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cruise activities. Tissa
Wickramasinghe, the Chief Operating Officer of HIPG in Sri Lanka, conveyed contentment with the advancement of the port, affirming that it is successfully achieving its objectives and serving its intended purposes. He also noted that the port facilitated nearly 600,000 tonnes of bunkering operations last year, following the leasing of its bunkering facility to
387:. China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation had been doing business in Sri Lanka since 1997. Following a 2005 agreement between Sri Lanka and China that both countries would facilitate the involvement of Chinese companies in Hambantota's refueling facilities and oil tank projects, China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corporation became a contractor at Hambantota.
478:
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became a joint venture after China
Merchant Ports bought an 85% stake in HIPG as part of the Chinese company's $ 1.12 billion investment into the port. The agreement will expire 99 years after its effective date and allows HIPG to develop and operate the Hambantota port exclusively. The agreement also stipulated the creation of a 15,000-acre special economic zone.
722:(LPG) terminal which imports butane and propane and produces LPG to sell domestically or re-export. Within the first 14 months, it had handled 413,000 metric tonnes of LPG, 60% of which was exported to Bangladesh, Maldives and India. As of September the terminal handles around 15 – 20 ship calls per month and it is expected to increase up to 30.
753:
ship calls more than doubling to 161. The biggest user of the port is the
Hyundai plant near Chennai while Tata and Maruti vehicles also come from Mumbai. In future, all Hyundai vehicles made in South Korea, China and India will be transshipped through Hambantota 15,000 units a month once more yard space is available.
1745:
The first major loan it took on the project came from the
Chinese government's Export-Import Bank, or Exim, for $ 307 million. But to obtain the loan, Sri Lanka was required to accept Beijing's preferred company, China Harbor, as the port's builder, according to a United States Embassy cable from the
659:
As of May 2024, Hambantota port has become a thriving hub for transshipment in the Indian Ocean, particularly for vehicles, with a monthly turnover of 700,000 units. It is set to play a larger role in boosting the bunkering and oil refining industries, and it shows promise as a potential center for
655:
states that China's relationship to the
Hambantota port has become the opposite of the theorized debt-trap modus operandi. Brown observes that China has had to commit more money to the project, expose itself to further risk, and has had to become entangled in complex local politics. As of at least
640:
In 2019, The HIPG introduced automation, represented the port in several international summits and signed agreements with international shipping companies. As a result the nine-storey administration building of the port, the
Hambantota Maritime Centre became 95% occupied and in just one year under
612:
The agreement was delayed for several months because of concerns that the port could be used for military purposes and opposition from trade unions and political parties, which called it a sellout of Sri Lankan national assets to China. Former president
Rajapaksa criticised the plan, including the
253:
Construction of the port commenced in
January 2008. In 2016, it reported an operating profit of $ 1.81 million but was considered economically unviable. As debt repayment got difficult, the newly-elected government decided to privatise an 80% stake of the port to raise foreign exchange in order to
772:
In
December 2016, a mob of workers who were believed to be backed by Rajapaksa loyalists protesting against the leasing of the port vandalised the port and took several ships hostage. The 13-storey building was taken over by the strikers and was flooded, and CCTV systems and electricity were shut
752:
Japanese, South Korean and Indian car makers have begun transshipping increasing numbers of vehicles through the port. In the first nine months of 2014, the number of vehicles handled at
Hambantota crossed the 100,000 mark, up more than 300% compared to the same period in 2013, with the number of
605:
visited China to solve the issue. Then, the ports authority rescinded the agreement with the Chinese operators of the port and replaced it with a concession agreement signed in 2017. Under the 2017 agreement, Sri Lanka Ports Authority created Hambantota International Port Group (HIPG), which then
621:
raised concerns that Chinese control of the Hambantota port could harm their interests in the Indian Ocean. The large Chinese loans, the inability of the Sri Lankan government to service the loans, and the subsequent 99-year Chinese lease on the port have also led to accusations that China was
371:
Ramboll reached conclusions similar to those from SNC-Lavalin. The Ramboll study recommended the Hambantota port to bring in revenue by allowing the transport of non-containerised cargo before expanding the port to handle cargo containers, to allow the Port of Colombo to reach its capacity.
344:
A steering committee of the Ports Authority rejected the report as being non-comprehensive and lacking in primary research. The recommendation to begin container operations at the first stage of the project was criticised for ignoring the potential impact on existing operations at the
272:
hub in the Indian Ocean, specifically for vehicles, facilitating a turnover of 700,000 units per month. Hambantota is poised to increase its involvement in the bunkering and oil refining industries, and it has the potential of becoming a significant hub for cruise activities.
473:
A new port will help relieve pressure on the Colombo port, and also provide services to ships that normally take three-and-a-half-day detours from their shipping lanes to receive these services, including refueling, maintenance, logistics and buying provisions and medical
773:
down. However, swift action by the Navy rescued the ships, and repair of damaged infrastructure began. The government accused leaders of the strike of protesting against the SEZ that happened in Hambantota, led by members of the Nil Balakaya, an organization created by
641:
the new management the port made a 136% increase in the volume of ro-ro vessels handled and even diversified its services to include other port-related activities such as container handling, general cargo, passenger, bunkering, bulk terminal, gas and project cargo.
1229:, p. 1074: "According to the agreement, CMPort will lease the Hambantota Port for 99 years and invest up to US$ 1,120 million in the port, as well as other marine-related activities in connection to the port, for a total area of 15,000 acres of land."
506:
The Chinese government financed phase one with a 15-year commercial loan from China Exim, which lent US$ 306.7 million (85% of the estimated total cost) while the Sri Lanka Ports Authority bore the rest. The loan carried a 6.3% interest rate and specified
695:
Sri Lankan unit expanded Sri Lanka’s share of the regional bunker market and invested $ 5 million on a tanker which flies the Sri Lankan flag. Lanka Marine Services (LMS) partnered with Sinopec in supplying very low sulphur fuel oil (VLSFO).
2676:
1239:
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1303:
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1243:
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777:; the government accused them of being political appointees. As a result, a shipping line also sent a bill of $ 400,000 in damages to the port authority. The government and Navy Commander Vice Admiral
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The SLPA had decided to divert all vehicle shipments to the Ruhunu Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa International port from May 31, 2012, as a measure to relieve the congestion at Sri Lanka's main port
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The second phase of construction began in 2012 after China Exim loaned another $ 757 million with an interest rate of 2%. The loan agreement allowed China Harbour Engineering and
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The money from China Merchant Ports was used to strengthen Sri Lanka's US dollar reserves and pay short-term foreign debts unrelated to the port owed to non-Chinese creditors.
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2791:
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402:(China Exim). After this visit, Sri Lanka and China agreed that both countries would encourage Chinese companies to participate in the port project and encourage the use of
375:
The Rajapaksa administration approached both the United States and India with the Ramboll study and sought funding for the Hambantota Port Project. Both countries declined.
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to jointly operate the terminal and take a 65% stake in the port for 35 years. After 35 years, the ownership of the port will be returned to the Sri Lanka Ports Authority.
1991:
406:
from China to finance the project. Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa visited China in February 2007 and the visit resulted in China's decision to fund the port development.
1625:
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to separately evaluate the project feasibility, after the company expressed interest to conduct a study for free and said that their study would be fully backed by the
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announced the "Regaining Sri Lanka" economic development programme in 2002, which identified the Hambantota port for development. The plan also included building a
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2145:
984:
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333:. The study concluded that the port could be feasibly developed in three stages costing US$ 1.7 billion. It recommended that a joint venture between the
2520:
954:
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said the lease of the Hambantota port to China was a mistake made by the previous government, after reports that Colombo was revisiting the agreement.
364:
had pledged to revitalize Hambantota's economy. After his election, a second feasibility study was commissioned, this time from Danish consulting firm
3371:
2051:
330:
1733:
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One of the first companies involved in the port project was China Huanqiu Contracting and Engineering Corporation, a subsidiary of the state-owned
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1839:
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89:
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After India declined to fund development of the port, Sri Lanka next sought funding from China. In July 2006, Sri Lankan foreign minister
522:
was built, fitted with LPG tanks and fuel tanks for ships and aircraft, as well as ship repair, shipbuilding and crew change facilities.
2345:
1525:
3027:
317:. Beginning in the early 2000s, the Sri Lankan government sought to obtain funding from international creditors to develop Hambantota.
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1647:
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1999:
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was set up outside the port. In 2016 a 15,000 acre SEZ project was announced with 5,000 acres from Hambantota and the rest from
399:
3361:
1803:
846:
415:
338:
258:
was chosen, which was to pay $ 1.12 billion to Sri Lanka and spend additional amounts to develop the port into full operation.
3083:
1617:
585:
9 billion ($ 134 million) in construction fees for the Hambantota port, which, by the end of the year, accumulated a loss of ₨
1969:
3084:"China's Malleable Sovereignty along the Belt and Road Initiative: The Case of the 99-Year Chinese Lease of Hambantota Port"
2883:
1583:
2913:
2171:
2149:
897:
2021:
1335:
1205:
927:
2736:
2082:
3282:
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82:
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Canada was concerned about financing the project due to Sri Lankan domestic politics and the project did not advance.
3259:
3204:
3171:
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756:
In April 2017, making a historic landmark in Sri Lanka, the world's largest pure car and truck carrier (PCTC), the MV
976:
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836:
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684:
334:
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were heavily criticized by civil activists and the media over an assault on a journalist during the protest.
2842:
2644:
652:
627:
3326:
2059:
672:
3196:
1925:(Report). The Department of External Resources, the Ministry of Finance and Planning. 2008. Archived from
1715:
778:
656:
2024, the port is not a significant commercial success, although shipping through the port is increasing.
306:
285:
Hambantota is located along the southern coast of Sri Lanka, six miles away from east-west shipping routes
3316:
1895:
1177:
700:
491:
403:
310:
3321:
3099:
Singh, Ajit (2020). "The myth of 'debt-trap diplomacy' and realities of Chinese development finance".
2232:
1172:
Fairclough, Gordon; Jayasinghe, Uditha (9 December 2016), "Sri Lanka Sells Port Holding to Beijing",
1014:
811:
719:
602:
562:
298:
255:
243:
159:
2704:"Exclusive: Revival of Hambantota port in Sri Lanka may strengthen China's position in Indian Ocean"
2275:"Potential Discloseable Transaction: Concession Agreement in Relation to Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka"
1549:"The narrative surrounding China's 'debt-trap diplomacy' is a lie that doesn't stand up to scrutiny"
3267:
3045:
Brautigam, Deborah (2019). "A critical look at Chinese 'debt-trap diplomacy': the rise of a meme".
2652:
1892:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
623:
391:
39:
17:
2338:"Despite Security Assurances, Chinese Consolidation of Sri Lankan Ports Remains a Worry for India"
3124:
3070:
1720:
1434:
1042:
807:
645:
314:
2399:"Former Sri Lankan president warns of social unrest if China carries out its plan in Hambantota"
545:
was ceremonially berthed and workers unloaded the first consignment of international cargo from
2812:
1926:
626:, the factual accuracy of which is disputed. In September 2021, Sri Lankan geopolitics analyst
3311:
3116:
3062:
2656:
1899:
1725:
1696:
1686:
1424:
1034:
708:
526:
361:
154:
2337:
1961:"Chinese Infrastructure Investments in Sri Lanka: A Pearl or a Teardrop on the Belt and Road"
1517:
261:
In July 2017, the agreement was signed, but CMPort was allowed a 70% stake. Simultaneously a
3217:
3108:
3054:
2551:
1026:
866:
737:. On June 6, 2012, Ruhunu Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa International Port officially started
725:
State-owned Litro Gas operates LPG terminal with a storage capacity of 3,000 metric tonnes.
530:
174:
3227:
797:
Former names: Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port and Magam Ruhunupura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port.
3212:
2115:
1795:
774:
734:
715:
451:
346:
247:
2202:"Govt.'s new Hambantota Port deal with China will deliver economic transformation: Malik"
3150:
221:
3295:
3272:
1655:
1417:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
815:
676:
538:
447:
435:
431:
633:
In July 2018, the Sri Lankan government announced it would relocate its naval base at
613:
special economic zone, and warned of social unrest if the plans were carried through.
568:
3350:
3249:
3128:
3074:
2367:
1453:
1358:
1266:
1046:
738:
680:
618:
269:
262:
2733:"Special Economic Zone at Hambantota port :State will keep ownership of land: Malik"
254:
repay maturing sovereign bonds unrelated to the port. Of the two bidding companies,
1834:
851:
302:
281:
184:
3156:
3112:
3058:
2280:(Press release). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 25 July 2017. Archived from
1960:
1438:
1030:
2938:
1181:
533:
18.8 million and was subject to an investigation by the Government for corruption
3290:
1760:"Sri Lanka's Hambantota Port And The World's Emptiest Airport Go To The Chinese"
889:
818:. Political dispute prevented the French feasibility study from being conducted.
761:
326:
2610:"China can extend Hambantota port lease to 198 years, Sri Lankan minister says"
2521:"India Feels the Squeeze in Indian Ocean with Chinese Projects in Neighborhood"
2029:
1679:
The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
1197:
919:
2732:
2677:"Sri Lanka's Hambantota port debunks Chinese debt trap narrative with success"
1861:
1591:
1327:
1240:"Sri Lanka's Hambantota port debunks Chinese debt trap narrative with success"
704:
477:
467:
455:
423:
239:
75:
3120:
3066:
1729:
1700:
1112:"Agreement signed with Chinese Merchants to develop H'tota Port on PPP Model"
1038:
525:
The first phase of the port was inaugurated on 18 November 2010 by President
104:
91:
2087:
515:
121:
2978:"H'tota Port employees have no legal docs to validate employment: Minister"
395:
2758:"Sri Lanka Laugfs terminal handles 400,000MT LP Gas, 60-pct re-exports"
1359:"Hambantota port will attract 36,000 ships annually - Ananda Kularatne"
692:
661:
546:
427:
365:
62:
1015:"A critical look at Chinese 'debt-trap diplomacy': the rise of a meme"
2784:"Litro Gas shows impressive growth, completes terminal at Hambantota"
2649:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
1764:
519:
463:
426:
to the Mediterranean, and from there to the Upper Adriatic region of
337:
and a private consortium be set up to undertake the project under a
329:
was invited to carry out a feasibility study, with funding from the
2813:"Sri Lanka's southern Hambantota Port begins commercial operations"
671:
634:
614:
567:
542:
476:
1830:"Sri Lanka to Seek Tenants for $ 550 Million Tax-Free Port Zone"
529:, whom the port was named after. The accompanying ceremony cost
459:
246:. Opened in 2010, it is Sri Lanka's second largest port, after
235:
3160:
1328:"Regaining Sri Lanka: Physical infrastructure Development Plan"
2052:"Hambantota Port to be opened on President's birthday: Chamal"
3028:"FMM demands probe against Navy Commander over H'tota attack"
2547:"Sri Lanka to Shift Naval Base to China-Controlled Port City"
1677:
Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
1454:"Two feasibility reports to expedite Hambantota Port project"
498:, to build the port. The port was constructed in two phases.
1611:
1609:
511:, a state-owned enterprise, as the construction contractor.
293:
had pledged to build a seaport in Hambantota on winning the
2914:"Swift involvement reduced potential losses to port: Navy"
2307:"Sri Lanka To Sell 80 Percent Of Hambantota Port To China"
2172:"Rs. 9b loan repayment biggest challenge to SLPA in 2016"
360:
During his 2005 presidential campaign, Hambantota native
325:
In June 2002, Canadian engineering and construction firm
250:. In 2020, the port handled 1.8 million tonnes of cargo.
3003:"Navy Commander Attacked Journalist On Human Rights Day"
2858:"Shipping focus: The unexpected rise of Hambantota port"
1920:
Foreign Financing of the Budget: Performance Report 2007
1648:"Feasibility study for a new major seaport in Sri Lanka"
2884:"World's largest car carrier called at Hambantota port"
3144:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
212:
2429:"Sri Lanka, China seal controversial $ 1bn port deal"
1616:
Brautigam, Deborah; Rithmire, Meg (6 February 2021).
949:
Hambantota International Port Group (14 March 2021).
581:
In 2016, the Sri Lanka Ports Authority had to repay ₨
268:
As of May 2024, the port has transformed into a busy
1992:"Hambantota project 'five months ahead of schedule'"
1885:
1883:
1198:"Sri Lanka signs deal on Hambantota port with China"
1072:
1070:
1068:
951:"HIP achieves Highest Cargo Volumes during Pandemic"
3304:
3281:
3258:
3235:
3203:
1547:Brautigam, Deborah; Rithmire, Meg (20 March 2021).
1143:"Sri Lanka plans to lease Hambantota Port to China"
201:
193:
183:
169:
153:
135:
130:
120:
81:
71:
61:
56:
32:
1959:
644:In February 2021, the Sri Lankan foreign minister
2579:"Hambantota Int'l Port makes phenomenal progress"
1862:"Hambantota project 'can spearhead' developments"
1578:
1576:
651:Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat
3088:N.Y.U. Journal of International Law and Politics
1481:
1479:
1106:
1104:
749:with 1000 vehicles from Chennai Harbour, India.
2788:Adaderana Biz English | Sri Lanka Business News
1079:"The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities"
806:The ministry had also invited the authority of
745:ship from Japan containing 15 vehicles and the
1823:
1821:
242:, Sri Lanka, notable for its 99-year lease to
3172:
2269:
2267:
1789:
1787:
518:terminal with an initial capacity of 500,000
466:. An estimated 36,000 ships, including 4,500
8:
2146:"First ship enters the Magampura Port today"
2116:"Rs 18.8 m H'tota Port inauguration tamasha"
2022:"Hambantota to ease Colombo Port congestion"
1716:"How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port"
1584:"Hambantota port feasibility study rejected"
1192:
1190:
630:described of a 'Strategic-trap diplomacy'.
422:) that runs from the Chinese coast via the
297:. After victory, Sri Lankan Prime Minister
3179:
3165:
3157:
3149:
2939:"Hambantota moves in step with the Nation"
490:The Sri Lankan government contracted with
220:
29:
2081:Reddy, B. Muralidhar (18 November 2010).
1452:Kasturisinghe, Channa (4 December 2002).
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
331:Canadian International Development Agency
2843:"Operations commence at Hambantota Port"
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
589:46.7 billion ($ 696 million). After the
280:
1794:Sirimane, Shirajiv (21 February 2010).
1681:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
881:
842:Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport
790:
3377:Buildings and structures in Hambantota
3094:(4): 1061–1100 – via Hein Online
2856:Gunasekera, Rohan (17 December 2014).
2823:from the original on 24 September 2017
2639:
2637:
2527:from the original on 16 September 2021
2114:Yatawara, Dhaneshi (25 October 2015).
1958:Rithmire, Meg; Li, Yihao (July 2019).
1265:Kasturisinghe, Channa (17 July 2003).
1226:
1013:Brautigam, Deborah (6 December 2019).
496:that country's state-owned enterprises
295:2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election
51:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
2589:from the original on 27 December 2019
2489:Chellaney, Brahma (23 January 2017).
2317:from the original on 20 December 2016
1806:from the original on 24 February 2010
1528:from the original on 1 September 2024
1369:from the original on 20 December 2016
1246:from the original on 1 September 2024
1153:from the original on 23 December 2016
977:"Hambantota Port sale in perspective"
930:from the original on 1 September 2024
577:Operation under Chinese joint venture
7:
2864:from the original on 6 February 2015
2764:from the original on 29 October 2020
2608:Wong, Catherine (25 February 2021).
2501:from the original on 29 January 2017
2460:"China's $ 1 Billion White Elephant"
2409:from the original on 8 December 2016
2095:from the original on 29 October 2013
1772:from the original on 2 February 2021
1628:from the original on 6 February 2021
1486:Jansz, Frederica (7 December 2003).
1267:"New port for Lanka, an urgent need"
1141:Marray, Michael (14 December 2016).
1089:from the original on 19 January 2021
1077:Moramudali, Umesh (1 January 2020).
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
900:from the original on 12 October 2020
446:Sri Lanka is situated along the key
385:China National Petroleum Corporation
2702:Kannan, Saikiran (March 19, 2021).
2439:from the original on 2 October 2017
1796:"Hambantota port, gateway to world"
1618:"The Chinese 'Debt Trap' Is a Myth"
1357:Ladduwahetty, Ravi (18 June 2002).
265:on the port was granted to CMPort.
18:Ruhunu Magampura International Port
2559:from the original on 24 March 2019
2148:. 18 November 2010. Archived from
2058:. 17 February 2010. Archived from
2028:. 22 February 2010. Archived from
1966:Harvard Business School Case Study
1890:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
1828:Ondaatjie, Anusha (8 March 2010).
1590:. 21 November 2003. Archived from
1122:from the original on 24 March 2019
414:The port is viewed as part of the
25:
2378:from the original on 11 July 2021
2348:from the original on 31 July 2017
2240:Harvard International Law Journal
2212:from the original on 11 July 2021
2182:from the original on 11 July 2021
2126:from the original on 11 July 2021
1758:Shepard, Wade (28 October 2016).
1338:from the original on 15 July 2021
1208:from the original on 8 April 2019
957:from the original on 24 June 2021
509:China Harbour Engineering Company
3372:2010 establishments in Sri Lanka
3226:
2964:"'K' LINE RETURNS TO HAMBANTOTA"
2894:from the original on 7 July 2017
2683:from the original on 4 June 2024
2622:from the original on 9 June 2021
1990:Lee, Hong Liang (8 March 2010).
1561:from the original on 2 June 2021
1498:from the original on 2 June 2021
1464:from the original on 12 May 2021
1277:from the original on 2 June 2021
1053:from the original on 1 July 2020
987:from the original on 3 July 2018
860:
541:passenger ship that sailed from
38:
3367:Ports and harbours of Sri Lanka
3188:Ports and harbours of Sri Lanka
3009:from the original on 2017-04-14
2984:from the original on 2016-12-15
2945:from the original on 2016-12-18
2920:from the original on 2016-12-23
2845:. Port Technology. 6 June 2012.
2794:from the original on 2021-10-22
2739:from the original on 2017-03-19
2714:from the original on 2021-03-19
2470:from the original on 3 May 2019
2253:from the original on 2021-05-18
1972:from the original on 2021-06-12
1736:from the original on 2018-10-16
1714:Abi-Habib, Maria (2018-06-25).
1309:from the original on 2017-01-18
920:"Port of Hambantota, Sri Lanka"
847:Southern Expressway (Sri Lanka)
416:21st Century Maritime Silk Road
2458:Marlow, Iain (17 April 2018).
2368:"Woes of Hambanthota continue"
1488:"Seaport study in stormy seas"
418:(the maritime part of China's
170:
1:
3113:10.1080/01436597.2020.1807318
3059:10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828
2491:"China's Debt-Trap Diplomacy"
2233:"Chinese Law and Development"
1297:"REGAINING SRI LANKA -Part 2"
1031:10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828
430:with its rail connections to
232:Hambantota International Port
70:
33:Hambantota International Port
3082:Carrai, Maria Adele (2019),
3197:Transportation in Sri Lanka
3047:Area Development and Policy
1019:Area Development and Policy
890:"UNLOCODE (LK) - SRI LANKA"
764:at the Port of Hambantota.
687:at Hambanthota Port in 2017
400:Export-Import Bank of China
3393:
1746:time, leaked to WikiLeaks.
837:List of ports in Sri Lanka
808:Port Autonome de Marseille
470:, use the route annually.
339:build–own–operate–transfer
3357:China–Sri Lanka relations
3335:
3224:
3194:
2231:Erie, Matthew S. (2021).
1683:Stanford University Press
685:USNS Fall River (T-EPF-4)
335:Sri Lanka Ports Authority
206:
49:
37:
2888:HellenicShippingNews.com
2860:. Automotive Logistics.
2615:South China Morning Post
2555:. Reuters. 2 July 2018.
2083:"Hambantota port opened"
1894:. New Haven and London:
1421:Cornell University Press
832:Belt and Road Initiative
420:Belt and Road Initiative
410:Belt and Road Initiative
356:Second feasibility study
307:petrochemical industries
164:Sri Lanka Port Authority
1518:"Hambantota Crossroads"
1494:. Probe International.
926:. Shipping Guides Ltd.
628:Asanga Abeyagoonasekera
599:parliamentary elections
398:, the president of the
321:First feasibility study
3362:Concession territories
3296:Kankesanthurai Harbour
779:Ravindra Wijegunaratne
688:
573:
482:
286:
141:; 13 years ago
139:November 18, 2010
3327:Port of Urkavalthurai
3101:Third World Quarterly
2760:. 18 September 2020.
2585:. 25 September 2019.
2523:. 16 September 2021.
1896:Yale University Press
1522:Lanka Business Online
1419:. Ithaca and London:
1415:Chen, Muyang (2024).
675:
591:National United Front
572:Hambantota Port Tower
571:
492:China Merchants Group
480:
311:thermal power station
291:United National Front
284:
2374:. 14 December 2016.
2208:. 11 December 2017.
1334:. 16 November 2003.
867:Sri Lanka portal
741:operations with the
720:Liquid Petroleum Gas
603:Ranil Wickremesinghe
563:China Merchants Port
299:Ranil Wickremesinghe
256:China Merchants Port
244:China Merchant Ports
160:China Merchants Port
105:6.11944°N 81.10806°E
3291:Port of Point Pedro
3268:Trincomalee Harbour
2653:Bloomsbury Academic
2313:. 29 October 2016.
2152:on 27 November 2010
2032:on 25 February 2010
1868:. 22 September 2009
1800:The Sunday Observer
1594:on 11 November 2019
1524:. 15 October 2003.
1174:Wall Street Journal
1118:. 9 December 2016.
983:. 17 January 2017.
707:, Embilipitiya and
624:debt-trap diplomacy
392:Mangala Samaraweera
277:Development history
101: /
3338:Under construction
3317:Port of Mahatittha
3245:Port of Hambantota
2178:. 5 January 2016.
1721:The New York Times
1439:10.7591/jj.6230186
701:tax-free port zone
689:
646:Dinesh Gunawardena
574:
483:
442:Location and plans
404:concessional loans
394:met in China with
315:desalination plant
287:
3344:
3343:
3322:Port of Mathoddam
3312:Port of Jambukola
2662:978-1-350-26724-4
2495:Project Syndicate
2336:Mitra, Devirupa.
2062:on 30 August 2010
1842:on March 11, 2010
1692:978-0-8047-9764-1
1658:on 2 January 2015
1492:The Sunday Leader
953:(Press release).
924:www.findaport.com
894:service.unece.org
869:
812:French government
760:, arrived on her
601:, Prime Minister
527:Mahinda Rajapaksa
514:A $ 76.5-million
362:Mahinda Rajapaksa
309:, a coal powered
228:
227:
110:6.11944; 81.10806
27:Port in Sri Lanka
16:(Redirected from
3384:
3230:
3218:Beruwala Harbour
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3145:Official website
3132:
3095:
3078:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2890:. 3 April 2017.
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2552:Voice of America
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2435:. 29 July 2017.
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1654:. Archived from
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1412:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1332:The Sunday Times
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:. 29 July 2017.
1194:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1010:
997:
996:
994:
992:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
886:
865:
864:
863:
858:
819:
804:
798:
795:
699:A $ 550 million
588:
584:
549:from the vessel
224:
219:
216:
214:
172:
149:
147:
142:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
44:The port in 2013
42:
30:
21:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3331:
3300:
3277:
3254:
3231:
3222:
3213:Colombo Harbour
3199:
3190:
3185:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3098:
3081:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2819:. 6 June 2012.
2817:ColomboPage.com
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2397:Shepard, Wade.
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2287:on 4 March 2021
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2120:Sunday Observer
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2002:on 9 March 2010
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1932:on 12 July 2019
1929:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1737:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1685:. p. 207.
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1485:
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1465:
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1431:
1414:
1413:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1012:
1011:
1000:
990:
988:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
888:
887:
883:
878:
861:
859:
828:
823:
822:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
775:Namal Rajapaksa
770:
735:Colombo Harbour
731:
729:Port operations
716:LAUGFS Holdings
670:
637:to Hambantota.
586:
582:
579:
559:
504:
488:
481:Hambantota Port
452:Malacca Straits
444:
412:
381:
358:
347:Port of Colombo
323:
279:
236:deep water port
211:
210:
145:
143:
140:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
52:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3390:
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3379:
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3333:
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3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3273:Oluvil Harbour
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3138:
3137:External links
3135:
3134:
3133:
3107:(2): 239–253.
3096:
3079:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3019:
2994:
2969:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2875:
2848:
2834:
2804:
2790:. 2015-12-07.
2775:
2749:
2724:
2694:
2679:. 3 May 2024.
2668:
2661:
2633:
2600:
2570:
2538:
2512:
2481:
2450:
2420:
2389:
2359:
2328:
2298:
2263:
2223:
2193:
2163:
2137:
2106:
2073:
2043:
2013:
1996:PortWorld News
1982:
1943:
1911:
1904:
1879:
1866:Portworld News
1853:
1817:
1783:
1750:
1706:
1691:
1669:
1639:
1605:
1572:
1539:
1509:
1475:
1444:
1429:
1380:
1349:
1319:
1288:
1257:
1242:. 3 May 2024.
1231:
1219:
1186:
1164:
1133:
1100:
1064:
998:
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911:
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879:
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854:
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827:
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821:
820:
816:European Union
799:
789:
788:
786:
783:
769:
766:
730:
727:
677:Sri Lanka Navy
669:
666:
578:
575:
558:
555:
539:Sri Lanka Navy
503:
500:
487:
484:
458:, which links
448:shipping route
443:
440:
436:Eastern Europe
411:
408:
380:
377:
357:
354:
322:
319:
278:
275:
226:
225:
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3:
2:
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3339:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:Ancient ports
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3250:Port of Galle
3248:
3246:
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2316:
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2283:
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2268:
2264:
2249:
2246:(1): 51–115.
2245:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
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2147:
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2138:
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2117:
2110:
2107:
2094:
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2089:
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2074:
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2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1912:
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