601:. The ancient nature and isolation has led to a high level of endemism in these lakes where over 75% of the fish species and approximately one-third of the aquatic insects are endemic. For instance, Lake Dissoni/Soden, a small volcanic lake covering an estimated 1.25 km (0.48 sq mi), is located at the southeastern slopes of the Rumpi hills. The lake flows into a stream that eventually empties into the River Meme. There are only three fish species in the lake which are all endemic including Poeciliid (
41:
472:
34:
148:
455:
576:
It rains heavily throughout the year giving a wet climate especially with many rivers including the Cross River, River Sanaga, River Mungo, River Ndian, River Wouri and River Niger that run across the landscape. Aside rivers, the region is also home to a number of small circular craters, produced by
506:
coastal evergreen rain forests which may contain other mixed moist semi-evergreen rain forests according to elevation gradient. In these forests, some trees may reach 50 m (160 ft) tall usually in different vegetation levels (multi-storey canopy levels). Most common plant families (with
194:
The Rumpi hills are covered by more than 2,300 km (890 sq mi) of a combination of mid-elevation montane, coastal evergreen, and drier northern semi-evergreen forests as well as other vegetation types. About 455 km (176 sq mi) of this forest forms what is known as the
640:
Most of the region is located on the
African Precambrian shield which contains principally basement rocks. Over the years, the weathering of these basement rocks has created dense layers of leached and poor red earth soils. Meanwhile, along the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests, the continuous
530:
Despite having mixed vegetation, these forests have
Caesalpinioid plants as the dominant vegetation particularly along elevation gradients 400 to 1,800 m (1,300 to 5,900 ft) elevation). Most often, the vegetation structure becomes sparse above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) elevation
202:
Notwithstanding this plant biodiversity, variations do occur in the distribution of the forest ecosystems in this area. This variation in the distribution of forest ecosystems, is due to the changing agricultural landscape especially along the southern slopes of these hills. Apart from
501:
carried-out a phytogeographic vegetation classification of this lowland forests ecoregion. These lowland forests are situated in the Lower Guinea zone of the Guineo-Congolian region of rich and endemic biodiversity composed of animal and plant species. These are mainly
641:
deposition of sand, rocks and silt has created extensive muddy banks, mangrove swamps and sandy beaches. Mount Fako and Bioko are active volcanoes and therefore their surrounding soils are rich which are from volcanic ash and pyroclastic lava and ash.
1044:
921:
483:
which are a tropical humid broadleaf forest ecoregion of west–central Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland and coastal forests of southeastern
Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon and the lowlands of
167:
division in the
Southwest region of Cameroon. The hills are situated at 4°50’N 9°07’E, cutting across four local councils, with the eastern slopes in Dikome Balue, southern slopes in
1029:
952:. The biodiversity of African plants. Proceedings XIVth AETFAT Congress (1994). Wageningen, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht. pp. 110–120.
1182:
1112:
Mukete, B; Sun, Y; Etongo, D; Sajjad, S; Abdul, M (2018b). "Assessing the drivers of land use change in the Rumpi hills forest protected area, Cameroon".
195:
Rumpi Hills Forest
Reserve (RHFR). Located in the equatorial forest zone of Cameroon, this area is very rich in plant biodiversity ranging from fungi to
912:
1271:
554:
966:
85:
1387:
566:
1382:
1075:
Moyersoen, B; Becker, I; Alexander, J (2001). "Are ectomycorrhizas more abundant than arbuscular mycorrhizas in tropical heath forests?".
570:
558:
1362:
1341:
1316:
1245:
1226:
480:
159:
are an undulating mountain range with its highest peak, Mount Rata about 1,800 m (5,900 ft) located between the villages of
1003:"Participatory resource mapping for livelihood values derived from the forest in Ekondo-Titi subregion, Cameroon: A gender analysis"
33:
948:
Cheek, M; Cable, S; Hepper, F N; Ndam, N; Watts, J (1996). van der Masen, G; van der Burgt, X; van
Medenbach de Rooy, J (eds.).
1333:
78:
914:
Agricultural systems and food security in Toko, Mundemba and Nguti, in South West
Cameroon. A research report by ACDIC
562:
1178:
423:
1267:
561:
ecoregion to the west. Moving further inland to the north, east and south, these coastal forests mosaic to the
309:
932:
553:
and the island of Bioko are located above 900 m (3,000 ft) and in a separate ecoregion called the
1256:
242:
1059:
471:
290:
1238:
Opportunities for community-based wildlife management : a case study from the Korup region, Cameroon
1282:
488:
487:
island, covering an estimated 52,200 km (20,200 sq mi). The forests cut across
Nigeria's
1305:
Vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa
250:
1181:. Institut de Développement Rural, Université Marien Ngouabi-Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Congo: FEOW.
492:
235:
223:
188:
1129:
989:
495:
in the southeast and about 300 km (190 mi) from the edges of the
Atlantic Ocean coast.
413:
1141:
Mukete, B; Sun, Y; Etongo, D; Ekoungoulou, R; Folega, F; Sajjad, S; Ngoe, M; Ndiaye, G (2018c).
147:
1358:
1352:
1337:
1312:
1241:
1222:
586:
403:
393:
184:
1327:
1154:
1121:
1084:
1014:
981:
953:
578:
557:. These montane forests extend inland to other highland forests of Cameroon and towards the
332:
179:
local councils respectively. These hills are located about 80 km (50 mi) north of
1295:
1143:"Household characteristics and forest resources dependence in the Rumpi hills of Cameroon"
537:
430:
324:
1191:
372:
Additionally, many tropical montane mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species such as
543:
383:
258:
180:
176:
132:
1376:
1179:"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World – 518: Northern Gulf of Guinea Drainages - Bioko"
1088:
1030:"African primate diversity threatened by "new wave" of industrial oil palm expansion"
967:"Habitat specificity and diversity of tree species in an African wet tropical forest"
517:
276:
139:
1133:
993:
503:
1055:
582:
212:
160:
1172:(PhD thesis). Department of Forest Management, Beijing Forestry University, China.
1159:
1142:
1125:
215:
plantations, other dominant tree species do exist. These include species such as
1170:
A Study on Land Use and Land Cover
Changes in the Rumpi Hills Forests of Cameroon
957:
1097:
612:
more abundant in surrounding rivers, streams and lakes. An undescribed catfish (
598:
532:
360:
351:
316:
196:
168:
985:
603:
550:
509:
441:
211:) owned by the agro-industrial company, Pamol Plantations PLC, and sprouting
100:
87:
594:
523:
577:
volcanic explosions which have subsequently formed crater lakes, including
1019:
1002:
965:
Chuyong, G; Kenfack, D; Harms, K; Thomas, W; Condit, R; Comita, L (2011).
708:
706:
632:
590:
513:
204:
172:
125:
1354:
Major Soil Classification Systems Used in the Tropics: Soils of Cameroon
454:
627:
614:
1098:"Why is food so scarce? An Analysis of the Ndian food security crisis"
723:
721:
1308:
621:
269:
68:
693:
691:
678:
676:
674:
801:
799:
484:
470:
459:
453:
228:
164:
146:
531:
containing mainly montane bamboo forests, shrubs and grasslands.
458:
Rata Mountain (Peak of Rumpi Hills) as seen from Mofako Balue,
1196:(Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae): redescriptions of C.
712:
1257:"Fishes of the Crater Lakes of the Northwestern Cameroons"
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
828:
826:
817:
727:
1351:
Yerima, Bernard Palmer Kfuban; Van Ranst, Eric (2005).
855:
853:
697:
682:
1329:
Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world, Part 3
805:
786:
784:
1307:. Natural Resources Research. Vol. 20. Paris:
187:and some 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of the
131:
121:
116:
77:
67:
62:
21:
1212:Bouvier, 1925 with descriptions of 14 new species"
739:
507:regards to species density and distribution) are
479:The forests of the Rumpi hills form part of the
883:
343:as well as non-timber forest species such as
8:
950:Mapping plant biodiversity on Mount Cameroon
871:
665:
183:; about 50 km (31 mi) west of the
1056:"Mount Rata and Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve"
1001:Etongo, Daniel B; Glover, Edinam K (2012).
1147:Applied Ecology and Environmental Research
1007:International Journal of Forestry Research
832:
18:
1190:Richard, Jasmine; Clark, Paul F (2009) .
1158:
1018:
467:Classification of the Rumpi Hills forests
859:
555:Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
763:
649:
1291:
1280:
1277:from the original on 18 February 2019.
1050:from the original on 18 February 2019.
927:from the original on 13 February 2019.
895:
775:
751:
728:Moyersoen, Becker & Alexander 2001
1240:. Cuvillier, Gottingen. p. 190.
1185:from the original on 27 October 2017.
790:
498:
7:
1357:. Trafford Publishing. p. 144.
844:
571:Atlantic equatorial coastal forests
40:
637:are endemic species to this lake.
481:Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
266:Entandrophragma cylindricum prague
14:
573:(mainly along the River Sanaga).
567:Northern Congolian forest–savanna
1089:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00125.x
39:
32:
1114:Journal of Sustainable Forestry
559:Cross–Niger transition forests
1:
1388:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1326:Woolley, Alan Robert (2001).
1126:10.1080/10549811.2018.1449121
475:Rumpi Hills reserve sign post
1268:Bonner Zoologische Beitraege
1255:Trewavas, Ethelwynn (1962).
958:10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_16
73:1,800 m (5,900 ft)
1383:Mountain ranges of Cameroon
1177:Mamonekene, Victor (2008).
1160:10.15666/aeer/1603_27552779
920:. Greenpeace Africa. 2012.
884:Yerima & Van Ranst 2005
698:BirdLife International 2023
284:Distemonanthus benthamianus
1404:
1236:Tchigio, Innocent (2007).
608:) which may be related to
16:Mountain range in Cameroon
1168:Mukete, Beckline (2018).
1028:Linder, Joshua M (2013).
986:10.1007/s11258-011-9912-4
424:green-breasted bushshrike
175:, and northern slopes in
26:
872:Richard & Clark 2009
666:Etongo & Glover 2012
438:Trichobatrachus robustus
434:(Cameroon slippery frog)
310:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1013:(ArticleID 971068): 9.
933:"Cameroon Crater Lakes"
336:(East African mahogany)
301:Other species include
1290:Cite journal requires
1060:BirdLife International
740:Greenpeace Africa 2012
563:Guinean forest–savanna
535:plant species such as
476:
463:
462:division of Cameroon.
380:Mandrillus leucophaeus
291:Baillonella toxisperma
152:
1303:White, Frank (1983).
1208:Bouvier, 1925 and C.
1204:Hilgendorf, 1893, C.
474:
457:
420:Malaconotus gladiator
243:Drepanocarpus lunatus
150:
171:, western slopes in
53:Location in Cameroon
1200:Kingsley, 1882, C.
1020:10.1155/2012/871068
818:Chuyong et al. 2011
713:Mukete et al. 2018c
683:Mukete et al. 2018b
236:Rhizophora racemosa
224:Chlorophora excelsa
189:Korup National Park
97: /
1334:Geological Society
1096:Mukete, B (2014).
610:Procatopus similis
477:
464:
414:white-naped pigeon
163:and Mofako Balue,
153:
63:Highest point
806:Cheek et al. 1996
626:) as well as the
410:Columba albinucha
404:crested porcupine
394:Rumpi mouse shrew
209:Elaeis guineensis
185:Bakossi Mountains
145:
144:
1395:
1368:
1347:
1322:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1251:
1232:
1216:
1186:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1153:(3): 2755–2779.
1137:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1049:
1037:African Primates
1034:
1024:
1022:
997:
980:(8): 1363–1374.
971:
961:
944:
942:
940:
928:
926:
919:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
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755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
716:
710:
701:
695:
686:
680:
669:
663:
579:Lake Barombi Mbo
400:Hystrix cristata
333:Khaya anthotheca
328:(African cherry)
251:Dracaenea buenea
135:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
43:
42:
36:
19:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
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1392:
1373:
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1371:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1214:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1140:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1077:New Phytologist
1074:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1032:
1027:
1000:
969:
964:
947:
938:
936:
931:
924:
917:
911:
907:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
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858:
851:
843:
839:
833:Mamonekene 2008
831:
824:
816:
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804:
797:
789:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
719:
711:
704:
696:
689:
681:
672:
664:
651:
647:
538:Prunus africana
469:
447:
431:Conraua robusta
390:Myosorex rumpii
368:
339:
325:Prunus africana
297:
151:Mount Rata Peak
133:
105:
103:
101:4.833°N 9.117°E
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
58:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
49:
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44:
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12:
11:
5:
1401:
1399:
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1390:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:978-1412058537
1363:
1348:
1343:978-1862390836
1342:
1336:. p. 37.
1323:
1318:978-9231019555
1317:
1300:
1292:|journal=
1252:
1247:978-3867272391
1246:
1233:
1228:978-1869773205
1227:
1187:
1174:
1165:
1138:
1120:(6): 592–618.
1109:
1093:
1083:(3): 591–599.
1072:
1052:
1025:
998:
962:
945:
929:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:
888:
876:
864:
849:
837:
822:
810:
795:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
717:
702:
687:
670:
648:
646:
643:
547:are dominant.
544:Nuxia congesta
491:to Cameroon's
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305:
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287:
281:
273:
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259:Nypa fruticans
255:
247:
246:(red mangrove)
239:
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181:Mount Cameroon
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1203:
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1123:
1119:
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1078:
1073:
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1053:
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1038:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:Plant Ecology
968:
963:
959:
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951:
946:
934:
930:
923:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
860:Trewavas 1962
856:
854:
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838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
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811:
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724:
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638:
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634:
629:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Barombi Kotto
584:
583:Dissoni/Soden
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
528:
526:
525:
520:
519:
518:Euphorbiaceae
515:
511:
505:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
466:
461:
456:
452:
451:are present.
443:
439:
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428:
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288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
277:Lophira alata
274:
271:
267:
264:
261:
260:
256:
254:(peace plant)
253:
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149:
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140:Cameroon line
138:
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127:
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115:
110:
82:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
61:
35:
25:
20:
1353:
1328:
1304:
1283:cite journal
1263:
1237:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1169:
1150:
1146:
1117:
1113:
1103:17 September
1101:. Retrieved
1080:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1040:
1036:
1010:
1006:
977:
973:
949:
939:20 September
937:. Retrieved
913:
891:
879:
867:
840:
813:
771:
764:Tchigio 2007
759:
747:
735:
639:
631:
620:
619:) and barb (
613:
609:
602:
575:
549:
542:
536:
529:
522:
508:
504:hygrophilous
499:White (1983)
497:
493:River Sanaga
478:
450:
437:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
371:
359:
350:
342:
331:
323:
315:
308:
300:
289:
283:
275:
265:
257:
249:
241:
234:
222:
208:
201:
193:
161:Dikome Balue
156:
154:
134:Parent range
106:4.833; 9.117
1270:: 146–190.
1066:18 February
935:. WWF. 2015
896:Mukete 2018
776:Linder 2013
752:Mukete 2014
533:Afromontane
514:Leguminosae
489:Cross River
361:Laccosperma
317:Cola nitida
262:(nypa palm)
213:smallholder
197:angiosperms
169:Ekondo Titi
157:Rumpi Hills
104: /
79:Coordinates
47:Rumpi Hills
22:Rumpi Hills
1377:Categories
1206:natalensis
791:White 1983
645:References
635:sodenensis
604:Procatopus
569:, and the
551:Mount Fako
510:Annonaceae
442:hairy frog
286:(movingui)
1202:togoensis
1192:"African
1043:: 25–38.
606:lacustris
524:Rubiaceae
117:Geography
69:Elevation
1272:Archived
1221:: 1–75.
1210:roubaudi
1198:africana
1194:caridina
1183:Archived
1134:90942550
1045:Archived
994:39020878
922:Archived
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633:Caridina
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365:(rattan)
356:(raffia)
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173:Mundemba
126:Cameroon
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905:Sources
630:shrimp
615:Clarias
294:(moabi)
280:(azobe)
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628:atyid
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1242:ISBN
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1068:2019
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