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856:, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned, although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few of his warriors remained behind and appeared to have been caught unaware by the British assault. A small group of British troops pushed over the palisade and entered the pā, finding it almost empty. They were reinforced, while Māori tried to re-enter the pā from the back. After a four-hour gun fight the remaining Māori withdrew, abandoning the pā. Lieutenant Colonel Despard claimed the outcome as a "brilliant success". The
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766:) was in charge of firing the rocket-tubes. Bombardment and an incomplete siege commenced on 27 December 1845 (the British lacking the manpower to completely surround the pā). Several weeks of siege punctuated by skirmishing followed.The guns were fired with accuracy throughout the siege causing considerable damage to the palisades, although those inside the pā were safe in the underground shelters.
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Yesterday the news came that the Pa was taken on Sunday by the sailors, and that twelve
Europeans were killed and thirty wounded. The native loss uncertain. It appears the natives did not expect fighting on the Sabbath, and were, the great part of them, out of the Pa, smoking and playing. It is also
912:
The reason why the defenders appeared to have abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing debate. It was later suggested that most of the Māori had been at church (many of them were devout
Christians). Knowing that their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had not
907:
Pa burnt. Ruapekapeka found a most extraordinary place,—a model of engineering, with a treble stockade, and huts inside, these also fortified. A large embankment in rear of it, full of under-ground holes for the men to live in; communications with subterranean passages enfilading the ditch. Two guns
926:
in July 1845. Yet other later commentators suggested that Heke deliberately abandoned the pā to lay a trap in the surrounding bush, as this would provide cover and give Heke a considerable advantage. In this scenario, Heke's ambush succeeded only partially, as Kawiti's men, fearing their chief had
878:
saw action in the battle. The "Official
Despatches" released for publication on 17 January 1846 stated that casualties in the British forces were 3 soldiers killed and 11 wounded; 2 marines killed and 3 wounded; 7 seamen killed and 12 wounded; and 2 pioneers killed and 1 wounded. However other
953:
acted as an intermediary in the negotiations with
Governor Grey. At this time Governor Grey faced new threats of rebellion in the south and would have had logistical difficulties in a lengthy campaign against Heke and Kawiti; although Governor Grey may have underestimated the difficulties the
918:
reported that the troops were assembling for service. The tars, having made a tolerable breach with their cannon on
Saturday, took the opportunity of the careless position of the natives, and went into the Pa, but did not get possession without much hard fighting, hand to hand.
704:) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves. On some of the sides of the pā there were three rows of palisades and on other sides two rows of palisades. There were passages between the front and back trenches (
708:), so that warriors could move forward to fire and return to shelter to reload. On the high ground an observation tower was erected. At the rear of the pā a well, some 5 metres (16 ft) deep, was dug into a sandstone formation to provide a water-supply during the expected
954:
essentially part-time Māori force would experience in continuing to fight against the
Colonial forces. Governor Grey accepted Tāmati Wāka Nene's argument that clemency was the best way to ensure peace in the North. Heke and Kawiti were pardoned and no land was confiscated.
746:
and Te Ruki Kawiti. In early
December 1845 the Colonial forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Despard, moved by water towards Ruapekapeka and began a two-week advance over 20 kilometres (12 mi) to bring artillery up to the pā.
883:
Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846, that 12 were killed and 30 wounded; Māori casualties are unknown, (Heke and Kawiti later said they had lost around 60 dead during the whole of the campaign).
681:. It was constructed during 1845, in a good defensive position, in an area of no strategic value, well away from non-combatants, as a challenge to British rule. Ruapekapeka Pā improved on the plan of the pā at
946:
After the Battle of
Ruapekapeka, Kawiti expressed the will to continue to fight, however Kawiti and Heke made it known that they would end the rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.
852:
The siege continued for some two weeks, punctuated by skirmishing from the pā to keep everyone alert. Then, early in the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother of
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so that the Ngāpuhi left
Ruapekapeka pā. After the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of
908:
were taken,—a small one, and an 18-pounder, the latter dismantled by our fire. It appeared that they were in want of food and water. It was the strongest pa ever built in New
Zealand.
895:
Later examination of the pā showed that it had been very well designed and very strongly built. In different circumstances it could have withstood a long and costly siege. Lieutenant
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The colonial forces consisted of the 58th Regiment (led by Lieut.-Colonel Wynward), the 99th Regiment (led by Captain Reed) and 42 volunteers from Auckland (led by Captain Atkyns).
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754:.It took two weeks to bring the heavy guns into range of the pā, they started the cannon bombardment on 27 December 1845. The directing officers were Lieutenant Bland (HMS
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and his allies, including Mataroria and Motiti, designed Ruapekapeka pā as a further development of what is now called the "gunfighter pā" design that was used at the
750:
The ordnance used in the battle were three naval 32-pounders, one 18-pounder, two 12-pounder howitzers, one 6-pounder brass gun, four 5½" brass Mann mortars, and two
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829:. A marine-gunner scored a direct hit on the deck-cannon after three shots, rendering it useless. In any event, the Māori had limited supplies of
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However, later commentators have cast doubt on this explanation of the events of Sunday 11 January, as fighting had continued on a Sunday at the
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so that the possession of these guns did not assist the Māori in the defence of Ruapekapeka. The Māori were armed with double-barrel
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A shattered Māori deck-cannon in the central pā points towards the British advanced position, (the grassed area in mid distance)
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was an engagement that took place from late December 1845 to mid-January 1846 between British forces, under the command of
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fallen, returned towards the pā and the British forces engaged in battle with the Māori rebels immediately behind the pā.
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logs. Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of
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849:, so-called because the hammer holding the flint looked like a duck's beak) as well as some pistols.
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64)
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64)
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635:, which was one of the largest and most complex fortifications of its kind in New Zealand; the
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led around 450 warriors in support of the colonial forces. The soldiers were supported by the
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expected an attack on a Sunday. Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846:
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by negotiation, he assembled a British force of 1,168 men in the Bay of Islands to deal with
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The bombardment of Ruapekapeka, January 1846. Artist: Cyprian Bridge, Major, 58th Regiment
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692:) in front of and behind palisades that were 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, built using
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buried underground, the narrow end uppermost and could accommodate 15 to 20 warriors.
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782:
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A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis for Thirty-nine Years a Missionary in New Zealand
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295:
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609:
561:
431:
196:
961:, created a model of Ruapekapeka pā as a part of the New Zealand showcase at the
1544:. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
682:
576:
347:
1488:
1084:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga. 20 June 2014.
1021:"Official Despatches. Colonial Secretary's Office, Auckland, January 17, 1846"
636:
602:
217:
1569:
The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History
1052:"The Modern Gun-fighter's Pa (from Notes Supplied by the Late Tuta Nihoniho)"
93:
80:
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It was Māori custom that the place of a battle where blood was spilt became
842:
830:
826:
1659:. Wellington, New Zealand: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. pp. 73–87.
998:
Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corp of Royal Engineers
693:
17:
1491:. The Northland Publications Society, Inc., The Northlander No 14 (1974).
903:, who took part in the siege, commented in his journal (dated 11 January):
880:
668:
571:
1235:"From a Royal Navy Officers' Survey, 1846–Cross-section of Rua-pekapeka"
1489:"A Most Noble Anchorage: The Story of Russell & The Bay of Islands"
1276:. No. 9. Auckland: MOTAT Society. pp. 23–32. Archived from
640:
1111:"Gunfighter Pā: Mangaheia Station, Tauwhareparae Road, Tolaga Bay"
886:
809:
719:
709:
645:
1357:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga.
1058:. Wellington: A. Shearer, Government Printer. pp. 367–376.
492:
825:
The Māori had a deck-cannon (designed for use on a ship) and a
643:
of British forces. The earthworks of the pā can still be seen.
496:
605:
1454:. London: James Nisbet and Co. pp. 308–309 – via
27:
1845–46 New Zealand engagement between British and Ngāpuhi
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1128:
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The pā was named Ruapekapeka (bats' nests) because the
991:"2. Remarks on the Military Operations in New Zealand"
1715:. Vol. 2. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via
1525:. Vol. 2. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via
1398:. Vol. 1. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via
879:published sources give different casualty figures:
1712:The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate
1663:from the original on 28 October 2016 – via
1594:Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History
1522:The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate
1514:
1512:
1510:
1395:The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate
1015:
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1011:
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631:located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of
984:
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980:
978:
915:
905:
38:
1621:"Crafting Aotearoa: International Exhibitions"
1241:. Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer.
1206:. Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer.
1171:. Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer.
1062:from the original on 3 April 2015 – via
1596:. Lower Hutt: Mills Publications. p. 69.
685:, the site of a battle in the Flagstaff War.
508:
8:
1270:"Gother Mann's New Zealand Mountain Mortars"
1749:Tourist attractions in the Northland Region
1704:Department of Conservation – Ruapekapeka Pa
785:(under Captain Langford) and sailors from
515:
501:
493:
35:
1441:
1439:
1000:. New Series 3. London: John Weale: 5–69.
1754:Pre-colonial architecture in New Zealand
1653:"Chapter 9: The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
1540:Clayton, Garry James (30 October 2012).
891:Plans of the pā, in front of its remains
688:The outer walls of the pā had trenches (
639:designed it specifically to counter the
71:20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of
1719:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library.
1345:
1343:
974:
1684:from the original on 21 September 2013
1665:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
1606:
1255:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
1220:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
1185:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
1150:
1064:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
1592:Brooking, Tom; Enright, Paul (1988).
1548:from the original on 29 December 2013
1430:
1379:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1105:
1103:
7:
1361:from the original on 29 October 2013
1031:from the original on 13 October 2012
1619:Wolfe, Richard (11 November 2019).
1495:from the original on 5 October 2012
1165:"Plan of Ruapekapeka Fortification"
724:Surviving earthworks at Ruapekapeka
1088:from the original on 18 April 2015
989:Collinson, Thomas Bernard (1853).
25:
1245:from the original on 10 June 2015
1210:from the original on 10 June 2015
1175:from the original on 10 June 2015
1472:Ryan, Tim; Parham, Bill (2003).
1416:Ryan, Tim; Parham, Bill (1986).
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52:
1351:"HMS Calliope NZ Wars memorial"
734:When the new British Governor,
1672:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
1571:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 225–226.
1027:. 24 January 1846. p. 4.
758:) and Lieutenant Leeds (HEICS
1:
1476:. Wellington: Grantham House.
1474:The Colonial New Zealand Wars
1420:. Wellington: Grantham House.
1418:The Colonial New Zealand Wars
1268:Heath, Philip (Winter 2015).
1626:Auckland War Memorial Museum
1446:Coleman, John Noble (1865).
957:Lieutenant Henry Balneavis,
601:, and Māori warriors of the
1448:"IX. Missionary Operations"
762:); Lieutenant Egerton (HMS
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727:
1678:Te Ao Hou / The New World
1674:"Heke's War in the North"
532:
464:
437:
202:
149:
113:
62:
51:
43:
1567:Raugh, Harold E (2004).
1542:"Balneavis, Henry Colin"
716:Battle of Ruapekapeka Pā
1717:Early New Zealand Books
1709:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1527:Early New Zealand Books
1519:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1456:Early New Zealand Books
1400:Early New Zealand Books
1392:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
667:or caves looked like a
624:region of New Zealand.
1200:"Flax-masked Palisade"
1117:. 2022. Archived from
1078:"Gunfighter pā, c1845"
920:
910:
892:
725:
651:
627:The battle site was a
447:68 officers + 1110 men
150:Commanders and leaders
1651:Cowan, James (1922).
1233:Cowan, James (1955).
1198:Cowan, James (1955).
1163:Cowan, James (1955).
1050:Best, Elsdon (1975).
897:Henry Colin Balneavis
890:
752:Congreve rocket-tubes
723:
649:
592:Battle of Ruapekapeka
465:Casualties and losses
132:Colony of New Zealand
39:Battle of Ruapekapeka
1487:King, Marie (1992).
1115:Heritage New Zealand
965:in London, in 1851.
854:Eruera Maihi Patuone
777:, Tawhai, Repa, and
775:Eruera Maihi Patuone
738:, failed to end the
396:Eruera Maihi Patuone
94:35.4563°S 174.1436°E
1355:New Zealand History
1121:on 28 January 2015.
1082:New Zealand History
90: /
1734:Far North District
1280:on 12 January 2020
924:Battle of Ōhaeawai
893:
820:East India Company
818:of the Honourable
779:Nopera Pana-kareao
726:
679:Battle of Ōhaeawai
652:
596:Lieutenant Colonel
373:Volunteer Pioneers
99:-35.4563; 174.1436
1274:The Driving Wheel
1025:The New Zealander
860:and sailors from
808:, and the 18-gun
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1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 43.
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:1-57607-925-2
1574:
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1432:
1427:
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1397:
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1382:, p. 73.
1381:
1376:
1373:
1360:
1356:
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1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:, p. 75.
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:, p. 78.
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:, p. 84.
1312:
1307:
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1300:
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959:58th Regiment
955:
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948:
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858:Royal Marines
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783:Royal Marines
780:
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748:
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740:Flagstaff War
737:
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730:Flagstaff War
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618:Flagstaff War
616:, during the
615:
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599:Henry Despard
597:
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525:Flagstaff War
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484:15–20 wounded
480:
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309:
308:99th Regiment
306:
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303:58th Regiment
301:
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163:Henry Despard
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74:
69:
66:
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55:
50:
47:
46:Flagstaff War
42:
37:
32:
30:
19:
1711:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1656:
1630:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1535:
1521:
1497:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1451:
1426:
1417:
1394:
1387:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1354:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1273:
1263:
1253:– via
1247:. Retrieved
1238:
1228:
1218:– via
1212:. Retrieved
1203:
1193:
1183:– via
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1119:the original
1114:
1090:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1056:The Pa Maori
1055:
1045:
1035:17 September
1033:. Retrieved
1024:
997:
956:
949:
945:
934:
921:
916:
911:
906:
894:
875:HMS Calliope
874:
868:
862:
851:
846:
838:
824:
814:
805:HMS Calliope
804:
798:
793:
788:
768:
763:
759:
755:
749:
733:
705:
701:
689:
687:
673:
664:
660:
658:
626:
591:
589:
479:Maori Allies
478:
470:
456:
453:450 warriors
450:Maori Allies
449:
443:
385:Maori Allies
384:
376:
367:
359:
355:Commissariat
346:
338:
320:
312:
296:British Army
294:
286:
277:
267:
259:
248:
241:
234:
226:
216:
208:
114:Belligerents
31:
29:
1607:Kawiti 1956
1552:28 December
1151:Kawiti 1956
847:Ngutuparera
815:Elphinstone
760:Elphinstone
712:of the pā.
577:Ruapekapeka
482:8–10 killed
457:Ruapekapeka
408:Mohi Tāwhai
348:HM Treasury
278:Elphinstone
97: /
85:174°08′37″E
18:Ruapekapeka
1728:Categories
1645:References
1431:Cowan 1922
1380:Cowan 1922
1365:28 October
1335:Cowan 1922
1323:Cowan 1922
1311:Cowan 1922
1299:Cowan 1922
1284:12 January
1249:10 October
1214:10 October
1179:10 October
1092:28 January
941:Ngāti Hine
863:HMS Hazard
764:North Star
661:pihareinga
547:The Sticks
537:Kororāreka
476:30 wounded
235:North Star
218:Royal Navy
82:35°27′23″S
1499:9 October
969:Citations
931:Aftermath
845:muskets (
843:flintlock
837:muskets (
831:gunpowder
827:field gun
794:Racehorse
756:Racehorse
744:Hōne Heke
610:Hōne Heke
562:Te Ahuahu
474:13 killed
432:Hōne Heke
242:Racehorse
197:Hōne Heke
1739:Pā sites
1682:Archived
1667:(NZETC).
1661:Archived
1632:21 April
1546:Archived
1493:Archived
1359:Archived
1257:(NZETC).
1243:Archived
1222:(NZETC).
1208:Archived
1187:(NZETC).
1173:Archived
1086:Archived
1066:(NZETC).
1060:Archived
1029:Archived
881:Reverend
706:parepare
690:parepare
683:Ōhaeawai
669:calabash
633:Kawakawa
572:Pakaraka
567:Ōhaeawai
552:Puketutu
471:Military
444:Military
438:Strength
322:Ordnance
249:Calliope
73:Kawakawa
67:Location
44:Part of
1529:(ENZB).
1458:(ENZB).
1402:(ENZB).
792:, HMS
637:Ngāpuhi
620:in the
603:Ngāpuhi
557:Waikare
487:Unknown
1688:15 May
1575:
839:Tupara
813:HEICS
789:Castor
694:pūriri
641:cannon
542:Otuihu
276:HEICS
227:Castor
125:
994:(PDF)
810:sloop
710:siege
144:Māori
1690:2024
1634:2021
1573:ISBN
1554:2013
1501:2012
1367:2013
1286:2020
1251:2012
1216:2012
1181:2012
1094:2015
1037:2011
937:tapu
872:and
787:HMS
698:flax
665:ruas
612:and
590:The
405:Repa
247:HMS
240:HMS
233:HMS
225:HMS
841:),
606:iwi
1730::
1680:.
1676:.
1655:.
1623:.
1509:^
1464:^
1450:.
1438:^
1408:^
1353:.
1342:^
1272:.
1237:.
1202:.
1167:.
1127:^
1113:.
1102:^
1080:.
1054:.
1023:.
1006:^
996:.
977:^
943:.
899:,
866:,
822:.
802:,
796:,
773:,
629:pā
130::
1692:.
1636:.
1581:.
1556:.
1503:.
1369:.
1288:.
1096:.
1039:.
700:(
516:e
509:t
502:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
