
144: /
120:Coordinates
1283:Categories
998:2016-11-09
701:References
397:Background
383:navigation
132:74°47′42″W
129:45°00′23″N
537:Superfund
485:Ingleside
335:Power Dam
236:Reservoir
227:Spillways
606:See also
583:spillway
531:and the
351:Cornwall
347:New York
289:Turbines
200:Impounds
181:Owner(s)
110:Cornwall
106:New York
98:Location
1254:5 March
1225:5 March
1199:5 March
1149:5 March
1127:5 March
1072:opg.com
1049:5 March
1022:5 March
972:5 March
946:5 March
923:5 March
900:5 March
837:5 March
812:5 March
780:5 March
747:5 March
561:stators
505:Walleye
355:Ontario
343:Massena
241:Creates
114:Ontario
102:Massena
90:Country
1103:
723:
464:tonnes
218:Length
210:Height
157:Status
1244:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
1016:(PDF)
890:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
457:dikes
1256:2012
1227:2012
1201:2012
1175:2016
1151:2012
1129:2012
1101:ISBN
1080:2016
1051:2012
1024:2012
974:2012
948:2012
925:2012
902:2012
839:2012
814:2012
782:2012
749:2012
721:ISBN
515:and
349:and
322:The
176:1958
168:1954
353:in
345:in
1285::
1246:.
1191:.
1070:.
991:.
892:.
862:^
790:^
757:^
592:MW
527:,
511:,
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503:,
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295:MW
112:,
104:,
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331:-
20:)
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