953:
3016:
1309:, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was handed over to economic administration by France as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957, with economic reintegration occurring two years later. Parallel to the question of political control of the Ruhr, the Allies tried to decrease German industrial potential by limitations on production and dismantling of factories and steel plants, predominantly in the Ruhr. By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by-then much watered-down "level of industry" plans, equipment had been removed from 706
745:(1948): "For the purposes of the present Agreement: (i) the expression 'Ruhr' means the areas, as presently constituted, in Land North Rhine–Westphalia, listed in the Annex to this Agreement." However, Lawrence K. Cecil and Philip Hauge Abelson still write in 1967: "In the first place, the average person uses the term 'Ruhr' indiscriminately as the Ruhr River or the Ruhr district, two entirely different things. The Ruhr River is only one of half a dozen rivers in the Ruhr district, in addition to the Rhine. The Rhine itself runs through the heart of the Ruhr district." According to
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88:
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159:
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939:
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1930:
924:
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834:
718:, Volume 28, Issue 1013, includes the article, "Exports from the Ruhr district of Germany". In 1924 the English and American press was still talking of the "French occupation of the Ruhr Valley" or "Ruhr District". A 62-page publication seems to be responsible for the use of "Ruhr" as a short form of the then more common "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley": Ben Tillett, A. Creech-Jones and Samuel Warren's
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139:
198:
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1109:, which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925. However, the occupation of the Ruhr caused several direct and indirect consequences to the German economy and government, including accelerating the growth of right wing parties due to the Weimar government's inability to successfully resolve the problem.
2585:". Students enrolled at one of the UA Ruhr universities can attend lectures and seminars at all three institutions without having to pay a visiting student fee. Consequently, they have many options to specialize in and to explore their chosen disciplines in depth. The UA Ruhr has three liaison offices for interested students in
1324:
Likewise the Ruhr steel industry went into sharp decline, as its prices were undercut by lower-cost suppliers such as Japan. The welfare system provided a safety net for the large number of unemployed workers, and many factories reduced their labor force and began to concentrate on high-profit specialty items.
2199:. It has been claimed that immigrants came to the Ruhr from over 140 countries. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a first language, and for various reasons, they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often their Polish family names only remain as a sign of their past.
2537:
is an internationally acclaimed art college with its base in the Ruhr region. Furthermore, the universities are not the only places in the Ruhr region where academic qualifications can be obtained. There are 17 different universities of applied sciences which offer students to have the opportunity to
1036:
of young Polish workers, who later established a
Workers' Union. Skilled workers in the mines were often housed in "miners' colonies", built by the mining firms. By 1870, over 3 million people lived in the Ruhrgebiet and the new coal-mining district had become the largest industrial region of Europe.
2153:
with influences from the various dialects found in the area and changing even with the professions of the workers. A major common influence stems from the coal mining tradition of the area. For example, quite a few locals prefer to call the Ruhr either "Pott", which is a derivate of "Pütt" (pitmen's
1009:
Consequently, the population climbed rapidly. Towns with only 2,000 to 5,000 people in the early 19th century grew in the following 100 years to over 100,000. Skilled mineworkers were recruited from other regions to the Ruhr's mines and steel mills and unskilled people started to move in. From 1860
788:
According to the
Regionalverband Ruhr (RVR, Ruhr Regional Association), 37.6% of the region's area is built up. A total of 40.7% of the region's land remains in agricultural use. Forests account for 17.6%, and bodies of water and other types of land use occupy the rest. The inclusion of four mainly
1323:
After 1973, Germany was hard hit by a worldwide economic crisis, soaring oil prices, and increasing unemployment, which jumped from 300,000 in 1973 to 1.1 million in 1975. The Ruhr region was hardest hit, as the easy-to-reach coal mines became exhausted, and German coal was no longer competitive.
784:
period. The coal seams reach the surface in a strip along the river Ruhr and dip downward from the river to the north. Beneath the Lippe, the coal seams lie at a depth of 600 to 800 metres (2,000 to 2,600 feet). The thickness of the coal layers ranges from one to three metres (three to ten feet).
737:, in addition to its article on the river Ruhr, has a further article on "RUHR, the name given to a district of Westphalia, Germany". Thus the name "Ruhr" was given to the region (as a short form of "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley") only a few years before the publication of this edition of the
1357:
in spite of its inland position, with winds from the
Atlantic travelling over the lowlands to moderate temperature extremes, in spite of its relatively northerly latitude that sees significant variety in daylight hours. A consequence of the marine influence is a cloudy and wet climate with low
2953:
are less important for intercity traffic. The first
Autobahns in the Ruhr opened during the mid-1930s. Due to the density of the network, and the number of alternative routes, traffic volumes are generally lower than other major metropolitan areas in Europe. Traffic congestion is an everyday
1100:
as agreed in the
Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with a policy of passive resistance, letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to
3961:
1227:. The devastating bombing raids of Dortmund on 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft – 748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos – was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II. More than 4,800 tons of bombs were dropped through the city centre and the south of the city.
807:
Between the constituent urban areas are relatively open suburbs and even some open land with agricultural fields. In many places however, the borders between cities in the central Ruhr are unrecognizable, blending into one urban landscape due to continuous development across them.
819:, formerly virtually an open sewer, parts of which have undergone natural restoration. This park connects strips of parkland running from north to south, which were developed through regional planning in the 1920s, to form a green belt between the Ruhr cities from east to west.
800:, which developed through the rapid absorption of smaller towns and villages by the most significant city among them. Instead in the Ruhr, the individual city boroughs and urban districts of the Ruhr grew in a rapid and parallel fashion independently of one another during the
908:. By around 1820, hundreds of water-powered mills were producing textiles, lumber, shingles and iron in automated processes here. In additional workshops in the hills, highly skilled workers manufactured knives, tools, weapons and harnesses, using water, coal and charcoal.
1061:. It was able to defeat the putsch by advocating a general strike that all but shut down Berlin. The work action effectively ended the putsch, but in the Ruhr it was the instigation for an armed revolt whose aim was to replace the Weimar Republic with a soviet-style
4614:
4602:
1331:) and industrial diversification, first developing traditional heavy industry, then moving into service industries and high technology. The air and water pollution of the area are largely a thing of the past although some issues take a long time to solve. In 2005
2528:
With 22 universities and colleges and more than 250,000 students, the Ruhr region has the highest density of further education establishments anywhere in
Germany. These include five universities alone in the cities of Bochum, Duisburg, Dortmund, Essen and
792:
Seen on a map, the Ruhr could be considered a single city, since there are no visible breaks between the individual city boroughs. Thus the Ruhr is described as a polycentric urban area, which shares a similar history of urban and economic development.
1040:
During World War I the
Ruhrgebiet functioned as Germany's central weapon factory. At a big Essen company, F. Krupp A.G., the number of employees rose from 40,000 to 120,000 or more, in four years. They were partly women, partly forced labourers.
3953:
1161:) concluded that since the French refused to defend their own border, they certainly would not stand up for their allies in the East. Hitler could now continue eroding the alliance system that France had built since 1919. On 16 October 1936,
701:
has only one definition of "Ruhr": "a river of
Germany, an important right-bank tributary of the lower Rhine". The use of the term "Ruhr" for the industrial region started in Britain only after World War I, when French and Belgian troops had
3219:"Few foreigners know that in fact 'the Ruhr' is the name of a 150-mile-long Rhine right-bank tributary which, after meandering through the industrial basin now named after it, enters its parent near Europe's greatest inland port, Duisburg" (
4691:
1077:, with assistance from Freikorps units, put down the rebellion in early April 1920 and re-established the Weimar Republic's control of the district. An estimated 1,000 insurgents and 200 Reichswehr soldiers were killed in the battles.
3212:"The Heavy Industrial Belt' is commonly, though inaccurately, referred to as the Ruhr. This is a belt of low and level land on the northern edge of the uplands, known as the Sauerland through which flows the Ruhr from east to west" (
3458:
789:
rural districts in the otherwise mainly industrial Ruhr helps to explain the large proportion of agricultural and forested land. In addition, the city boroughs of the Ruhr region have outlying districts with a rural character.
1369:
that hit the cities on June 9, 2014, and caused tens of thousands of trees to fall which was publicly dubbed the "Pfingststurm" (German for "Whitsun storm"). Winters have become more mild which poses a risk for crops such as
4611:
4599:
4073:
De Ridder K et al., 2008. Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part II: Development and evaluation of an urban growth scenario. Atmospheric
Environment
911:
As the machines became bigger and moved from water power to steam power, locally mined coal and charcoal became expensive and there was not enough of it. The
Bergische industry ordered more and more coal from the new
997:
connections. At the beginning of the 1880s, agricultural regions did not benefit from the newly built transport facilities as much as non-agricultural regions did. This in its turn increased inequality, and made
3516:
3926:
2993:
in the Eastern Ruhr is a mid-sized airport, offering scheduled flights to domestic and European destinations and its approximately 3 million passengers in 2023. Dortmund Airport is served by an express bus to
981:
on the Ruhr led to the expansion of Mülheim as a port. With the construction of the Cologne-Minden railway in the late 19th century, several iron works were built within the borders of the present-day city of
963:
By 1850, there were almost 300 coal mines in operation in the Ruhr area, in and around the central cities of Duisburg, Essen, Bochum and Dortmund. The coal was exported or processed in coking ovens into
976:
became common. Before the coal deposits along the Ruhr were exhausted, the mining industry moved northward to the Emscher and finally to the Lippe, drilling ever deeper mines as it went. Locks built at
726:, Volume 8, 1923, is still using the traditional term. In the same year, "Objections by the United States to discriminatory regulations on exports from the occupied region of the Ruhr" was published in
4064:
De Ridder K. et al., 2008. Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part I: Reproducing the base state. Atmospheric Environment 42,7059–7069
410:
4801:
2630:
College of the Federal Social Security, Department of Social Insurance for Miners, Railway Employees and Seafarers (Fachhochschule des Bundes der Sozialversicherung, Abteilung Knappschaft-Bahn-See)
430:
1880:
1223:
in 1940–1944 caused a loss of 30% of plant and equipment (compared to 15–20% for German industry as a whole). A second battle of the Ruhr (6/7 October 1944 – end of 1944) began with an attack on
4213:
4111:
1365:
have become more profound. The area has been affected by severe droughts (like 2018), heat waves with temperatures above 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) (2019) and severe weather events like the
2836:, for both passenger and goods services, each city in the region has at least one train stations. The bigger central stations have hourly direct connections to the bigger European cities as
749:, a standard reference on place names around the world, the name "Ruhr" refers to the river. The name preferred for the region in this dictionary is "Ruhrgebiet", followed by "Ruhr Valley".
4141:
3454:
2946:
Both the A44 and the A52 have several missing links, in various stages of planning. Some missing sections are currently in construction or planned to be constructed in the near future.
920:. Impressive and expensive railways were constructed through the hilly Wupper region, to bring coal, and later steel, in from the Ruhr, and for outward transport of finished products.
3492:
Baten, Jörg (Summer 2009). "Did the Railway Increase Inequality? A Micro-Regional Analysis of Heights in the Hinterland of the Booming Ruhr Area During the Late Nineteenth Century".
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952:
1313:
in the west, and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons. Dismantling finally ended in 1951. In all, less than 5% of the industrial base was dismantled.
3299:
3015:
722:(London 1923). Yet "The report of a deputation from the Transport and General Workers' Union which spent a fortnight examining the problems in the Ruhr Valley", published in
2249:
Ruhr is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. Ruhr has three major opera houses and more than 10 theaters and stages.
4794:
804:. The population density of the central Ruhr is about 2,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (about 5,400 per square mile)—not too high compared to other German cities.
3512:
4656:
3923:
2978:
2187:(flight from the east). By 1925, the Ruhrgebiet had around 3,800,000 inhabitants. Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from
3600:
2746:
599:. Since the 19th century, these cities have grown together into a large complex with a vast industrial landscape, inhabited by some 7.3 million people (including
1274:
abolished all German munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them and severely restricted civilian industries of military potential. The
4787:
761:
Map of the Ruhr area; in Green is a stricter or narrower definition of the Ruhr, comprising municipalities that are members of the Ruhr regional institution.
5167:
4195:
1129:. The French passed the problem to the British, who found that the Germans had the right to "enter their own backyard", and no action was taken. In the
4221:
4103:
2949:
Additional expressways serve as bypasses and local routes, especially around Dortmund and Bochum. Due to the density of the autobahns and expressways,
1301:
and have the Ruhr as a primary target. Increased German control of the area was limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into the multinational
2771:
471:
2337:
4041:
Christian Berndt, "Ruhr Firms between Dynamic Change and Structural Persistence. Globalization, the 'German Model' and Regional Place-Dependence",
3379:
1165:
repudiated the 1921 alliance with France and declared its absolute neutrality. In October 1937, Belgium signed a non-aggression pact with Germany.
5152:
4762:
4133:
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927:
2974:
2581:
The three largest universities (Ruhr University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, and the University of Duisburg-Essen) opened an alliance called "
2958:
in the Netherlands, another polycentric urban area. Most important Autobahns have six lanes, but there are no eight-lane Autobahns in the Ruhr.
773:
belt that extends across Germany from west to east. Historically, this loess belt has underlain some of Germany's richest agricultural regions.
5162:
4676:
4290:
3695:
2243:
1231:
5100:
4612:
Draft, The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food…; Truman Papers.
4649:
1275:
2832:, which provides a uniform ticket system valid for the entire area. The Ruhr region is well-integrated into the national rail system, the
576:. The most populous cities are Dortmund (with a population of approximately 612,065), Essen (about 583,000) and Duisburg (about 497,000).
3818:
3776:
3737:
4758:
3902:
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815:
has created new parks and recreation areas in recent decades. The Emscher Landschaftspark (Emscher Landscape Park) lies along the river
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and similar Schnellstraßen (expressways) crossing the region. The Autobahn network is built in a grid network, with four east–west (
1854:
1302:
1122:
682:
387:
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undertake practice-relevant and qualified studies in various subjects, such as economics, logistics, administration or management.
838:
649:
87:
1278:, an international body to regulate the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, was created as a condition for the establishment of the
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610:
The Ruhr area has no administrative centre; each city in the area has its own administration, although there is a supracommunal
72:
4841:
4665:
4642:
3401:
3142:
2565:
2534:
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The urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the
498:
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There are special classical music halls like the Bochumer Symphoniker, the Duisburg Mercatorhalle, the Saalbau Essen or the
861:
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4701:
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2422:
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2943:) routes. The A1, A2 and A3 are mostly used by through traffic, while the other autobahns have a more regional function.
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Ruhr Delegation of the United States of America, Council of Foreign Ministers American Embassy Moscow, March 24, 1947
664:
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Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913",
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Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Rheinland-Westphalia-Lippe (Evangelische FH Rheinland-Westfalen-Lippe)
2306:
1105:. After passive resistance was called off in late 1923, Germany implemented a currency reform and negotiated the
565:
4049:
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1358:
sunshine hours. Summers normally average in the low 20s, with winters being somewhat above the freezing point.
611:
423:
403:
4459:
Corporate Germany between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area
4192:
741:. Even after World War II, the term "Ruhr" may not have been in general use for the region: it was defined in
1320:
of the 1950s and 1960s, as very rapid economic growth (9% a year) created a heavy demand for coal and steel.
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The development of the region into an urbanized industrial area started in the late 18th century with the
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The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 6: The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936
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466:. With a population density of 2,800/km and a population of over 5 million (2017), it is the largest
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against Germany. All restraint on German rearmament was now removed. France's eastern allies (the
796:
Because of its history, the Ruhr is structured differently from monocentric urban regions such as
4870:
4831:
4423:
4415:
4338:
2669:
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Academy for public administration)
2275:
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1220:
1189:
1179:
1138:
873:
616:
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4104:"41,2 Grad im Sommer 2019: Duisburg und Tönisvorst sind neue Hitze-Spitzenreiter in Deutschland"
3954:"RAF Bomber Command 748 Lancasters carried out a large attack on Dortmund on 12th of March 1945"
1327:
As demand for coal decreased after 1958, the area went through phases of structural crisis (see
4552:
Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914,"
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This geological feature played a decisive role in the development of coal mining in the Ruhr.
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306:
151:
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Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961), "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany",
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and seized its prime industrial assets in lieu of unpaid reparations in 1923. In 1920, the
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3233:"Many industries were built in the Ruhr region, where both iron ore and coal were found" (
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International School of Management (Private academy focussing on management and economics)
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1929:
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FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Standort Dortmund (Academy for management)
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since. The Poles were treated as second class citizens. In 1899 this led to a revolt in
923:
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was an important trade route from the region of the Lower Rhine to the mountains of the
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France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland
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Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.
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Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900",
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With more than 50 museums, Ruhr has one of the largest variety of museums in Europe.
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1997:
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1125:. As Hitler and other Nazis admitted, the French army alone could have destroyed the
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880:, an important east–west trading route, that also brought prosperity to the town of
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The Ruhr has one of the densest motorway networks in all of Europe, with dozens of
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Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)
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Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)
720:
The Ruhr: The Report of a Deputation from the Transport and General Workers Union
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The Ruhr area has 5 major universities in 6 cities with about 120,000 students.
2470:
2145:) although there is really no uniform regiolect that justifies designation as a
2137:
2109:
1243:
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913:
3261:"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"
2981:, with its several parking lots, terminals and stations being connected by the
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and is within 20 km of most of the Western Ruhr area. It is served by the
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network. Originally the system was even bigger, it was possible to travel from
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2016:
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868:. The region included some villages and castles, and was mainly agrarian: its
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521:
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467:
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334:
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Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)
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Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)
116:
103:
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whose blooms are vulnerable to late freezes if bud break happens too early.
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4244:"Studying in the Ruhr region: 22 universities and colleges - welcome.ruhr"
3513:""Das Ruhrgebiet! Von der Steinzeit bis zur Kulturhauptsatdt 2010" part 3"
3455:""Das Ruhrgebiet! Von der Steinzeit bis zur Kulturhauptsatdt 2010" part 2"
3226:"The territory through which the Ruhr flows is called the Ruhr district" (
3005:, a bus connecting to Stadtbahn line U47, as well as a bus to the city of
2828:, all such companies in the Ruhr region are run under the umbrella of the
1006:. In the long run, however, effects of the railroad proximity diminished.
607:, large cities that are nearby but officially not part of the Ruhr area).
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1959:
1914:
1366:
1290:
1286:
1224:
1081:
994:
946:
881:
553:
517:
216:
190:
4521:
4312:
5090:
4970:
4923:
4908:
4557:
4540:
4503:
Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe
4491:
4419:
4360:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F
2872:
2582:
2450:
at Herten, dedicated to green energy and a commercial and cultural park
2192:
2178:
2161:
During the nineteenth century, the Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic
1310:
1162:
1154:
1011:
877:
816:
580:
525:
463:
144:
4577:
4398:
Yoder, Amos (July 1955), "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem",
4384:(illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 172–174,
4342:
4046:
5052:
4995:
4850:
3282:
2983:
2868:
2849:
2590:
2530:
2188:
2166:
1978:
1146:
901:
844:
During the Middle Ages, much of the region that was later called the
797:
541:
506:
229:
2685:
FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management (Academy for management)
667:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4334:
2611:
Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bochum, formerly
2313:
in the Ruhr area with 50 to 80 events of classical and jazz music.
5080:
4985:
2845:
2516:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2124:
2119:
2108:
2035:
1940:
1371:
1332:
1248:
951:
937:
931:
922:
869:
832:
770:
549:
533:
510:
483:
203:
30:
This article is about the urban area. For the namesake river, see
2618:
Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences (TH Georg Agricola)
3006:
2880:
2860:
1053:, nationalist and monarchist elements with the armed support of
1010:
onwards there was large-scale migration of Polish speakers from
1003:
777:
4783:
4638:
4626:
Describes the contest for the Ruhr and Saar over the centuries.
4516:
Pounds, Norman J. G. "The Ruhr Area: A Problem in Definition,"
3762:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
2143:
Ruhrgebietsdeutsch, Ruhrpottdeutsch, Ruhrpottisch, Ruhrpöttisch
621:
institution in Essen. For 2010, the Ruhr region was one of the
3430:, Volume 10 (1948), p. 125: "Part IX: Definitions Article 29".
876:
of Dortmund was the trading and cultural centre, lying on the
632:
587:. The most important towns of the region from Duisburg to the
501:
of more than 10 million people, which is the third largest in
379:
4314:
Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions
872:
soil made it one of the richer parts of western Germany. The
728:
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
478:. It consists of several large cities bordered by the rivers
4311:
French Directorate for Economic Affairs (8 September 1945),
1881:
List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants
4442:
4134:"Fünf Jahre nach "Ela" – Erinnerungen an den Pfingststurm"
3652:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; Thompson, Steve (25 September 2019).
3538:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; Thompson, Steve (17 September 2019).
2454:
The city of Essen (representing the Ruhr) was selected as
1316:
The Ruhr was at the centre of the German economic miracle
1073:
was able to take control of the Ruhr industrial area. The
3796:
3794:
3482:, "Die Eisenbahn von Minden nach Köln", Brune, Hagen 1833
3443:(American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1967), p. 122.
2820:
With the exception of public transport companies serving
2633:
University of Health Sciences (Hochschule für Gesundheit)
591:
of Dortmund were concentrated along the Hellweg from the
2701:
Main building of the Folkwang University in Essen-Werden
350:
4486:
Gillingham, John. "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War",
4466:
Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914
769:. Through the centre of the Ruhr runs a segment of the
656:
4528:
The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography
4494:* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District",
388:
4043:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
2481:, and to a lesser extent between either club and/or
972:, producing iron and steel. In this period the name
376:
4595:
Post-Surrender Program for Germany (September 1944)
1361:From the onset of the 21st century, the effects of
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1057:units attempted to overthrow the government of the
373:
345:
328:
320:
315:
304:
296:
285:
280:
272:
264:
256:
251:
243:
238:
170:
150:
132:
48:
4278:
1096: after Germany failed to fulfill part of its
1080:In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied
4547:Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II
4490:Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp. 637–653
3681:Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II
2656:Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts
4193:"Climatological Information for Essen, Germany"
4045:New Series, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1998), pp. 331–352
2747:South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences
4556:Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp. 397–412
4539:Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 65–78
4358:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2003),
4281:From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945–1949
3227:
2998:, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station
2979:Düsseldorf Flughafen Terminal railway stations
490:to the north. In the southwest it borders the
5158:Cultural landscapes of North Rhine-Westphalia
4795:
4650:
4576:2nd Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp. 242–259
3197:Other colloquial names that are used include
1335:was the official candidate for nomination as
1002:measurements, e.g. height, more dependent on
27:Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
8:
3439:Lawrence K. Cecil and Philip Hauge Abelson,
3426:Samuel Shepard Jones and Denys Peter Myers,
4382:The Strategic Bombing of Germany: 1940–1945
4212:Ruhr, Regionalverband (28 September 2017).
4164:"World Weather Information Service - Essen"
2740:FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management
2706:FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management
2242:) links tourist attractions related to the
4820:
4802:
4788:
4780:
4657:
4643:
4635:
4303:, vol. 7, London: Routledge, p.
2758:SRH Hochschule für Logistik und Wirtschaft
1377:
1289:, the Western allies anticipated that any
1266:After the war, the region fell within the
45:
4692:Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg
4443:Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide
3759:William L. Shirer, Ron Rosenbaum (1960).
3213:
2772:Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
2601:Universities of Applied Sciences and Arts
2309:. Each year in spring time, there is the
934:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2001
747:Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary
683:Learn how and when to remove this message
4630:Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr
3807:. Oxford University Press. p. 386.
3494:The Journal of European Economic History
3294:Ruhr, Regionalverband (9 January 2018).
3220:
2954:occurrence, but far less so than in the
2859:The Ruhr area also contains the longest
2696:
2651:
2504:
2149:regiolect. It is rather a working-class
1887:
1123:sending 30,000 troops into the Rhineland
756:
716:Canadian Commercial Intelligence Journal
516:The Ruhr cities are, from west to east:
43:Place in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
3428:Documents on American Foreign Relations
3252:
3190:
3011:
2887:without using railway or bus services.
2431:Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex
2158:; cp. the English "pit"), or "Revier".
2127:is the second largest city of the Ruhr.
1905:
928:Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex
776:Geologically, the region is defined by
743:Documents on American Foreign Relations
344:
327:
314:
279:
271:
263:
250:
237:
180:
169:
131:
96:
84:
66:
57:
3982:
3372:"EUR-Lex - 52011DC0921 - EN - EUR-Lex"
1167:
494:. It is considered part of the larger
3964:from the original on 17 December 2017
3765:. Simon & Schuster. p. 293.
3461:from the original on 13 November 2009
3382:from the original on 29 December 2020
2244:European Route of Industrial Heritage
422:
402:
319:
303:
295:
284:
260:4,435 km (1,712 sq mi)
255:
242:
149:
7:
4102:Schunck, Britta (17 December 2020).
3905:from the original on 10 January 2023
3863:from the original on 10 January 2023
3821:from the original on 10 January 2023
3779:from the original on 10 January 2023
3740:from the original on 10 January 2023
3519:from the original on 23 January 2010
3302:from the original on 6 February 2018
3234:
2969:is the intercontinental airport for
2675:IT-Center Dortmund (Private college)
1885:The ten largest cities of the Ruhr:
712:Coal Production in the Ruhr District
4254:from the original on 3 October 2017
3888:The Rise of the Wehrmacht, Volume 1
3726:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 275.
3595:[The March Uprising 1920].
3564:Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014).
3298:(in German). www.metropoleruhr.de.
2863:system in the world, with tram and
1272:Level of Industry plans for Germany
837:Old market square in Dortmund with
4174:from the original on 10 March 2021
3698:from the original on 14 April 2023
3633:from the original on 14 April 2023
3603:from the original on 14 April 2023
3568:[The March Battles 1919].
2338:Museum of Art and Cultural History
2227:Ostwall Museum at U-Tower Dortmund
25:
5168:Regions of North Rhine-Westphalia
4144:from the original on 24 June 2021
4114:from the original on 24 June 2021
3846:The Rise of the Wehrmacht: Vol. 1
3591:Wulfert, Anja (22 January 2002).
1855:World Meteorological Organization
1303:European Coal and Steel Community
1238:trapped several hundred thousand
1088:formed part of the demilitarized
884:. Both towns were members of the
4735:
3127:
3113:
3099:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3029:
3014:
2561:Technical University of Dortmund
2116:is the largest city of the Ruhr.
1928:
637:
369:
222:
209:
196:
183:
157:
137:
86:
71:
4666:Metropolitan regions in Germany
4520:36#3 (1951), pp. 165–178.
3143:Metropolitan regions in Germany
3036:Public transport map Rhein-Ruhr
2566:Folkwang University of the Arts
2535:Folkwang University of the Arts
1098:World War I reparation payments
1026:to the Ruhr, who were known as
780:-bearing layers from the upper
297: • Urban density
5153:Coal mining regions in Germany
4285:, New York: Crown Publishing,
3952:Vogels, Fred (12 March 1945).
3154:Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region
2709:Hochschule für bildende Künste
2415:German Inland Waterways Museum
1212:facilities during World War II
1137:was the only one who proposed
993:also boosted the expansion of
92:Map of the Ruhr within Germany
1:
5163:Metropolitan areas of Germany
4299:Dickinson, Robert E. (1945),
3924:German-Belgian Pact Concluded
3597:Deutsches Historisches Museum
3570:Deutsches Historisches Museum
3107:North Rhine-Westphalia portal
2460:Council of the European Union
2423:Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord
2232:The Industrial Heritage Trail
1232:strategic bombing of the Ruhr
3322:"Bevölkerung in Zahlen 2023"
2556:University of Duisburg-Essen
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1171:WWII Ruhr Bombing Operations
1092:. In January 1923 the whole
710:published a report entitled
623:European Capitals of Culture
4378:"Second Battle of the Ruhr"
4323:Western Political Quarterly
4220:(in German). Archived from
4089:September 15, 2008, at the
4085:"Essen for the Ruhrgebiet"
3849:. Praeger. pp. 66–67.
3347:"Ruhr Regional Association"
2456:European Capital of Culture
1714:Average precipitation days
1570:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1430:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1337:European Capital of Culture
1280:Federal Republic of Germany
860:and the territories of the
708:International Labour Office
663:the claims made and adding
435:), also referred to as the
300:1,160/km (3,000/sq mi)
5184:
4566:Rutgers University Press.
4481:The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924
4353:, vol. 10, p. 30
4140:(in German). 9 June 2019.
4003:Gareau (1961), pp. 517–534
3678:Schmidt, Royal J. (2012).
3511:Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfelde.
3453:Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfelde.
3228:Osmańczyk & Mango 2003
2830:Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr
2571:Witten/Herdecke University
1927:
1878:
1866:for data of sunshine hours
1852:
1380:
1346:
1094:Ruhr district was occupied
826:
704:occupied the Ruhr district
268:441 m (1,447 ft)
29:
4818:
4812:most-populous urban areas
4744:
4733:
4672:
4554:Journal of Modern History
4488:Journal of Social History
4412:10.1017/s0034670500014261
4277:Botting, Douglas (1985),
4271:General and cited sources
3994:Yoder (1955), pp. 345–358
3804:English History 1914-1945
3179:Upper Silesian Coal Basin
2915:) and seven north–south (
2761:Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt
2307:Dortmunder Philharmoniker
2283:German Opera on the Rhine
2240:Route der Industriekultur
1805:
1757:
1713:
1639:
1569:
1499:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1349:Rhine-Ruhr § Climate
1219:During World War II, the
1121:took a massive gamble by
612:Ruhr Regional Association
97:
85:
67:
58:
5073:
5015:
4949:
4891:
4562:Spencer, Elaine Glovka.
4454:) Klartext Verlag, Essen
3801:A. J. P. Taylor (2001).
3684:. Heidelberg: Springer.
2370:Essen Cathedral Treasury
2181:in a migration known as
1253:View of the redeveloped
579:In the Middle Ages, the
4537:Business History Review
4376:Levine, Alan J (1992),
4202:– Hong Kong Observatory
4198:26 October 2019 at the
4052:26 October 2016 at the
4030:Germany and the Germans
4017:Germany and the Germans
3891:. Praeger. p. 66.
3627:Encyclopedia Britannica
3593:"Der Märzaufstand 1920"
3087:in the East of the Ruhr
2796:Westfälische Hochschule
2722:Westfälische Hochschule
2662:Fachhochschule Dortmund
2625:Schauspielschule Bochum
2473:is the rivalry between
2131:The local regiolect of
1381:Climate data for Essen
1268:British occupation zone
898:early industrialisation
739:Encyclopædia Britannica
735:Encyclopædia Britannica
698:Encyclopædia Britannica
404:[ˈʁuːɐ̯ɡəˌbiːt]
324:€180.467 billion (2021)
4367:Lane, Kathryn (2001),
4301:The Regions of Germany
3942:Botting (1985), p. 125
3277:highest: Wengeberg in
3148:Occupation of the Ruhr
2971:North Rhine-Westphalia
2806:Hochschule Campus Unna
2702:
2657:
2551:Ruhr University Bochum
2525:
2521:Dortmund University's
2514:
2509:Chinese Garden of the
2407:Zollern II/IV Colliery
2354:Natural history museum
2330:German Football Museum
2239:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2128:
2117:
1258:
1255:Duisburg Inner Harbour
1133:, the Soviet delegate
960:
949:
935:
841:
762:
460:North Rhine-Westphalia
399:
276:13 m (43 ft)
265:Highest elevation
165:North Rhine-Westphalia
34:. For other uses, see
4605:10 March 2007 at the
4526:Pounds, Norman J. G.
3720:R. W. Davies (2014).
3654:"The Ruhr Occupation"
3566:"Die Märzkämpfe 1919"
2996:Dortmund main station
2700:
2655:
2627:(Bochum drama school)
2613:Fachhochschule Bochum
2520:
2508:
2394:Hagen Open-air Museum
2311:Klavier-Festival Ruhr
2255:Schauspielhaus Bochum
2226:
2218:
2210:
2123:
2112:
1863:Hong Kong Observatory
1252:
1234:, in April 1945, the
1210:Bombing of German oil
1103:German hyperinflation
955:
941:
926:
892:Industrial revolution
866:archbishop of Cologne
836:
802:Industrial Revolution
760:
560:and the districts of
420:German pronunciation:
273:Lowest elevation
36:Ruhr (disambiguation)
4496:Geographical Review,
4351:German International
4218:www.metropoleruhr.de
4168:worldweather.wmo.int
3023:Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn
2975:Düsseldorf Flughafen
2783:Hochschule Ruhr West
2712:Orchesterzentrum NRW
2643:Hochschule Ruhr West
2467:association football
2439:Gasometer Oberhausen
2322:German Mining Museum
2219:Grillo-Theater Essen
1311:manufacturing plants
1305:in 1951. The nearby
1086:Treaty of Versailles
848:was situated in the
839:St. Reinold's Church
695:The 1911 edition of
247:Regionalverband Ruhr
4617:6 June 2011 at the
4545:Royal Jae Schmidt.
4498:36 (1946), 194–221.
4457:Berndt, Christian.
3169:Katowice urban area
3003:/Dortmund Flughafen
2778:Mülheim an der Ruhr
2736:University of Hagen
2495:kleines Revierderby
2378:Museum Küppersmühle
2135:is commonly called
2074:Mülheim an der Ruhr
1500:Daily mean °C (°F)
1297:would begin in the
1230:In addition to the
1221:bombing of the Ruhr
1200:Operation Hurricane
829:History of the Ruhr
724:The Economic Review
530:Mülheim an der Ruhr
499:metropolitan region
470:in Germany and the
424:[ˈʁuːɐ̯pɔt]
113: /
4824:
4677:Berlin/Brandenburg
4501:Gillingham, John.
4400:Review of Politics
3929:1 May 2016 at the
3883:Mitcham, Samuel W.
3841:Mitcham, Samuel W.
2967:Düsseldorf Airport
2703:
2658:
2526:
2515:
2401:Industrial Museum
2276:Theater Oberhausen
2262:Opernhaus Dortmund
2246:in the Ruhr area.
2229:
2221:
2213:
2129:
2118:
1259:
1190:Operation Chastise
1180:Battle of the Ruhr
1139:economic sanctions
1084:, which under the
1049:In the March 1920
961:
950:
936:
874:free imperial city
842:
811:The replanting of
763:
648:possibly contains
321: • Metro
257: • Metro
5135:
5134:
5130:
5129:
4777:
4776:
4446:(3rd ed., 2008) (
4369:Germany: The Land
4349:GI staff (1966),
4292:978-0-517-55865-2
4224:on 7 October 2017
3933:, 13 October 1937
3629:. 14 April 2009.
3623:"Ruhr Occupation"
3540:"The Kapp Putsch"
3480:Friedrich Harkort
3402:"Home: RUHR.2010"
3376:eur-lex.europa.eu
3185:Explanatory notes
3049:Bundesautobahn 52
2877:Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn
2475:Borussia Dortmund
2107:
2106:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1760:relative humidity
1318:Wirtschaftswunder
1217:
1216:
1131:League of Nations
1117:On 7 March 1936,
862:bishop of Münster
852:, the Duchies of
693:
692:
685:
650:original research
574:Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
486:to the west, and
361:
360:
244: • Body
16:(Redirected from
5175:
4981:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
4976:Ho Chi Minh City
4821:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4759:cities and towns
4739:
4738:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4479:Fischer, Conan.
4430:
4394:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4317:
4307:
4295:
4284:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4248:www.welcome.ruhr
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4209:
4203:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4099:
4093:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3958:Back to Normandy
3949:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:. Archived from
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3240:
3230:, p. 1970).
3195:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3085:Dortmund Airport
3081:
3063:
3045:
3033:
3018:
2991:Dortmund Airport
2816:Public transport
2458:for 2010 by the
2386:Lehmbruck-Museum
2269:Theater Dortmund
1932:
1888:
1865:
1378:
1353:The Ruhr has an
1176:1943 March–July:
1168:
1063:council republic
886:Hanseatic League
688:
681:
677:
674:
668:
665:inline citations
641:
640:
633:
620:
585:Teutoburg Forest
434:
433:
432:
426:
421:
414:
413:
412:
406:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
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4754:urban districts
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4607:Wayback Machine
4586:
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4435:Further reading
4397:
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4082:
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4054:Wayback Machine
4040:
4036:
4032:(1987) pp 74–82
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3082:
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3064:
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3019:
2964:
2893:
2875:as well as the
2818:
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2803:
2793:
2780:
2768:
2755:
2732:
2719:
2695:
2682:
2650:
2640:
2608:
2603:
2579:
2544:
2533:. In addition,
2511:Ruhr University
2503:
2491:Rot-Weiss Essen
2362:Museum Folkwang
2205:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1708:
1703:
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1355:oceanic climate
1351:
1345:
1264:
1211:
1206:1944 September:
1115:
1059:Weimar Republic
1047:
1045:Weimar Republic
916:area along the
906:Bergisches Land
894:
831:
825:
813:brownfield land
755:
714:. In 1923, the
689:
678:
672:
669:
654:
642:
638:
631:
614:
492:Bergisches Land
429:
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389:
372:
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349:
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223:
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210:
208:
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138:
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121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
93:
81:
80:
79:
78:
60:
59:Ruhr Metropolis
54:
51:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5181:
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5171:
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5045:
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5028:Rio de Janeiro
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5011:
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4792:
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4774:
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4771:
4769:municipalities
4766:
4756:
4751:
4745:
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4734:
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4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Central German
4679:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4609:
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4592:
4585:
4584:External links
4582:
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4580:
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4484:
4477:
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4406:(3): 345–358,
4395:
4390:
4373:
4364:
4362:, p. 1970
4355:
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4335:10.2307/443604
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3996:
3987:
3985:, p. 173.
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3419:
3408:on 11 May 2009
3393:
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3270:
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3250:
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3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:, p. 24).
3231:
3224:
3223:, p. 30).
3217:
3216:, p. 70).
3214:Dickinson 1945
3189:
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3181:
3176:
3174:Metropolis GZM
3171:
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3121:Germany portal
3110:
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3021:A tram of the
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3013:
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2892:
2891:Road transport
2889:
2867:services from
2817:
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2812:
2809:
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2799:
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2797:
2792:
2791:Recklinghausen
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2447:Ewald Colliery
2443:
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2419:
2411:
2399:
2398:
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2374:
2366:
2358:
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2346:Museum Ostwall
2342:
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2298:Grillo-Theater
2294:
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2272:
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2211:Opera Dortmund
2204:
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2197:United Kingdom
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1808:sunshine hours
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1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1363:global warming
1344:
1341:
1295:Western Europe
1276:Ruhr Authority
1263:
1262:Postwar period
1260:
1242:troops in the
1215:
1214:
1207:
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1202:
1197:
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1151:Czechoslovakia
1135:Maxim Litvinov
1114:
1111:
1046:
1043:
1000:anthropometric
989:Moreover, the
970:blast furnaces
904:Valley in the
900:in the nearby
893:
890:
850:County of Mark
827:Main article:
824:
821:
767:Rhenish Massif
754:
751:
691:
690:
645:
643:
636:
630:
627:
566:Recklinghausen
505:, behind only
503:Western Europe
482:to the south,
476:European Union
359:
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171:Largest cities
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134:
130:
129:
95:
94:
91:
83:
82:
76:
70:
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68:
65:
64:
62:Metropole Ruhr
56:
55:
52:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5143:
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5002:
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4992:
4989:
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4813:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:by population
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:(1984) online
4565:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:(1952) online
4529:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:Crew, David.
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:3-88474-815-7
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4391:9780275943196
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4329:(2): 517–53,
4328:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:"Studierende"
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4113:
4110:(in German).
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3898:9780275996413
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3862:
3858:
3856:9780275996413
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3820:
3816:
3814:9780192801401
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3772:9781451651683
3768:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3739:
3735:
3733:9781137362575
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3691:9789401510813
3687:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3671:
3659:
3658:Alpha History
3655:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3602:
3599:(in German).
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3545:
3544:Alpha History
3541:
3534:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3301:
3297:
3296:"Zensus 2011"
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:GI staff 1966
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:Energy portal
3130:
3125:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:Air transport
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:Bundesstraßen
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:Deutsche Bahn
2831:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:Kamp-Lintfort
2765:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:Gelsenkirchen
2716:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:New York City
2584:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:FC Schalke 04
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:at Oberhausen
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:Theater Essen
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Gelsenkirchen
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:Mean monthly
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:precipitation
1638:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:1944 October:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:Ruhr Red Army
1068:
1067:Ruhr Uprising
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
958:
954:
948:
944:
943:Zeche Zollern
940:
933:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
835:
830:
822:
820:
818:
814:
809:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
783:
782:Carboniferous
779:
774:
772:
768:
759:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
699:
687:
684:
676:
666:
662:
658:
652:
651:
646:This article
644:
635:
634:
628:
626:
624:
618:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:imperial city
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Gelsenkirchen
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Ruhr district
438:
431:
425:
418:
411:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
384:
366:
356:
348:
340:
336:
333:
331:
323:
310:
308:
305: •
299:
291:
289:
286: •
275:
267:
259:
246:
231:
220:
218:
207:
205:
194:
192:
181:
173:
166:
155:
153:
146:
135:
126:
122:51.500; 7.500
98:Coordinates:
89:
74:
63:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4957:Johannesburg
4939:Buenos Aires
4717:Rhine-Neckar
4590:Ruhr Tourism
4573:
4563:
4553:
4546:
4536:
4527:
4517:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4480:
4465:
4458:
4441:
4403:
4399:
4381:
4371:, p. 24
4368:
4359:
4350:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4300:
4280:
4256:. Retrieved
4247:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4222:the original
4217:
4207:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4167:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4137:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4107:
4097:
4079:
4074:42,7070–7077
4069:
4060:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4016:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3957:
3947:
3938:
3919:
3909:11 September
3907:. Retrieved
3887:
3877:
3867:11 September
3865:. Retrieved
3845:
3835:
3825:11 September
3823:. Retrieved
3803:
3783:11 September
3781:. Retrieved
3761:
3754:
3744:11 September
3742:. Retrieved
3722:
3700:. Retrieved
3680:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3626:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3596:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3569:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3543:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3506:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3448:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3356:28 September
3354:. Retrieved
3351:www.rvr.ruhr
3350:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3289:
3273:
3265:ec.europa.eu
3264:
3255:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3069:motorway in
2999:
2989:
2982:
2965:
2948:
2945:
2894:
2858:
2819:
2612:
2580:
2545:
2542:Universities
2527:
2522:
2494:
2487:MSV Duisburg
2464:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2230:
2182:
2175:East Prussia
2160:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2130:
1903:Pop. per km
1884:
1875:Demographics
1644:mm (inches)
1360:
1352:
1329:steel crisis
1326:
1322:
1315:
1293:thrust into
1284:
1265:
1229:
1218:
1143:Soviet Union
1119:Adolf Hitler
1116:
1079:
1048:
1039:
1027:
1020:East Prussia
1008:
991:urbanization
988:
973:
962:
910:
895:
845:
843:
810:
806:
795:
791:
787:
775:
764:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
696:
694:
679:
670:
647:
609:
578:
515:
448:
444:
440:
439:, sometimes
436:
416:
364:
362:
61:
40:
32:Ruhr (river)
5005:Brazzaville
4952:Los Angeles
4881:Mexico City
4810:World's 50
4440:Kift, Roy,
4019:(1987) p 84
4013:John Ardagh
3983:Levine 1992
3968:16 December
3572:(in German)
3523:20 November
3465:20 November
3441:Water Reuse
3326:dortmund.de
3279:Breckerfeld
3159:Ruhr pocket
3150:(1923–1924)
3001:Holzwickede
2471:Revierderby
2426:at Duisburg
2418:at Duisburg
2410:at Dortmund
2389:at Duisburg
2381:at Duisburg
2357:at Dortmund
2349:at Dortmund
2341:at Dortmund
2333:at Dortmund
2286:at Duisburg
2138:Ruhrdeutsch
1307:Saar region
1285:During the
1244:Ruhr Pocket
1113:Nazi period
1051:Kapp Putsch
957:Tetrahedron
914:coal mining
615: [
453:polycentric
449:Ruhr valley
445:Ruhr region
120: /
5142:Categories
4722:Rhine-Ruhr
4712:Rhine-Main
4511:0231062605
4474:0231043007
4138:www.waz.de
3306:5 February
3281:, lowest:
3207:Kohlenpott
2885:Bad Honnef
2826:Kreis Unna
2523:Mathetower
2483:VfL Bochum
2195:, and the
2017:Oberhausen
1900:Area (km)
1897:Pop. 2020
1879:See also:
1347:See also:
1339:for 2010.
1159:Yugoslavia
1107:Dawes Plan
1075:Reichswehr
984:Oberhausen
974:Ruhrgebiet
968:, used in
959:in Bottrop
846:Ruhrgebiet
657:improve it
601:Düsseldorf
597:Westphalia
522:Oberhausen
496:Rhine-Ruhr
468:urban area
456:urban area
400:Ruhrgebiet
311:10,680,783
281:Population
239:Government
53:Ruhrgebiet
18:Ruhrgebiet
5096:Hyderabad
5048:Zhengzhou
5023:Chongqing
4966:Bangalore
4899:São Paulo
4847:Guangzhou
4727:Stuttgart
4707:Nuremberg
4702:Northwest
4518:Geography
4428:145465919
4258:2 October
4228:2 October
4108:RP ONLINE
3576:23 August
3247:Citations
3235:Lane 2001
3164:Ruhrpolen
2897:Autobahns
2865:Stadtbahn
2838:Amsterdam
2811:Transport
2595:São Paulo
2513:in Bochum
2501:Education
2325:at Bochum
2184:Ostflucht
2171:Silesians
2167:Masurians
2154:term for
2151:sociolect
1299:Fulda Gap
1240:Wehrmacht
1186:1943 May:
1127:Wehrmacht
1090:Rhineland
1065:. In the
1055:Freikorps
1029:Ruhrpolen
1016:Pomerania
753:Geography
733:The 1926
661:verifying
629:Etymology
605:Wuppertal
593:Rhineland
437:Ruhr area
335:UTC+01:00
330:Time zone
292:5,147,820
5116:Surabaya
5106:Hangzhou
5063:Dongguan
5001:Kinshasa
4991:Istanbul
4961:Pretoria
4934:Shenzhen
4904:New York
4866:Shanghai
4615:Archived
4603:Archived
4578:in JSTOR
4558:in JSTOR
4541:in JSTOR
4505:(1985) (
4492:in JSTOR
4468:(1979) (
4252:Archived
4196:Archived
4178:19 March
4172:Archived
4142:Archived
4112:Archived
4087:Archived
4050:Archived
4047:in JSTOR
4028:Ardagh,
3962:Archived
3927:Archived
3903:Archived
3885:(2008).
3861:Archived
3843:(2008).
3819:Archived
3777:Archived
3738:Archived
3702:14 April
3696:Archived
3663:14 April
3637:14 April
3631:Archived
3607:14 April
3601:Archived
3549:14 April
3517:Archived
3459:Archived
3380:Archived
3300:Archived
3199:Ruhrpott
3093:See also
3071:Dortmund
2984:Skytrain
2956:Randstad
2842:Brussels
2680:Duisburg
2648:Dortmund
2434:at Essen
2397:at Hagen
2373:at Essen
2365:at Essen
2301:at Essen
2114:Dortmund
1960:Duisburg
1915:Dortmund
1853:Source:
1758:Average
1709:(36.78)
1640:Average
1367:bow echo
1291:Red Army
1287:Cold War
1225:Dortmund
1082:Duisburg
995:railroad
947:Dortmund
882:Duisburg
864:and the
673:May 2017
554:Dortmund
518:Duisburg
417:Ruhrpott
217:Duisburg
191:Dortmund
5121:Bandung
5091:Tianjin
5038:Chennai
4971:Chengdu
4924:Beijing
4919:Bangkok
4909:Karachi
4894:Kolkata
4837:Jakarta
4687:Hamburg
4420:1404797
4148:20 June
4118:20 June
3386:14 July
3053:Mülheim
2873:Krefeld
2638:Bottrop
2583:UA Ruhr
2577:UA Ruhr
2203:Culture
2193:Ireland
2179:Silesia
2097:156,940
2078:170,921
2059:178,967
2040:188,687
2021:209,566
2002:259,105
1983:364,454
1964:495,885
1945:582,415
1919:587,696
1704:(3.67)
1699:(3.19)
1694:(2.96)
1689:(3.07)
1684:(3.10)
1679:(3.20)
1674:(3.65)
1669:(2.84)
1664:(2.40)
1659:(3.08)
1654:(2.29)
1649:(3.33)
1635:(44.1)
1630:(34.9)
1625:(38.5)
1620:(45.7)
1615:(52.0)
1610:(56.7)
1605:(56.7)
1600:(52.9)
1595:(48.4)
1590:(41.0)
1585:(37.2)
1580:(32.5)
1575:(32.4)
1565:(50.0)
1560:(38.5)
1555:(42.6)
1550:(51.3)
1545:(58.5)
1540:(64.4)
1535:(64.4)
1530:(60.4)
1525:(56.1)
1520:(48.0)
1515:(42.8)
1510:(37.2)
1505:(36.3)
1495:(55.9)
1490:(42.1)
1485:(46.8)
1480:(56.7)
1475:(64.9)
1470:(72.1)
1465:(72.0)
1460:(67.8)
1455:(63.7)
1450:(54.9)
1445:(48.4)
1440:(41.9)
1435:(40.1)
1343:Climate
1257:in 2010
1163:Belgium
1155:Romania
1012:Silesia
979:Mülheim
878:Hellweg
823:History
817:Emscher
655:Please
581:Hellweg
526:Bottrop
474:of the
464:Germany
451:, is a
415:, also
346:Website
145:Germany
133:Country
105:51°30′N
5111:Nagoya
5101:Taipei
5086:Bogotá
5058:London
5053:Luanda
5018:Tehran
4996:Lahore
4929:Moscow
4861:Manila
4856:Mumbai
4851:Foshan
4749:states
4697:Munich
4574:Osiris
4549:(1968)
4522:online
4509:
4483:(2003)
4472:
4461:(2001)
4450:
4426:
4418:
4388:
4343:443604
4341:
4289:
3895:
3853:
3811:
3769:
3730:
3688:
3412:31 May
3283:Xanten
3203:Revier
2869:Witten
2854:Zürich
2850:Vienna
2606:Bochum
2591:Moscow
2531:Witten
2469:, the
2236:German
2189:France
2147:single
2133:German
2103:3,100
2084:1,872
2062:226.24
2046:1,228
2043:160.36
2027:2,841
2008:2,557
2005:104.86
1989:2,652
1986:145.43
1979:Bochum
1970:2,154
1967:232.81
1951:2,733
1948:210.38
1922:280.37
1848:1,459
1839:111.6
1836:135.0
1833:182.9
1830:186.0
1827:183.0
1824:192.2
1821:147.0
1818:102.3
1753:142.5
1386:Month
1372:apples
1270:, and
1236:Allies
1147:Poland
1069:, the
902:Wupper
854:Cleves
798:Munich
542:Bochum
507:London
396:German
230:Bochum
227:
214:
201:
188:
162:
142:
108:7°30′E
5081:Wuhan
5043:Paris
5033:Xi'an
4986:Lagos
4914:Dhaka
4876:Cairo
4871:Seoul
4842:Delhi
4832:Tokyo
4424:S2CID
4416:JSTOR
4339:JSTOR
3331:8 May
2846:Paris
2730:Hagen
2693:Essen
2173:from
2163:Poles
2125:Essen
2100:51.41
2093:Herne
2081:91.28
2036:Hagen
2024:77.04
1941:Essen
1925:2,071
1894:Name
1891:Pos.
1845:40.3
1842:57.0
1815:78.3
1812:43.4
1750:14.1
1747:13.6
1744:10.9
1741:11.2
1735:10.4
1732:12.0
1729:11.1
1726:11.1
1723:13.6
1720:10.5
1717:14.1
1707:934.1
1425:Year
1333:Essen
1034:Herne
1024:Posen
1004:wages
932:Essen
870:loess
771:loess
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562:Wesel
550:Hagen
546:Herne
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511:Paris
488:Lippe
484:Rhine
472:third
447:, or
355:.ruhr
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288:Urban
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152:State
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4507:ISBN
4470:ISBN
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4287:ISBN
4260:2017
4230:2017
4180:2021
4150:2021
4120:2021
3970:2017
3911:2017
3893:ISBN
3869:2017
3851:ISBN
3827:2017
3809:ISBN
3785:2017
3767:ISBN
3746:2017
3728:ISBN
3704:2023
3686:ISBN
3665:2023
3639:2023
3609:2023
3578:2024
3551:2023
3525:2001
3500:(2).
3467:2001
3414:2019
3388:2020
3358:2023
3333:2024
3308:2018
3007:Unna
2977:and
2881:Unna
2861:tram
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2801:Unna
2753:Hamm
2593:and
2477:and
2177:and
2169:and
2156:mine
2065:814
2055:Hamm
1906:Map
1762:(%)
1738:9.9
1702:93.1
1697:81.1
1692:75.1
1687:78.0
1682:78.8
1677:81.2
1672:92.8
1667:72.2
1662:61.0
1657:78.2
1652:58.1
1647:84.5
1613:11.1
1608:13.7
1603:13.7
1598:11.6
1563:10.0
1548:10.7
1543:14.7
1538:18.0
1533:18.0
1528:15.8
1523:13.4
1493:13.3
1478:13.7
1473:18.3
1468:22.3
1463:22.2
1458:19.9
1453:17.6
1448:12.7
1422:Dec
1419:Nov
1416:Oct
1413:Sep
1410:Aug
1407:Jul
1404:Jun
1401:May
1398:Apr
1395:Mar
1392:Feb
1389:Jan
1157:and
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858:Berg
856:and
778:coal
603:and
572:and
570:Unna
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1633:6.7
1628:1.6
1623:3.6
1618:7.6
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1588:5.0
1583:2.9
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