133:
36:
176:
200:
192:
339:
The warhead consisted of a 20 kg (44 lb) fragmentation device that had a lethal radius of about 8 m (26 ft). It was thought that the guidance system would allow the pilot to get the missile into this range in terms of pitch and yaw. But with the ranges the missile could operate
314:
The missile was spin-stabilized at about 60 rpm, or one rotation a second, so any asymmetrical thrust from the engine or inaccuracies in the control surfaces would be evened out. Signals to operate control surfaces on the tail were sent via two wires (a method chosen to avoid radio jamming), which
263:
weapon). The bombers' defensive guns had a maximum effective range of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The missile was to be guided with enough accuracy to guarantee a "kill". The X-4 met these specifications and more. Its BMW 109-448 rocket motor accelerated the missile to over 1,150 km/h
319:
housed within long, bullet-shaped fairings, themselves mounted either on the roots of an opposing pair of the larger mid-body fins (there were four, swept 45°), or on one pair of those same fins' opposing tips; these contained a total of about 5.5 km (3.4 mi; 3.0 nmi) of wire. The
299:) as propellant, delivering 140 kg (310 lb) thrust initially, declining to 30 kg (66 lb) over the 17-second burn. As there was no room for a fuel pump, the fuels were forced into the motor by pistons inside long tubes, the tubes being coiled (similar to a
424:. 200 units were manufactured between 1947 and 1950. However, the program was disbanded due to the dangerous pre-flight refueling involved (the hypergolic nitric acid and Tonka combination was highly explosive).
163:. The X-4 did not see operational service and thus was not proven in combat but inspired considerable post-war work around the world, and was the basis for the development of several ground-launched
379:), but the problems in guiding both the missile and the aircraft at the same time proved unworkable. Instead, the X-4 was re-directed to multi-seat aircraft like the Ju 88, while the unguided
1490:
897:
3894:
564:
1223:
1218:
1213:
866:
375:, although they were not launched from the latter. The X-4 had originally been intended for use by single-seat fighters (including the Me 262 and possibly the
858:
390:
production began in early 1945 incorporating low-cost (non-strategic) materials, such as wood for fins. Production was hampered by Allied bombing of the
3899:
1483:
890:
259:. The idea was to build a missile with enough range to allow it to be fired from outside the range of the bombers' guns (what is now called a
336:
as the missile spun. Flares attached to two of the midsection wings were used to keep the missile visible through the smoke of its motor.
340:
at, it would be almost impossible to judge range to the target bomber anywhere near this accuracy. For this reason the missile mounted a
1476:
883:
1503:
839:
770:
693:
307:, it dissolved all base metals and was extremely difficult and dangerous to handle. The Germans planned to replace the motor with a
119:
3876:
Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
1499:
2340:
57:
53:
1796:
100:
3904:
3693:
3569:
2535:
72:
2889:
2364:
2355:
2350:
2172:
2628:
2326:
3708:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3262:
3125:
3121:
3111:
2811:
2802:
2747:
2199:
2633:
2619:
1865:
79:
863:
264:(710 mph) and kept the X-4 at this speed during its "cruise", between 1.5 and 4 km (0.9 and 2.5 mi).
3495:
2717:
2530:
2526:
1777:
219:
and the US Air Force mounted a series of heavy raids against
Germany. Despite heavy bomber losses, these prompted
2465:
2751:
1087:
499:
328:
kept track of "up" so control inputs from the pilot's joystick in the launch aircraft could be translated into
86:
3737:
3797:
2666:
1686:
395:
46:
3237:
3148:
3782:
3688:
3643:
3634:
3082:
3035:
3020:
2980:
2975:
2936:
2908:
2884:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2399:
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2379:
2374:
2369:
2043:
1879:
1772:
1405:
1400:
1395:
744:
Fitzsimons, p.2602, "X-4, Ruhrstahl"; Christopher, p.132, says 20 seconds, according to the Fedden Report.
398:, though as many as 1,000 X-4s may have been completed, the missile was never officially delivered to the
238:
68:
3544:
3510:
3481:
3242:
3167:
2903:
2684:
2179:
1468:
1030:
3097:
3087:
1749:
3826:
3777:
3752:
3648:
3613:
3559:
3534:
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3500:
3427:
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3143:
3134:
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3116:
3107:
3030:
2859:
2816:
2807:
2772:
2614:
2604:
2579:
2540:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2213:
2208:
2204:
1989:
1870:
1690:
1558:
1553:
1185:
407:
372:
288:
3638:
3212:
3197:
2874:
2850:
2418:
2271:
3603:
3172:
3157:
2569:
2093:
1975:
1946:
1800:
153:
3713:
2821:
2443:
2359:
2345:
249:
225:
research into considerably more powerful anti-bomber weaponry in order to reduce the cost in lost
938:
445:
439:
216:
156:
2899:
1253:
875:
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3334:
3072:
2792:
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1860:
1851:
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1040:
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923:
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776:
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689:
411:
364:
234:
204:
3757:
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1334:
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1450:
1155:
986:
907:
559:
403:
260:
226:
180:
793:
Fitzsimons, p.2603, "X-4, Ruhrstahl"; Christopher, p.133, says 620 mph (280 m/s).
93:
3792:
3525:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3300:
3295:
3232:
3139:
3059:
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2013:
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280:
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132:
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1430:
1425:
1012:
976:
971:
966:
961:
523:
368:
357:
353:
292:
420:
After the war, French engineers tried to develop a domestic version of the X-4, the
17:
3831:
3802:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3593:
3286:
3068:
3039:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2960:
2955:
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2742:
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2722:
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2414:
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2184:
1805:
1739:
1715:
1710:
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1140:
1135:
1125:
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956:
349:
296:
160:
598:(London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p.2602-3, "X-4, Ruhrstahl".
3678:
3564:
3310:
3063:
3044:
2549:
2189:
2113:
2108:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2009:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1823:
1725:
1720:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1543:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1007:
915:
448:
liquid rocket motor giving 30–140 kg (66–309 lb) thrust for 17 seconds
300:
276:
229:
and aircrew. A massive development effort resulted in a number of heavy-calibre
35:
175:
3807:
3049:
2699:
1980:
1354:
1349:
948:
380:
308:
268:
245:
230:
3821:
1924:
1605:
1420:
1344:
1301:
1296:
360:
as the missile approached. The trigger range was seven metres (23 ft).
329:
325:
304:
221:
164:
780:
254:
199:
191:
1668:
1306:
1291:
1286:
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1248:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1095:
387:
321:
760:
3598:
3520:
3515:
2940:
2922:
2917:
2777:
2713:
2708:
1847:
1339:
1329:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1175:
1145:
1062:
1054:
284:
272:
1753:
1455:
1311:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1193:
1150:
1130:
316:
184:
137:
386:
The X-4 was designed to be easily assembled by unskilled labour and
1276:
1002:
832:
The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare
540:
479:
421:
198:
190:
174:
131:
1321:
762:
The
Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare
352:), using an acoustical system tuned to the 200 Hz sound of
1472:
879:
1035:
519:
Speed: 100 m/s (220 mph; 190 kn; 360 km/h)
469:
Range: 1.5–3.5 km (0.93–2.17 mi; 0.81–1.89 nmi)
391:
29:
765:. Vol. 24. New York: Colombia House. pp. 2602–3.
410:
designed to use this missile as its primary weapon was the
363:
The first flight test occurred on August 11, 1944, using a
859:
Ruhrstahl Kramer X4 - Royal Air Force Museum, Cosford (UK)
611:(The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), p.132.
688:. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. p. 224.
596:
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2146:
1511:
1388:
1320:
1267:
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1086:
1049:
1021:
995:
947:
914:
367:for the launch platform. Subsequent tests used the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
528:Penetration: over 200 mm (7.9 in) at 30°
478:Guidance system: FuG 510/238 "Düsseldorf/Detmold"
3863:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved
759:Fitzsimons, Bernard (1977). ""X-4, Ruhrstahl".
565:List of World War II guided missiles of Germany
1500:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations
466:Warhead: 20 kg (44 lb) fragmentation
1484:
891:
303:) to fit inside the airframe. S-Stoff was so
27:WWII guided missile developed by Nazi Germany
8:
454:Diameter: 22 cm (8.7 in) (maximum)
417:, which never got out of the project stage.
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1477:
1469:
898:
884:
876:
834:. New York: Colombia House. p. 2603.
244:Work on the X-4 began in June 1943, by Dr
864:X4: Aircraft Launched Antiaircraft Rocket
507:Length: 950 mm (3 ft 1 in)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II
3895:World War II guided missiles of Germany
576:
460:Launch weight: 60 kg (130 lb)
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
754:
752:
750:
674:Fitzsimons, p.2603, "X-4, Ruhrstahl".
656:Fitzsimons, p.2603, "X-4, Ruhrstahl".
594:Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor.
7:
584:Nevington War Museum - Kramer Rk 344
533:Range: 1,000 m (1,100 yd)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
522:Warhead: 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)
513:Wingspan: 600 mm (24 in)
510:Diameter: 150 mm (5.9 in)
463:Speed: 880 km/h (550 mph)
195:Ruhrstahl X-4 in RAF Museum Cosford
383:was to be used in single-seaters.
203:A Ruhrstahl X-4 on display at the
25:
543:visual guidance with wire control
482:visual guidance with wire control
457:Wingspan: 74 cm (29 in)
287:(an organic amine-mixture of 50%
34:
516:Weight: 10 kg (22 lb)
45:needs additional citations for
3900:Air-to-air missiles of Germany
609:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes
504:Powerplant: solid rocket motor
451:Length: 2 m (6.6 ft)
438:Primary function: short-range
1:
3866:Assigned to captured aircraft
906:German aerial weapons of the
3872:Propaganda/cover designation
830:Fitzsimons, Bernard (1977).
356:in cruise, activated by the
311:design as soon as possible.
320:wires were controlled by a
159:designed by Germany during
3921:
3853:
3623:Post-349 (non-sequential)
394:rocket engine factory at
500:anti-tank guided missile
472:Fuzes: Kranich acoustic
1406:Blohm & Voss BV 950
1401:Blohm & Voss BV 246
1396:Blohm & Voss BV 143
150:Ruhrstahl-Kramer RK 344
136:A Ruhrstahl X-4 at the
433:X-4 air-to-air missile
208:
196:
188:
141:
996:Anti-tank autocannons
493:X-7 anti-tank missile
202:
194:
178:
135:
3905:Wire-guided missiles
1389:Experimental weapons
1322:High-explosive bombs
1186:Armor-piercing bombs
1088:Anti-personnel bombs
802:Christopher, p.133.
684:Ford, Roger (2013).
549:Date deployed: never
488:Date deployed: never
373:Messerschmitt Me 262
289:dimethylaminobenzene
267:The rocket burned a
146:Ruhrstahl Ru 344 X-4
54:improve this article
18:Ruhrstahl Ru 344 X-4
3860:Unofficial/proposed
811:Christopher, p.132.
735:Christopher, p.133.
726:Christopher, p.133.
717:Christopher, p.133.
708:Christopher, p.133.
665:Christopher, p.133.
647:Christopher, p.132.
638:Christopher, p.132.
629:Christopher, p.132.
620:Christopher, p.132.
607:Christopher, John.
869:2018-05-02 at the
498:Primary function:
440:air-to-air missile
412:Focke-Wulf Ta 183
354:the B-17's engines
324:in the cockpit. A
281:iron(III) chloride
235:air-to-air rockets
209:
197:
189:
157:air-to-air missile
142:
3882:
3881:
1466:
1465:
1041:Werfer-Granate 21
539:Guidance system:
536:Fuzes: impact (?)
365:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
211:During 1943, the
205:Udvar-Hazy Center
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3912:
3675:
3655:
3610:
3556:
3551:
3532:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3454:
3434:
3424:
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3409:
3387:
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2425:
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2254:
2135:
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2025:
1996:
1760:
1732:
1683:
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1652:
1632:
1550:
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1520:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1459:
1023:Unguided rockets
908:Second World War
900:
893:
886:
877:
846:
845:
827:
812:
809:
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794:
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742:
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560:List of missiles
258:
227:fighter aircraft
181:Deutsches Museum
125:
118:
114:
111:
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103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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3025:
3015:
3005:
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2835:
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2704:
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2252:
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2098:
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2023:
1994:
1758:
1730:
1681:
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1650:
1630:
1548:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1507:
1497:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1416:Henschel Hs 298
1411:Henschel Hs 294
1384:
1316:
1263:
1180:
1082:
1078:V-1 flying bomb
1045:
1017:
991:
943:
934:MG 81 & 81Z
910:
904:
871:Wayback Machine
855:
850:
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556:
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435:
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252:
241:, and the X-4.
173:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Ruhrstahl X-4"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3250:
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3225:
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558:
557:
553:
548:
545:
542:
538:
535:
532:
527:
526:
525:
524:hollow charge
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
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501:
497:
496:
492:
487:
484:
481:
477:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
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453:
450:
447:
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437:
436:
432:
428:Specification
427:
425:
423:
418:
416:
415:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Junkers Ju 88
366:
361:
359:
358:Doppler shift
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:unwound from
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:triethylamine
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
256:
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247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
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218:
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206:
201:
193:
186:
182:
177:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3875:
3857:Not assigned
3584:
1445:
1051:Guided bombs
916:Machine guns
831:
807:
798:
789:
761:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
685:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
608:
603:
595:
590:
579:
444:Propulsion:
419:
413:
399:
385:
362:
345:
338:
313:
266:
250:Ruhrstahl AG
243:
220:
210:
161:World War II
149:
145:
143:
116:
110:October 2009
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3869:Unconfirmed
2812:Me 209 (II)
1454: [
1031:Panzerblitz
949:Autocannons
446:BMW 109-448
408:interceptor
344:known as a
301:coil spring
277:nitric acid
271:mixture of
253: [
179:Kramer X4 (
154:wire-guided
3889:Categories
3344:301 to 349
2808:Me 209 (I)
2761:201 to 300
2147:101 to 200
1254:SD 4/HL RS
1224:PC 1800 Rs
1219:PC 1000 Rs
546:Unit cost:
485:Unit cost:
422:Nord SS.10
381:R4M rocket
309:solid fuel
269:hypergolic
246:Max Kramer
231:autocannon
167:missiles.
80:newspapers
1421:Jagdfaust
1302:AB 500-3A
1297:AB 500-1B
1214:PC 500 Rs
1116:SD 10 FRZ
414:Huckebein
400:Luftwaffe
326:gyroscope
305:corrosive
297:Tonka 250
261:stand-off
233:designs,
222:Luftwaffe
165:anti-tank
3396:Zwilling
1512:1 to 100
1307:AB 70-D1
1292:AB 500-1
1287:AB 250-3
1282:AB 250-2
1244:SC 10 DW
1101:SD 1 FRZ
1055:missiles
867:Archived
554:See also
396:Stargard
388:airframe
322:joystick
291:and 50%
279:with 5%
3798:ZSO 523
3758:DFS 468
3743:DFS 446
3709:ZMe 423
3599:DFS 346
3575:WNF 342
3521:DFS 332
3516:DFS 331
3472:ZMe 323
3351:DFS 301
3112:Me 261w
2941:DFS 230
2923:DFS 228
2918:FGP 227
2778:DFS 203
2714:DFS 194
2709:DFS 193
2223:He 111U
2209:Bf 109R
1436:MK 214A
1380:SC 2500
1375:SC 2000
1370:SC 1800
1365:SC 1200
1360:SC 1000
1340:SB 2500
1335:SB 1800
1330:SB 1000
1259:SD 9/HL
1249:SD 4 HL
1234:PD 1000
1209:PC 1600
1204:PC 1400
1199:PC 1000
1176:SD 1700
1171:SD 1400
1166:SD 500E
1161:SD 500A
1146:SBe 250
1121:SD 10 C
1111:SD 10 A
1068:Hs 117H
1063:Fritz X
982:MK 214A
781:4515654
404:fighter
346:Kranich
317:bobbins
295:called
285:R-Stoff
273:S-Stoff
171:History
94:scholar
3845:Ju 635
3841:He 635
3837:Do 635
3832:Ar 632
3827:Me 609
3822:Me 600
3817:He 535
3813:Do 535
3803:Ar 532
3788:He 519
3783:Me 510
3778:Me 509
3773:He 500
3768:Fw 491
3763:Ju 488
3753:Me 462
3748:Ju 452
3733:Ar 440
3728:Do 435
3723:Ar 432
3718:Ka 430
3714:Ar 430
3704:He 419
3699:Do 417
3694:Me 410
3689:Me 409
3684:Ta 400
3679:Ar 396
3674:Ar 393
3669:Fw 391
3664:Ju 390
3659:Ju 388
3654:Me 368
3649:Me 364
3644:Me 362
3639:Ju 356
3635:Fi 356
3630:Ju 352
3614:Ba 349
3604:Rk 347
3594:Go 345
3589:So 344
3585:Rk 344
3580:He 343
3565:Ar 340
3560:Fl 339
3550:Ju 337
3545:Fa 336
3540:Do 335
3535:Me 334
3531:Ar 334
3526:Fi 333
3511:Fa 330
3506:Me 329
3501:Me 328
3496:Me 327
3486:Fw 325
3482:Fa 325
3468:Me 323
3463:Ju 322
3458:Me 321
3453:Me 320
3448:He 319
3443:Do 318
3438:Do 317
3428:Hs 315
3403:Me 310
3391:Me 309
3335:Fw 300
3330:Ju 299
3325:Hs 298
3320:Hs 297
3315:Hs 296
3311:Ar 296
3306:Hs 295
3301:Hs 294
3296:Hs 293
3291:Hs 292
3287:As 292
3282:Hs 291
3277:Ju 290
3272:Ju 289
3267:Ju 288
3263:Do 288
3258:Ju 287
3253:Ju 286
3248:Fl 285
3243:Fa 284
3238:Fa 283
3233:Fl 282
3228:He 281
3223:He 280
3218:He 279
3213:He 278
3208:He 277
3203:He 276
3198:He 275
3193:He 274
3188:He 273
3183:He 272
3178:We 271
3173:He 270
3168:Fa 269
3163:Ju 268
3158:Ho 267
3153:Go 266
3149:Fa 266
3144:Me 265
3140:Fl 265
3135:Me 264
3117:Me 262
3108:Me 261
3098:Fw 259
3088:SK 257
3083:Fi 256
3073:Ta 254
3069:Ho 254
3064:Ho 253
3060:Fi 253
3055:Ju 252
3050:Ho 252
3045:Ho 251
3040:Ho 250
3036:BV 250
3031:Ju 248
3021:BV 246
3016:Go 245
3011:Go 244
3006:Me 243
3001:Go 242
2996:Go 241
2991:Ar 240
2981:BV 238
2976:BV 237
2971:Fa 236
2966:Do 235
2961:Ar 234
2956:Ar 233
2951:Ar 232
2946:Ar 231
2932:Ho 229
2928:Go 229
2913:Ho 226
2909:BV 226
2904:Fa 225
2900:Ao 225
2895:Fa 224
2890:Fa 223
2885:BV 222
2880:Do 221
2875:He 220
2870:He 219
2865:Do 218
2860:Hs 217
2856:Do 217
2851:Do 216
2846:Do 215
2841:Do 214
2831:Do 212
2822:Hü 211
2817:Me 210
2803:Me 208
2793:Fw 206
2783:Si 204
2773:Si 202
2768:Si 201
2752:Fw 200
2748:Do 200
2743:Ar 199
2738:Ar 198
2733:Ar 197
2728:Ar 196
2723:Ar 195
2718:Me 194
2705:Ao 193
2700:Ao 192
2695:Fw 191
2690:Fw 190
2685:Fw 189
2680:Ju 188
2676:Fw 188
2671:Ju 187
2667:Fw 187
2662:Ju 186
2658:Fw 186
2653:Fl 185
2648:Fl 184
2643:Ta 183
2639:Bü 183
2634:Bü 182
2629:Bü 181
2624:He 180
2620:Bü 180
2615:He 179
2610:He 178
2605:He 177
2600:He 176
2590:He 174
2585:He 173
2580:He 172
2575:He 171
2570:He 170
2565:Fi 169
2560:Fi 168
2555:Fi 167
2550:FK 166
2546:Fi 166
2541:Bf 165
2531:Me 163
2527:Li 163
2523:Bf 163
2518:He 162
2514:Bf 162
2509:Bf 161
2504:Ju 160
2499:Fw 159
2494:Fi 158
2489:Fi 157
2484:Fi 156
2479:Me 155
2475:Kl 155
2471:BV 155
2466:Ta 154
2462:Kl 154
2457:Ta 153
2453:Kl 153
2448:Ta 152
2444:Kl 152
2439:Kl 151
2434:Go 150
2429:Go 149
2424:Go 148
2419:Ju 147
2415:Go 147
2410:Go 146
2405:Go 145
2400:BV 144
2395:BV 143
2390:BV 142
2385:BV 141
2380:Ha 140
2375:Ha 139
2370:BV 138
2365:Ha 137
2360:Hü 136
2356:Ha 136
2351:Ha 135
2346:Bü 134
2341:Bü 133
2336:Hs 132
2332:Bü 132
2327:Bü 131
2322:Hs 130
2317:Hs 129
2312:Hs 128
2307:Hs 127
2302:Hs 126
2297:Hs 125
2292:Hs 124
2287:Hs 123
2282:Hs 122
2277:Hs 121
2272:He 120
2267:He 119
2262:He 118
2257:Hs 117
2253:He 117
2248:He 116
2243:He 115
2238:He 114
2233:He 113
2228:He 112
2219:He 111
2214:Bf 110
2205:Bf 109
2200:Bf 108
2195:Kl 107
2190:Kl 106
2185:Kl 105
2180:Fh 104
2168:Fi 103
2164:Al 103
2159:Al 102
2154:Al 101
2138:He 100
2134:Fi 100
2014:FZG 76
1848:DFS 54
1754:DFS 40
1745:DFS 39
1451:SG 116
1441:MK 115
1431:MK 112
1426:MG 213
1355:SC 500
1350:SC 250
1312:BDC 10
1229:PD 500
1194:PC 500
1156:SD 500
1151:SD 250
1131:SBe 50
1073:Hs 293
1013:BK 7.5
1003:BK 3.7
977:MK 108
972:MK 103
967:MK 101
962:MG 151
939:MG 131
838:
779:
769:
692:
402:. The
283:) and
185:Munich
152:was a
138:NMUSAF
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3808:8-534
3793:8-520
3738:8-445
3609:8-348
3570:8-341
3555:8-338
3491:8-326
3477:8-324
3433:8-316
3423:8-314
3418:8-313
3413:8-312
3408:8-311
3386:8-308
3381:8-307
3376:8-306
3371:8-305
3366:8-304
3361:8-303
3356:8-302
3103:8-260
3093:8-258
3078:8-255
3026:8-247
2986:8-239
2937:8-230
2836:8-213
2827:8-212
2798:8-207
2788:8-205
2595:8-175
2129:Fi 99
2124:Fi 98
2119:Fi 97
2114:Ar 96
2109:Ar 95
2104:Ju 94
2099:Ju 93
2094:Ju 92
2089:Ju 91
2084:Ju 90
2079:Ju 89
2074:Ju 88
2069:Ju 87
2064:Ju 86
2059:Ju 85
2054:Al 84
2039:Ar 81
2034:Ar 80
2029:Ar 79
2024:Ar 78
2019:Ar 77
2010:Ar 76
2005:Al 75
2000:He 74
1995:He 73
1990:He 72
1985:He 71
1976:He 70
1971:Ar 69
1966:Ar 68
1961:Ar 67
1956:He 66
1952:Ar 66
1947:He 65
1943:Ar 65
1938:He 64
1934:Ar 64
1929:He 63
1920:He 62
1916:Fw 62
1911:He 61
1907:Fw 61
1903:Fa 61
1898:Ju 60
1894:He 60
1889:He 59
1884:He 58
1880:Fw 58
1875:Fw 57
1866:Fw 56
1861:NR 55
1857:Fw 55
1852:NR 54
1843:Ju 53
1838:Ju 52
1834:He 52
1829:He 51
1824:Ju 50
1820:He 50
1815:Ju 49
1811:He 49
1806:Ju 48
1801:He 47
1797:Fw 47
1792:Ju 46
1788:He 46
1783:He 45
1778:Fw 44
1773:Fw 43
1768:He 42
1764:Fw 42
1759:He 41
1750:BV 40
1740:Ju 38
1736:He 38
1731:He 37
1726:Kl 36
1721:Kl 35
1716:Ju 34
1711:Ju 33
1706:Kl 32
1701:Kl 31
1696:Fw 30
1691:Do 29
1677:Kl 27
1673:Do 27
1664:Kl 26
1660:Do 26
1655:Kl 25
1651:Do 25
1646:Do 24
1641:Do 23
1636:Do 22
1626:Do 20
1621:Do 19
1616:Do 18
1611:Do 17
1606:Wn 16
1602:Do 16
1597:Do 15
1592:Do 14
1587:Do 13
1582:Do 12
1573:Wn 11
1569:Do 11
1564:Do 10
1544:DFS 6
1458:]
1345:SC 50
1277:AB 23
1239:SC 10
1141:SD 70
1136:SD 50
1126:SD 15
957:MG FF
929:MG 17
924:MG 15
571:Notes
541:MCLOS
480:MCLOS
350:Crane
334:pitch
257:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
2049:8-83
2044:8-82
1981:8-71
1925:8-63
1871:8-57
1687:8-29
1682:8-28
1669:8-27
1631:8-21
1578:8-12
1559:Gö 9
1554:Gö 8
1539:Fi 5
1524:Fi 2
1504:list
1106:SD 2
1096:SD 1
1053:and
1008:BK 5
836:ISBN
777:OCLC
767:ISBN
690:ISBN
371:and
332:and
239:SAMs
144:The
73:news
1549:8-7
1534:8-4
1529:8-3
1519:8-1
1036:R4M
392:BMW
330:yaw
248:at
215:'s
213:RAF
183:in
148:or
56:by
3891::
1456:de
816:^
775:.
749:^
255:de
237:,
3843:/
3839:/
3815:/
3716:/
3637:/
3587:/
3533:/
3484:/
3470:/
3313:/
3289:/
3265:/
3151:/
3142:/
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3110:/
3071:/
3062:/
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2939:/
2930:/
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2858:/
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2750:/
2716:/
2707:/
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2660:/
2641:/
2622:/
2548:/
2529:/
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2477:/
2473:/
2464:/
2455:/
2446:/
2417:/
2358:/
2334:/
2255:/
2221:/
2207:/
2173:R
2166:/
2136:/
2012:/
1983:/
1954:/
1945:/
1936:/
1927:/
1918:/
1909:/
1905:/
1896:/
1882:/
1873:/
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1604:/
1580:/
1571:/
1506:)
1502:(
1492:e
1485:t
1478:v
899:e
892:t
885:v
844:.
783:.
698:.
406:-
348:(
275:(
207:.
187:)
140:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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