455:
return to
Auckland, after Te Ruapekapeka was upset, or before peace was made, that all parties were to return to their own places, keeping in mind that the bone of contention was the flag-staff. Nothing was demanded from the chiefs in arms; nothing was given; but Kawiti demanded in his letter that if peace were made, it should be made with respect to the land. This was acceded to by Grey, and the flag-staff has remained prostrate to this day, though several attempts have been made to re-erect it. Captain Stanley was applied to replace it; he consented to do so immediately, but asked,--who would take care of it. Major Bridge declared it would take a thousand men to keep it in its place. Why? the natives had gained their point, and to this day laugh at the idea of submission. Peace was made with the natives on the understanding that each should let the other alone, and the demands of Kawiti having been complied with by Grey, where is the evidence of Kawiti's submission? Rather, does not the evidence shew Grey's submission to Kawiti? The war was a perfect farce, both in the North and in the South.
333:, Despard ordered an assault upon the pā the same day. The attack was directed to the section of the pā where the angle of the palisade allowed a double flank from which the defenders of the pā could fire at the attackers; the attack was a reckless endeavour. The British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached palisades and five to seven minutes later 33 were dead and 66 injured.
20:
503:(who had fought as allies of the British forces during the Flagstaff War), observed, but did not participate in the erection of the fifth flagpole. The restoration of the flagpole was presented by Maihi Paraone Kawiti as a voluntary act on the part of the Ngāpuhi that had cut it down in 1845, and they would not allow any other to render any assistance in this work.
351:. It took two weeks to bring the heavy guns into range of the pā, they started the cannon bombardment on 27 December 1845. The siege continued for some two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to keep everyone alert. Then, early in the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother of
314:
day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. The bombardment continued for another two days but still did very little damage. Partly this was due to the elasticity of the flax covering the palisade but the main fault was a failure to concentrate the cannon fire on one area of the defences.
161:
The Māori warriors followed their chief and would fight in separate groups; however Kawiti and Heke coordinated their tactics at each battle. The conduct of the
Flagstaff War appears to follow a strategy of drawing the Colonial forces into attacking a fortified pā, from which the warriors could fight
313:
The
Colonial forces arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June and established a camp about 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. On the summit of a nearby hill (Puketapu) they built a four gun battery. They opened fire next day and continued until dark but did very little damage to the palisade. The next
434:
Some argue that the
Flagstaff War can be considered an inconclusive stalemate, as both sides wished the war to end, both gained somewhat from the fighting, and the situation more or less remained the same as it was before the outbreak of hostilities. The opinion of Henry Williams, who had counseled
358:
The reason why the defenders appeared to have abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing debate. It was later suggested that most of the Māori had been at church, many of them were devout
Christians. Knowing that their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had not
494:
that he did not follow his father's path, arranged for the fifth flagpole to be erected at Kororāreka; this occurred in
January 1858 with the flag being named Whakakotahitanga, "being at one with the Queen." As a further symbolic act, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing and erecting the
454:
But you say, "Grey will go upon Kawiti's submission as a proof of victory." I ask you in what form was Kawiti's submission? and to what and when did it take place? This is new to me, as also to Kawiti. Compare Kawiti's letter to
Governor FitzRoy with the proclamation of Grey, immediately on Grey's
282:
Heke committed the error (against the advice of Pene Taui) of attacking Walker , who had advanced to
Pukenui. With four hundred men, he attacked about one hundred and fifty of Walker's party, taking them also by surprise; but was beaten back with loss. Kahakaha was killed, Haratua was shot through
211:. Heke's force numbered about 300 men; Kawiti joined Heke towards the end of April with another 150 warriors. Among Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika. Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about 400 warriors that supported Tamati Waka Nene including the chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui and his son
202:
built a pā close to Lake Ōmāpere. Heke's pā named
Puketutu, was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, while it is sometimes named as "Te Mawhe" however the hill of that name is some distance to the north-east. In April 1845, during the time that the colonial forces were gathering in the Bay of Islands, the
245:
itself, Kawiti and his warriors arrived at the battle and engaged the
Colonial forces in the scrub and gullies around the pā. They successfully prevented the Colonial forces from launching a coordinated attack on the pā but at quite a heavy cost in casualties. The Colonial forces were unable to
355:, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned; although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few of his warriors remained behind, and appeared to have been caught unaware by the British assault. Fighting took place behind the pā and most casualties occurred in this phase of the battle.
121:
on 6 February 1840, believing that it would inevitably lead to further European encroachment and the loss of Māori land. However he eventually yielded to pressure from his own people and signed the treaty in May 1840, right at the top, above those chiefs who had signed earlier.
329:. The Union Flag was carried into the pā. There it was hoisted, upside down, and at half-mast high, below the Māori flag, which was a Kākahu (Māori cloak). This insulting display of the Union Jack was the cause of the disaster which ensued. Infuriated by the insult to the
287:
Thomas Walker was a name adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this battle Nene's warriors carried the day. Heke was severely wounded and did not rejoin the conflict until some months later, at the closing phase of the Battle of
162:
from a strong defensive position that was secure from cannon fire. Kawiti was the senior rangatira and appears to have had a key role in the strategic decisions as to the design of the strengthened defences of Pene Taui's
430:
on 28 May 1846, stated that "the flag-staff in the Bay is still prostrate, and the natives here rule. These are humiliating facts to the proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a mere name."
374:. After the battle of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed the will to continue to fight, however Kawiti and Heke made it known that they would end the rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.
317:
After two days of bombardment without effecting a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard ordered a frontal assault. He was, with difficulty, persuaded to postpone this pending the arrival of a 32-pound
517:, the colonial administrators were obliged to take account of opinions of the Ngāpuhi before taking actions in the Hokianga and Bay of Islands. The continuing symbolism of the fifth flagpole at
378:
acted as the intermediary in the negotiations, with Nene persuading the Governor to accept the terms of Kawiti and Heke – that they were to be unconditionally pardoned for their rebellion.
103:, or revenge. He took a number of Ngāti Whātua captive and refused to hand them over to Hongi Hika, preferring instead to return them to their own people to whom he was related.
125:
However he soon grew disenchanted with British law and supported Hōne Heke in his protests against British rule. Hōne Heke sought support from Kawiti and other leaders of the
306:
A debate occurred between Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as to the site of the next battle; Kawiti eventually agreed to the request to fortify Pene Taui's pā at
292:. On this account of the early engagements of the Flagstaff War, Kawiti appears to have made the better strategic decisions as to which battles to fight and which not to.
422:
region was nominally under British influence; the fact that the government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant. Such significance was not lost on
1215:
656:
1220:
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and the colonial government both agreed that each should let the other alone, so that Kawiti achieved peace on his terms. Henry Williams wrote to his son-in-law
203:
warriors of Heke and Nene fought many skirmishes on the small hill named Taumata-Karamu that was between the two pās and on open country between
366:
so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā. After the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some four miles north-west to
146:
Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti worked out the plan to draw the Colonial forces into battle, with the opening provocations focusing on the flagstaff on
471:. Maihi Paraone Kawiti was a supporter of te ture (the law) and te whakapono (the gospel). Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti from the
600:
321:
which came the next day, 1 July. However an unexpected sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation of the knoll on which
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765:
970:
640:
605:
158:
for the fourth time, thereby initiating the Flagstaff War, Kawiti, now in his seventies, created a diversion by attacking the town.
398:, and was baptised by Williams in 1853. He succumbed to measles on 5 May 1854 at Otaikumikumi, close to Waiomio which is south of
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507:
444:
1235:
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on 13 March 1854 in response to an earlier comment by Carleton as to the consequences of Kawiti having made peace with
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by the conveying of ‘te ngākau’, the custom observed by those who sought help to settle a tribal grievance.
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58:
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865:
The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period, Volume I: 1845–1864
797:
The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period, Volume I: 1845–1864
773:
751:
The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period, Volume I: 1845–1864
734:
The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period, Volume I: 1845–1864
460:
427:
352:
216:
1137:
1089:
840:
262:. The contemporary European accounts of the battle describe it as being fought on 12 June 1845 near
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82:
77:, one of the subtribes of the Ngāpuhi. From his youth he was trained in leadership and warfare by
863:
795:
749:
732:
514:
510:
491:
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228:
118:
112:
483:; the reply from Maihi Paraone Kawiti was that the Ngāpuhi had no desire for a ‘Māori Kingi’ as
187:
86:
966:
636:
495:
flagpole were selected from the ‘rebel’ forces of Kawiti and Heke – that is, Ngāpuhi from the
1189:. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand Library. pp. 38–46.
367:
212:
199:
347:
Towards the end of 1845 the British launched a major expedition against Kawiti's new pā at
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419:
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42:
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The legacy of Kawiti's rebellion during the Flagstaff War was that during the time of
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387:
371:
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242:
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71:
46:
993:. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand. pp. 45–46
575:. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand. pp. 38–43
267:
259:
234:
38:
1119:
Ian McGibbon, (2001) The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History, p. 373
712:. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New World, National Library of New Zealand. p. 43
348:
342:
307:
289:
171:
94:
67:
901:
436:
330:
326:
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126:
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63:
963:
The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopedia of British military history
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It was Māori custom that the place of a battle where blood was spilt became
263:
208:
34:
19:
595:
23:
Te Ruki Kawiti far right, with his nephew Hōne Heke and Heke's wife Hariata
415:
402:. The meeting house and marae complex at Waiomio Caves are his memorial.
395:
904:. The Northland Publications Society, Inc., The Northlander No 14 (1974)
902:"A Most Noble Anchorage – The Story of Russell & The Bay of Islands"
496:
476:
468:
191:
74:
817:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage – NZ History online. 3 April 2009
90:
53:
862:
Cowan, James (1922). "Chapter 8: The Storming-Party at Ohaeawai".
748:
Cowan, James (1922). "Chapter 5: The First British March Inland".
731:
Cowan, James (1922). "Chapter 5: The First British March Inland".
97:
when it was Ngāpuhi's turn to slaughter Ngāti Whātua in an act of
18:
170:
and the design and construction of the new pā that was built at
129:
794:
Cowan, James (1922). "Chapter 6: The Fighting at Omapere".
521:
is that it exists because of the goodwill of the Ngāpuhi.
246:
overcome the defences of the pā and retreated back to the
1148:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 328–331.
1036:
The Renowned Chief Kawiti, and other New Zealand Warriors
1024:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 308–309.
851:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 110–111.
274:. However, there are no detailed accounts of the action;
194:
some 20 miles (32 km), or two days travel, from the
694:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 76–135.
233:
The first major engagement of the Flagstaff War was the
1100:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 137–8.
1069:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1855. p. 3
186:, Heke and Kawiti and the warriors travelled inland to
85:
in 1807 or 1808 when many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered by
406:
Legacy of Kawiti and the fifth flagpole at Kororāreka
325:
had his camp and the capture of Nene's colours – the
935:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. p. 243.
889:(ENZB), University of Auckland Library. p. 112.
154:. When in March 1845 Heke cut down the flag pole at
93:. Almost twenty years later, in 1825, he was at the
237:in May 1845 by the colonial forces led by Lt Col
950:. Grantham House, Wellington NZ. pp. 27–28.
467:, succeeded Kawiti as leader of the Ngāti Hine
452:
280:
1063:"THE RENOWNED CHIEF KAWITI AND HIS COADJUTORS"
490:Maihi Paraone Kawiti, as a signal to Governor
435:Kawiti to abandon the rebellion, was that the
766:"The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1851"
635:. Penguin Books. pp. 161, 164, 184–186.
8:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
984:
982:
266:and that it involved only the warriors of
1110:James Belich, The New Zealand Wars, p. 70
1051:. Pegasus Press. p. 97, footnote 13.
809:
807:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
1216:Military leaders of the New Zealand Wars
1167:Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams
1049:Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams
834:
832:
659:. John C Moorfield. 2005. Archived from
815:"Puketutu and Te Ahuahu – Northern War"
530:
463:, who had been a missionary teacher at
703:
701:
626:
624:
622:
1221:Signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi
117:Kawiti initially refused to sign the
30:(1770s – 5 May 1854) was a prominent
7:
868:. Wellington: R.E. Owen. p. 60.
800:. Wellington: R.E. Owen. p. 39.
754:. Wellington: R.E. Owen. p. 38.
737:. Wellington: R.E. Owen. p. 42.
215:, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Pi, and
16:19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)
601:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
479:iwi asking the Ngāpuhi to join the
633:The Penguin History of New Zealand
459:Upon the death of Kawiti, his son
258:The next major engagement was the
89:, despite the former having a few
14:
946:Tim Ryan and Bill Parham (1986).
882:Vol II, The Life of Henry William
606:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1018:Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis
359:expected an attack on a Sunday.
596:"Kawiti, Te Ruki ? – 1854"
235:attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu
223:Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu
1183:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
989:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
965:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 225–226.
770:The Chief Maika, of Mangakahia
708:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
571:Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).
382:Aftermath of the Flagstaff War
222:
174:to engage the British forces.
66:. He was born in the north of
1:
948:The Colonial New Zealand Wars
1165:Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973)
1047:Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973).
1012:Coleman, John Noble (1865).
386:After the conclusion of the
370:, the ancestral home of the
95:Battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui
62:canoe, the ancestors of the
1169:, Pegasus Press, pp. 296–97
594:Martin, Kene Hine Te Uira.
1257:
1142:The Life of Henry Williams
1094:The Life of Henry Williams
929:The Life of Henry Williams
845:The Life of Henry Williams
688:The Life of Henry Williams
340:
299:
241:. While Heke occupied the
226:
139:
110:
961:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
657:"Māori Dictionary Online"
410:At the conclusion of the
390:Kawiti went to live near
270:fighting the warriors of
991:"Hekes War in the North"
710:"Hekes War in the North"
573:"Hekes War in the North"
81:. He was present at the
41:successfully fought the
1146:Early New Zealand Books
1136:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1098:Early New Zealand Books
1088:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
1067:Early New Zealand Books
1022:Early New Zealand Books
933:Early New Zealand Books
923:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
887:Early New Zealand Books
879:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
849:Early New Zealand Books
839:Carleton, Hugh (1874).
692:Early New Zealand Books
682:Carleton, Hugh (1877).
544:. (Penguin Books, 1986)
56:and Nukutawhiti of the
52:He traced descent from
1186:Hekes War in the North
631:King, Michael (2003).
457:
285:
24:
337:Battle of Ruapekapeka
22:
900:King, Marie (1992).
774:Adam Matthew Digital
542:The New Zealand Wars
461:Maihi Paraone Kawiti
353:Eruera Maihi Patuone
184:Battle of Kororāreka
178:Battle of the sticks
142:Battle of Kororāreka
136:Battle of Kororāreka
487:was their ‘Kingi'.
481:Māori King Movement
260:Battle of Te Ahuahu
254:Battle of Te Ahuahu
83:Battle of Moremonui
1226:Treaty of Waitangi
1034:O.C. Davis (1885)
663:on 12 January 2013
515:Thomas Gore Browne
492:Thomas Gore Browne
426:, who, writing to
302:Battle of Ōhaeawai
296:Battle of Ōhaeawai
229:Battle of Puketutu
119:Treaty of Waitangi
113:Treaty of Waitangi
107:Treaty of Waitangi
59:Ngātokimatawhaorua
25:
1236:Ngāti Hine people
485:‘Kuini Wikitoria’
217:Nōpera Panakareao
150:at the north end
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37:(chief). He and
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1211:1854 deaths
428:E. G. Marsh
349:Ruapekapeka
343:Ruapekapeka
290:Ruapekapeka
172:Ruapekapeka
68:New Zealand
1200:Categories
997:10 October
779:18 October
716:10 October
667:19 October
579:10 October
525:References
519:Kororāreka
465:Mangakahia
372:Ngāti Hine
331:Union Jack
327:Union Flag
283:the lungs.
182:After the
156:Kororāreka
152:Kororāreka
148:Maiki Hill
79:Hongi Hika
72:Ngāti Hine
1138:"Vol. II"
1090:"Vol. II"
908:9 October
841:"Vol. II"
684:"Vol. II"
319:naval gun
268:Hōne Heke
264:Te Ahuahu
209:Te Ahuahu
70:into the
39:Hōne Heke
35:rangatira
925:"Vol. I"
508:Governor
473:Taranaki
445:Governor
418:and the
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400:Kawakawa
396:Pakaraka
308:Ōhaeawai
190:near to
168:Ōhaeawai
611:4 April
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368:Waiomio
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127:Ngāpuhi
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64:Ngāpuhi
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32:Māori
1075:2020
1014:"IX"
999:2012
967:ISBN
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781:2015
718:2012
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637:ISBN
613:2011
581:2012
511:Grey
497:hapū
475:and
469:hapū
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364:tapu
207:and
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