294:, and a dispirited American force that nevertheless outnumbered the British and First Nations. Intercepting American dispatches from Fort Detroit, Brock judged the morale of the American garrison to be low, and that the American general had a fear of First Nations in particular. Brock arranged for misleading letters to fall into American hands, stating an inflated figure of 5,000 First Nations warriors were already in
245:. Zhuge Liang sat upon the walls of the cities, his men far outnumbered by the Wei army which was advancing toward him. Zhuge Liang sat upon the walls and played his instrument, seemingly calm and composed, tricking Sima Yi into thinking that the Shu troops had hidden in the surrounding area for an ambush. Zhuge Liang was able to quickly flee the area as the Wei retreated.
210:, into a false sense of security in the belief that his whole army was searching for a ford. Then, under the cover of night Alexander marched a contingent of his men upriver and crossed the Indus, while his remaining forces marched south to their camp as they usually did. This feint allowed Alexander to hide his troops' location and win the
514:, including flying German colours and replying to signal challenges by giving misleading replies in German. These measures were all designed to buy time for the attacking force. When these tactics ceased to be effective and German shore batteries opened fire in earnest, all the British ships lowered their German colours and hoisted
302:
The force at my disposal authorizes me to require the immediate surrender of
Detroit. It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware, that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops, will be beyond my control the moment the contest
316:
To further the illusion that a large First
Nations force was attached with Brock's force, Tecumseh extended his men, and marched them three times through an opening in the woods at the rear of the fort in full view of the fort. Brock similarly dressed members of the
185:. After the Trojans pulled what they believed was a parting gift within the walls of the city, soldiers that had hidden inside the hollow horse during the previous night emerged and opened the city's gates, allowing the awaiting army to enter the city.
822:
The line of demarcation between legitimate ruses and forbidden acts of perfidy is sometimes indistinct. In general, it would be an improper practice to secure an advantage over the enemy by deliberate lying or misleading conduct which involves a
859:
344:
calls, cheers and Indian war whoops, in a ruse to make the
Americans believe that they were about to be enveloped. Fearing themselves outnumbered and about to be outflanked, Brigadier-General
49:
against one's opponent; the second emphasizes acts against one's opponent by creative, clever, unorthodox means, sometimes involving force multipliers or superior knowledge. The term
846:
had been agreed upon when such is not the case would be treacherous. Abuse of the protections afforded to medical personnel (by disguising combat soldiers as medics, or by putting a
367:'s General Order No. 13 of 1865 was retracted after it was determined that his criticism of Brigadier-General McLaughlin was based on "nothing more than the obvious result of those
758:, since the boarding and capture of enemy vessels was quite common during that time, and information about the current ownership of vessels was not easy to disseminate rapidly.
540:, provided his troops took off their American uniforms, and put on German uniforms, prior to firing their weapons. Skorzeny was acquitted by a United States military court in
1194:"United States of America, Practice Relating to Rule 64. Conclusion of an Agreement to Suspend Combat with the Intention of Attacking by Surprise the Adversary Relying on It"
457:
were heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry, designed to lure submarines into making surface attacks. This gave Q-ships the chance to open fire and sink them.
470:, which had been taken out of reserve shortly after the outbreak of war for use as a troop transport but then converted to a repair ship, was fitted with dummy wooden
298:, to simulate a larger First Nations force had attached themselves to his army. Prior to the siege, Brock also sent a letter demanding for surrender to Hull, stating:
1162:"Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907"
799:
provides that: "It is especially forbidden....(b) To kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army....(f) To make improper use of a
200:
sent a herald with a message for the opposing commander. That was a trick aiming to locate
Eumenes's ship so that Hannibal could concentrate his forces against it.
603:. In general, a belligerent may resort to those measures for mystifying or misleading the enemy against which the enemy ought to take measures to protect itself.
1323:
45:, is a non-uniform term; generally what is understood by "ruse of war" can be separated into two groups. The first classifies the phrase purely as an act of
571:
According to the rules of war, good faith in dealing with the enemy must be observed as a rule of conduct, but this does not prevent measures such as using
862:
in a combat zone by firing a weapon at
American soldiers from an enemy ambulance displaying such emblem." The verdict and sentence were upheld on appeal.
321:
as
British regulars, and instructed soldiers to light individual fires instead of one fire per unit, thereby creating the illusion of a much larger army.
1048:
1076:
1165:
629:
use of small forces to simulate large units (for example, inducing an enemy unit to surrender by pretending that it is surrounded by a large force);
453:
on top of her radio room to disguise her as a
British cruiser, most of which were equipped with four funnels. During First and Second World Wars,
424:
329:
1013:
980:
942:
742:, provided the belligerent raises their own flag to drop the disguise, prior to firing their guns. The Germans took steps to disguise their
124:, false radio messages, the use of spies and the use of dummy guns, are considered legitimate as long as they do not involve treachery or
1161:
267:
492:
successfully impersonated a force of two battleships using false signals traffic, as part of a decoy mission against
Italian forces.
850:
on a combat vehicle) is also considered unacceptable. In August 1946, a German soldier, Heinz
Hagendorf, was found guilty by a U.S.
711:
1316:
1278:
428:
738:
disguising a warship to appear to be one of the warships of one's opponent has traditionally been considered to be a legitimate
771:
on the part of the belligerent resorting to them. They are, however, forbidden if they contravene any generally accepted rule.
1102:
914:
219:
1029:
819:
of the Geneva
Conventions expanded the rules of prohibiting certain type of ruses as defined in Articles 37, 38, and 39.
1207:
349:
1148:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – CCW Protocol (II) prohibiting Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, 1980"
1490:
1309:
536:. Skorzeny later reported that he was told by experts in military law that wearing American uniforms was a defensible
438:, who stated that "the United States cannot be made a party to a ruse of war where the national colors are involved".
1475:
1368:
892:
360:
699:, provided the belligerent raises their own flag to break the deception before firing their guns. This was called
544:
in 1947, after his defense counsel argued that the "wearing of American uniforms was a legitimate ruse of war for
743:
465:
1270:
which concerns military strategems. In common with Frontinus' work (see above), the title is sometimes given as
793:
461:
139:
132:
and similar traps can be considered perfidious under the rules in certain circumstances. Explicitly prohibited
656:
deceptive supply movements (which might make the enemy think you are preparing for action when you're not);
1030:"FROM CITY POINT.; Gen. Meade's Order Correction A Ruse de Guerre Coming Events Ominous Clouds Gathering."
747:
732:
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1179:
1103:"Court Holds Former SS Officer and Seven Aides Did Not Violate the Rules of War During Battle of Bulge"
402:
324:
Use of deception to mask an inferior force was also used in another battle during the War of 1812, the
1208:"United States v. Hagendorf, Judgment, N/A (U.S. Intermed. Gov. Ct. (Dachau, Germany), Aug. 09, 1946)"
1346:
1180:"United States of America, Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy, Section D. Simulation of surrender"
836:
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695:, or a merchant vessel on the side of one's opponent, has traditionally been considered a legitimate
596:
446:
333:
76:
are described from ancient to modern times, both in semi-mythical accounts such as the story of the
1440:
1375:
1361:
1298:, English title of a Chinese book concerning stratagems which have military and civil applications.
767:
Further, according to the rules of war, ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve
533:
496:
337:
232:
203:
90:, and in well-documented events such as the flying of the American flag by the British ocean liner
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population, corrupting enemy civilians or soldiers by bribes, or inducing the enemy's soldiers to
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removing unit identifications (but not those that identify the belligerent while in combat) from
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deception of the enemy by bogus orders purporting to have been issued by the enemy commander;
1480:
1049:"Japanese Ruse That Failed.; Togo Tried to Make Believe He Was Chasing Vladivostok Squadron"
828:
808:
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erection of dummy installations and airfields (to intimidate or encourage useless attack);
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706:. Both sides during the world wars used this tactic, most famously the Royal Navy's
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973:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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309:
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Creative Stratagems: Creative and Systems Thinking in Handling Social Conflict
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1282:, English title of a Chinese book compiled between the 3rd to 1st centuries
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1077:"Washington Officials Silent; Lusitania Use of Flag Denounced in the House"
371:, by which the very best officers may, at times, be victimized", after the
206:
walked his men up and down a river continuously to condition his opponent,
17:
665:
moving landmarks (to confuse the enemy operating in unfamiliar territory);
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and sentenced to six months imprisonment for having "wrongfully used the
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led his troops wearing American uniforms to infiltrate American lines in
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1250:, which concerns military stratagems drawn from Greek and Roman history.
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cruisers during the Second World War. This tactic was also used by the
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1134:"United States of America, Practice Relating to Rule 57. Ruses of War"
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were initially outflanked and falling back, before Lieutenant-Colonel
101:) to deter attack by German submarines; they also feature in fiction.
1415:
1301:
707:
626:
simulating quiet and inactivity (to lull the enemy into complacency);
616:
121:
86:
81:
895:. history-world.org. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005
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pretending to communicate with nonexistent troops or reinforcements;
177:
pretended to give up their fruitless ten-year siege of the city of
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fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in
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employed several legitimate ruses during their voyage up the
114:. Good faith is required, but at least 17 different types of
63:
57:
401:
as "a clever ruse of war to entice the Russian ships out of
348:
called off the American advance, withdrawing his forces to
282:, used bluff and deception to intimidate Brigadier General
668:
putting up dummy guns and vehicles or laying dummy mines;
445:, the crew of the merchant-raiding German light cruiser
1000:
Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812
811:
of the enemy, as well as the distinctive badges of the
775:
traps that are attached or associated in any way with:
391:
to lure the Russian fleet out of its harbor during the
839:
to secure an advantage over the opposing belligerent.
959:
Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812.
375:
falsely claimed that it had gained a foothold in the
68:, 'act of generalship'), is also used in this sense.
1449:
1424:
1398:
1339:
27:
Strategy or act regarding use of military deception
997:
881:. Kibworth/GB: Modern Society Publishing. (p. 21)
485:during the Second World War, the fast minelayer
419:to avoid attack by German submarines during the
937:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–53.
464:, the former Imperial Japanese Navy battleship
300:
217:As stated in the probably fictional account in
1366:
1317:
1266:), book by the 2nd-century Macedonian author
8:
1385:
1038:, March 31, 1865. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
835:. For example, it is improper to pretend to
133:
115:
105:
71:
35:
1196:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
1182:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
1136:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
1324:
1310:
1302:
408:The use of the American flag flown on the
659:deliberate planting of false information;
1166:International Committee of the Red Cross
1128:
1126:
1124:
797:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
97:in 1915 (whilst the United States was a
870:
146:or the military insignia of the enemy.
906:
716:used this tactic against the superior
646:making use of the enemy's signals and
425:United States House of Representatives
1286:. Alternative English titles include
928:
926:
924:
7:
731:prior to their mutually destructive
181:and sailed away, leaving behind the
41:, sometimes literally translated as
1246:), by the 1st-century Roman author
1004:. New York: Da Capo Press. p.
842:To broadcast to the enemy that an
807:, or of the military insignia and
188:Prior to a naval battle with King
110:is given legal meaning within the
25:
632:transmitting false or misleading
328:. Outnumbered during battle, the
1288:Strategies of the Warring States
1279:Stratagems of the Warring States
423:was criticized in debate in the
662:use of spies and secret agents;
562:In relation to the rules of war
262:was an early engagement in the
957:Merritt, in Wood, William ed.
1:
781:burial, cremation, or graves;
220:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
723:, disguising herself as the
270:force, led by Major-General
58:
1367:
971:Tucker, Spencer T. (2009).
754:to great effect during the
415:while crossing through the
1507:
1262:
975:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1107.
961:British documents, 3:554.)
691:to appear to be a neutral
611:Legitimate ruses include:
266:, where a smaller British-
142:include improper use of a
64:
913:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
395:in 1904 was described by
996:Elting, John R. (1995).
933:Coles, Harry L. (1966).
462:Second Sino-Japanese War
173:, the Greeks during the
140:Hague Convention of 1907
138:under article 23 of the
877:Matuszczyk, A. (2012).
778:sick, wounded, or dead;
518:before returning fire.
1386:
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481:In the lead up to the
449:rigged a dummy fourth
389:Imperial Japanese Navy
314:
286:into surrendering the
134:
116:
106:
72:
36:
1381:Psychological warfare
1295:Thirty-Six Stratagems
827:, or when there is a
794:1907 Hague Convention
682:psychological warfare
650:or secret handshakes;
483:First Battle of Sirte
478:on 29 December 1938.
350:Plattsburgh, New York
326:Battle of Chateauguay
1347:Denial and deception
1109:. September 10, 1947
710:. The German raider
334:Charles de Salaberry
1376:Military camouflage
1362:Information warfare
1212:www.worldcourts.com
619:; feigned attacks,
534:Battle of the Bulge
497:Combined Operations
338:Canadian Voltigeurs
233:Empty Fort Strategy
204:Alexander the Great
1491:War crimes by type
1333:Military deception
1107:The New York Times
1083:. February 9, 1915
1081:The New York Times
1054:The New York Times
1035:The New York Times
893:"Ancient Carthage"
792:Article 23 of the
744:pocket battleships
555:The New York Times
552:" as described by
398:The New York Times
393:Russo-Japanese War
357:American Civil War
330:Canadian Fencibles
212:Battle of Hydaspes
47:military deception
1476:Military strategy
1463:
1462:
1015:978-0-3068-0653-7
982:978-1-8510-9672-5
944:978-0-2261-1350-0
852:military tribunal
813:Geneva Convention
387:An effort by the
16:(Redirected from
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1057:. April 24, 1904
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249:Modern history
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242:The Art of War
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296:Amherstburg
272:Isaac Brock
264:War of 1812
225:Zhuge Liang
43:ruse of war
18:Ruse of war
1470:Categories
1425:Operations
1369:Maskirovka
1357:False flag
1340:Techniques
1254:Stratagems
1235:Stratagems
1217:2022-10-04
1113:October 3,
1087:October 3,
1061:October 3,
866:References
817:Protocol I
763:No perfidy
752:Royal Navy
733:engagement
718:HMAS
567:Good faith
429:Republican
377:Union Army
303:commences.
231:using the
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175:Trojan War
65:στρατήγημα
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1441:Bodyguard
1399:Equipment
1268:Polyaenus
1248:Frontinus
848:red cross
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837:surrender
803:, of the
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640:messages;
638:telephone
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581:defection
546:espionage
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417:Irish Sea
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130:Landmines
104:The term
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909:cite web
713:Kormoran
676:uniforms
621:retreats
617:ambushes
589:civilian
550:sabotage
523:commando
476:Shanghai
363:General
340:ordered
306:—
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227:tricked
198:Hannibal
194:Pergamon
165:mythical
150:Examples
122:ambushes
1481:Tactics
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1028:Staff.
854:at the
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135:ruses
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915:link
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575:and
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288:fort
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179:Troy
117:ruse
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