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402:, in 1865 but initially, little progress was made. Contributing to this lack of success was the climate, the terrain, supply shortages and the late arrival of the construction teams. Nevertheless, the entire route through Russian America was surveyed by the fall of 1866. Rather than waiting until spring, as was the usual practice, construction began and continued through that winter.
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All evidence of the right-of-way and poles were gone, but in a few instances we found pieces of old telegraph wire imbedded several inches in the spruce, jack-pine and poplar trees that had long-since grown up and over the wires that touched them. I found one of the old green glass insulators still
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was successfully completed, leading to the abandonment in 1867 of the trans-Russian effort. A Government of Canada historic plaque adds these specifics: "In 1867 ... construction ceased at Fort Stager at the confluence of the
Kispyap and Skeena rivers. The section from New Westminster to the Cariboo
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and
Richard Bush both wrote of the difficulties they encountered during the expedition. Kennan would later become notable for influencing American opinion of the Russian Empire. Originally very much for Russian settlement of the far East, on visiting the exile camps in the 1880s he changed his mind
405:
Many of the
Western Union workers were unaccustomed to severe northern winters and working in frigid conditions made erecting the line a difficult experience. Fires had to be lit to thaw out the frozen ground before holes could be dug to place the telegraph poles. For transportation and to haul the
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By then telegraph stations had been built, thousands of poles were cut and distributed along the route and over 45 mi (72 km) of line had been completed in
Russian America. Despite the fact that so much progress had been made, in July 1867, the work was officially ceased.
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In spite of the project's economic failure, many regard aspects of the effort a success on the weight of various benefits the exploration brought to the regions that were traversed. To date, no entities have attempted a communications cable across the Bering Sea, with all extant
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newspaper that "New
Westminster, traduced and dreaded by its jealous neighbor, will now be at the centre of all these great systems." The right of way for the telegraph line followed the shoreline west from the US border, then traversed the high ground of what is now
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with the idea of an overland telegraph line that would run through the
Northwestern states, the colony of British Columbia and Russian Alaska. Together, they worked on promoting the idea and obtained considerable support in the US, London and Russia.
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After the project was abandoned, the
Hagwilgets at Hazelton built a second bridge from cable that the company had left behind. Both bridges were considered marvels of engineering and were credited as being "one of the romances of bridge building."
154:
163:
By 1861 the
Western Union Telegraph Company had linked the eastern United States by electric telegraph all the way to San Francisco. The challenge then remained to connect North America with the rest of the world.
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When the
Atlantic cable was successfully completed and the first transatlantic message to England was sent in July 1866, the men in the Russian American division were not aware of it until a full year later.
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At
Brownsville, a cable was laid across the river to New Westminster. The surveying in British Columbia had started before the line reached New Westminster on March 21, 1865. Edward Conway had walked to
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Mount Pope in British Columbia was named for Franklin Pope, who was the assistant engineer and chief of explorations, responsible for surveying the 1,500 miles section from New Westminster to the Yukon
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1071:
McColl, William (1864). Map and report on the proposed route of the telegraph line, Map 10, Tray 2, Miscellaneous, Land Title and Survey Authority (LTSA) of British Columbia, Victoria.
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and geology of Russian America and the members of the telegraph project were able to play a crucial role in the purchase of Alaska by providing useful valuable data on the territory.
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visited Russia and took note that it was making good progress extending its telegraph lines eastwards from Moscow over Siberia. Upon his return to the States, Collins approached
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and Alaska, as well as the general region of Eastern Siberia, typify those attitudes of the time. Telegraph records provide evidence for native land claims such as those of the
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In 1866, the work progressed rapidly in that section, fifteen log telegraph cabins had been built and line had been strung 400 mi (640 km) from Quesnel, reaching the
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All documents and books relating to the expedition are of historical value, not only from a travel and discovery perspective but also from a cultural studies standpoint. The
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Many of the towns in Northwestern British Columbia can trace their initial European settlement back to the Collins Overland Telegraph. Some examples of these are Hazelton,
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from the Pacific Coast three times that season, successfully delivering 150 mi (240 km) of material for the telegraph line and 12,000 rations for its workers.
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to Moscow, where lines would communicate with the rest of Europe. It was proposed as a much longer alternative to the challenge of long, deep underwater cables in the
279:, who had been the Superintendent of Military Telegraphs. Being an ex-military man, Bulkley divided the work crews into "working divisions" and an "Engineer Corps."
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and was dismayed by the difficulty of the terrain. In response to Conway's concerns, the Colony of British Columbia agreed to build a road from New Westminster to
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326:
94:
801:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
574:
The Colony of British Columbia meanwhile could further explore, colonize and communicate with its northern landscapes beyond what had been done by the
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was named after Michael Byrnes, scout for the Collins Overland Telegraph scheme who explored the route from Fort Fraser to Skeena Forks (Hazelton, BC)
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beyond its national boundaries and may have precipitated the US purchase of Alaska. The expedition was responsible for the first examination of the
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When that section of the line reached New Westminster, British Columbia, in the spring of 1865, the first message it carried was of the April 15
970:
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The Colony of British Columbia gave the project its full and enthusiastic support, allowing the materials for the line to be brought in free of
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611:. Of all the trails used by the stampeders the Ashcroft was among the harshest. Of the over fifteen hundred men and three thousand horses left
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attached to a galvanized wire. I kept it as a souvenir but lost it later with a camera and some clothing when a scow was nearly overturned on
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In the long run, the telegraph expedition, while an abject economic failure, provided a further means by which America was able to expand its
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Nevertheless, left behind in British Columbia was a usable telegraph system from New Westminster to Quesnel, which later would be run to the
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was assigned to Conway and given the responsibility for the exploring of British Columbia. The task of exploring Russian America went to the
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296:. In Siberia, the construction and exploration was under the charge of Russian nobleman Serge Abasa. Assigned to him were Collins Macrae,
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Steve Wilcockson in his MA Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1997, believes that the expedition actually was a major cause of the
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1301:
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1190:-sponsored scientists, like Kennicott, of the mineral wealth in the region. It is also no coincidence that among the first arrivals at
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In British Columbia, construction of the overland line was halted on February 27, 1867, as the whole project was now deemed obsolete.
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acting for the United States. Seward was a sponsor of the expedition and would have been exposed to the reports coming back from the
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1194:, in its gold rush was a man called Libby, who had been in the same place some thirty years earlier with the Telegraph Expedition.
821:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
777:
of northern British Columbia. Dall's records have helped locate Smithsonian exhibits returned to their original native domiciles.
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1889:
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had built across the Bulkley River, but was reluctant to let his work party cross it until it had been reinforced with cable.
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67:
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The route of the $ 3,000,000 undertaking (equivalent to $ 59.7 million today) was intended to travel from California via
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2196:
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720:
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1851:
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179:, proposing a west to east link going the opposite direction, overland from the west coast of North America across the
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1504:"Reindeer, dogs, and snow-shoes: a journal of Siberian travel and explorations made in the years 1865, 1866, and 1867"
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Exploration and construction teams were divided into groups: one was in British Columbia, another worked around the
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612:
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1961:
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provides additional information. Among personal accounts members of the expedition are a diary of Franklin Pope.
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Several major works are available documenting the expedition. The scientific travelogue by Smithsonian scientist
456:. Winter brought a halt to construction, but resumed in the spring with 150 men working northwest from Quesnel.
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granted Western Union a right of way from San Francisco to the British Columbia border and assigned them the
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that travel westbound from North America following more southerly routes across much longer stretches of the
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2005:
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In addition, the expedition left behind a vast store of supplies that were put to good use by some of the
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in 1858. However, it had broken three weeks afterwards and attempts to repair it had been unsuccessful.
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2015:
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when it was learned that Cyrus West Field had successfully laid the transatlantic cable on July 27.
345:. Chosen as the British Columbia terminus, New Westminster gloated over its triumph over its rival,
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Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia
1476:
Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia
1062:
Dowle, Ron, The Semiahmoo Trail Myths Makers Memories, Ron Dowle, Surrey Historical Society, 2008.
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Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia
607:
Portions of the telegraph route became part of the Ashcroft trail used by gold seekers during the
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1905:
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241:
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The Yukon Territory: The Narrative of W.H. Dall, Leader of the Expedition to Alaska in 1866–1868
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Edward Conway was made the head of the project's American route and British Columbia sections.
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677:. This publication and the publicity about Kennicott's death at the age of thirty-one helped
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1998:
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770:
762:. Richard Bush, aiming to emulate Kennan's success, wrote "Reindeer, Dogs and Snowshoes".
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689:
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17:
2010:
669:. Although Kennicott died on the expedition, on May 13, 1866, his work was publicized by
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30:
For modern secured telecommunications network between Russia and the United States, see
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1983:
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382:. The telegraph company's only responsibility would be to string wires along it.
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Laying the cable across Siberia proved more difficult than expected. Meanwhile,
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descriptions of aboriginal peoples in the places now known as British Columbia,
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In May 1865 construction began from New Westminster to Yale and then along the
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To Wire the World: Perry M. Collins and the North Pacific Telegraph Expedition
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in British Columbia are named after Colonel Charles Bulkley. The name of the
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316:
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261:
102:
615:, in the spring of 1898, only six men and no horses reached the goldfields.
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528:
407:
265:
238:
71:
711:, a regional government in that area, is derived from the geographic names.
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area is one of several landforms whose name is associated with the project
459:
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2812:
2729:
2554:
2377:
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723:
was named after Stephen Decker, construction foreman in British Columbia.
269:
110:
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he describes the state of the trail thirty years after it was abandoned
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1651:
Finding Aid to Western Union Telegraph Expedition Collection, 1865–1867
247:
153:
106:
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west to east across the Atlantic from North America, and the other,
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2077:
648:
596:
The expedition also laid a foundation for the construction of the
568:
564:
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523:
inhabitants. Near Hazelton, Colonel Bulkley had been impressed by
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458:
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325:
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to build the line that was to cross the Bering Strait to Siberia.
221:
152:
142:
38:
920:
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supplies, the only option the work crews had was to use teams of
167:
Working to meet that challenge were two telegraph pioneers, one,
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1878:
1659:
747:
is perhaps the most referenced, while an English travelogue by
2020:
319:
in Siberia, and a fourth group of about forty men was sent to
44:
Painting of Men Working On the Collins Overland Telegraph Line
604:
to Telegraph Creek and beyond to Dawson City, Yukon in 1901.
366:
northwest across Surrey and North Delta to the Fraser River.
1139:
Pioneer Days in British Columbia:#5:The Bridges at Hagwilget
490:
and reached the Skeena River, creating the settlement of
858:"Collins' Overland Telegraph National Historic Event"
621:
was among those who completed the route. In his book
275:
To supervise the construction, Collins chose Colonel
264:, were also put into service, as well as a fleet of
2856:
2793:
2715:
2679:
2636:
2577:
2511:
2220:
1912:
1752:
1702:
226:
Painting of work crew on Collins Overland Telegraph
3012:History of telecommunications in the United States
883:
3052:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
1559:Continental Dash: The Russian-American Telegraph
129:was bought by the Canadian Government in 1880."
113:, having only to cross the comparatively narrow
1834:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1508:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
739:Books and memoirs written about the expedition
639:Places named for the expedition or its members
555:Painting of a Collins Overland Telegraph cabin
117:underwater between North America and Siberia.
1890:
1671:
358:and South Surrey to the Nicomekl River. From
8:
890:. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. pp.
3017:History of science and technology in Russia
2905:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1106:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
665:are named for the expedition's naturalist,
2941:
1897:
1883:
1875:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
862:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
479:traveled 110 mi (180 km) up the
3022:Military expeditions of the United States
3042:1865 establishments in the United States
378:where it would meet the newly completed
3007:History of telecommunications in Russia
837:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
786:
330:Collins Overland Telegraph Terminal at
2992:Russian Empire–United States relations
1561:. Ganges, BC: Horsdal & Schubart.
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
315:, a third explored the area along the
835:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
7:
2951:
1103:Anton A. Huurdeman (July 31, 2003).
1829:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
699:, Bulkley Mountains (now named the
145:and then on to the Asian mainland.
105:and cross the broad breadth of the
1532:Bibliography of California history
1326:Vancouver BC, Mitchell Press, 1967
1168:. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
60:Western Union Telegraph Expedition
25:
709:Bulkley-Nechako Regional District
431:New Westminster, British Columbia
332:New Westminster, British Columbia
2950:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2540:Free-space optical communication
1743:
1720:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
1695:
1638:
439:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
362:the telegraph line followed the
1730:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
394:Collins Overland Telegraph Line
211:Western Union Telegraph Company
135:submarine communications cables
68:Western Union Telegraph Company
1725:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
1141:. Heritage House. p. 35.
673:, another naturalist hired by
475:. The company's sternwheeler,
422:Route through British Columbia
349:, and it was predicted in the
27:1860s attempted telegraph line
1:
1735:Recent history (1959–present)
463:A section of the Cariboo Road
386:Route through Russian America
2926:Telecommunication portal
2707:Telecommunications equipment
1542:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
829:American Antiquarian Society
809:American Antiquarian Society
2982:History of British Columbia
2443:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1715:Russian America (1733–1867)
1083:"Colins Overland Telegraph"
692:Alaska from Russia in 1867.
70:from 1865 to 1867 to lay a
3073:
3047:19th century in technology
2147:Telecommunications history
1645:Collins Overland telegraph
1557:Neering, Rosemary (2000).
1529:
613:Ashcroft, British Columbia
600:line which was built from
188:Atlantic Telegraph Company
95:Colony of British Columbia
64:Collins Overland Telegraph
56:Russian–American Telegraph
29:
18:Russian-American Telegraph
2914:
2755:Public Switched Telephone
2567:telecommunication circuit
2528:Fiber-optic communication
2273:Francis Blake (telephone)
2068:Optical telecommunication
1807:Aleutian Islands campaign
1741:
1693:
1109:. John Wiley & Sons.
192:first transatlantic cable
76:San Francisco, California
32:Moscow-Washington hotline
3057:1865 in British Columbia
3002:History of the telegraph
2666:Orbital angular-momentum
2103:Satellite communications
1942:Communications satellite
1760:Russian-American Company
1587:Dall, William H (1898).
1447:"Diary of Franklin Pope"
917:"Atlantic Cable History"
886:The West Beyond the West
703:) and the settlement of
201:Meanwhile, entrepreneur
173:undersea telegraph cable
141:, connecting to Asia in
66:, was an attempt by the
2545:Molecular communication
2368:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2197:Undersea telegraph line
1932:Cable protection system
1792:Alaska boundary dispute
1188:Smithsonian Institution
538:Hagwilget second bridge
2687:Communication protocol
2473:Charles Sumner Tainter
2288:Walter Houser Brattain
2233:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2041:Information revolution
1797:1925 serum run to Nome
1576:Stuck, Hudson (1917).
1162:Waddell, J.L. (1916).
1137:Cline, Sperry (1979).
1038:"Alaska Science Forum"
654:
636:
556:
539:
516:
515:Hagwilget first bridge
464:
434:
395:
334:
227:
183:and Sibera to Moscow.
160:
51:
2977:History of California
2661:Polarization-division
2393:Narinder Singh Kapany
2358:Erna Schneider Hoover
2278:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2258:Alexander Graham Bell
1989:online video platform
1409:BC Geographical Names
1389:BC Geographical Names
1342:BC Geographical Names
1259:BC Geographical Names
1226:Bell's Travel Guide.
1000:Stewart Andrew Robb.
971:"Lewis Dryden Marine"
950:on September 30, 2007
882:Barman, Jean (1991).
652:
627:
554:
537:
514:
462:
429:
393:
329:
311:with headquarters at
230:On July 1, 1864, the
225:
156:
42:
2503:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2463:Almon Brown Strowger
2433:Charles Grafton Page
2088:Prepaid mobile phone
2016:Electrical telegraph
1859:History of Fairbanks
1847:History of Anchorage
1819:Alaska Statehood Act
1647:at Wikimedia Commons
1579:Voyages on the Yukon
1538:Dwyer, John (2001).
1364:on September 7, 2007
576:Hudson's Bay Company
300:, and J. A. Mahood.
171:, seeking to lay an
91:Washington Territory
58:, also known as the
3032:Telegraph companies
3027:Pacific expeditions
2453:Johann Philipp Reis
2212:Wireless revolution
2174:The Telephone Cases
2031:Hydraulic telegraph
1423:Telegraph history.
1404:"Bulkley Mountains"
915:Atlanticcable.com.
695:The Bulkley River,
313:St. Michael, Alaska
139:North Pacific Ocean
126:transatlantic cable
2651:Frequency-division
2628:Telephone exchange
2498:Charles Wheatstone
2428:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2403:Innocenzo Manzetti
2338:Reginald Fessenden
2073:Optical telegraphy
1906:Telecommunications
1703:Timeline of Alaska
1621:1870;reprint 1986
1484:1870;reprint 1986
1180:purchase of Alaska
1165:Bridge Engineering
1002:"Collins Overland"
923:on August 20, 2007
679:Secretary of State
655:
619:Walter R. Hamilton
609:Klondike gold rush
557:
540:
517:
465:
435:
396:
335:
232:American president
228:
161:
107:Eurasian Continent
52:
48:John Clayton White
2964:
2963:
2702:Store and forward
2697:Data transmission
2611:Network switching
2562:Transmission line
2408:Guglielmo Marconi
2373:Internet pioneers
2238:Mohamed M. Atalla
2207:Whistled language
1872:
1871:
1753:Topics and events
1687:History of Alaska
1643:Media related to
1618:Project Gutenberg
1481:Project Gutenberg
1453:on August 4, 2007
1445:Telegraph trail.
1302:"Telegraph Creek"
1184:William H. Seward
969:Secstate.wa.gov.
749:Frederick Whymper
682:William H. Seward
663:Kennicott Glacier
659:Kennecott, Alaska
502:Cariboo Gold Rush
351:British Columbian
16:(Redirected from
3064:
2987:History of Yukon
2954:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2795:Notable networks
2785:Wireless network
2725:Cellular network
2717:Types of network
2692:Computer network
2579:Network topology
2493:Thomas A. Watson
2348:Oliver Heaviside
2333:Philo Farnsworth
2308:Daniel Davis Jr.
2283:Charles Bourseul
2243:John Logie Baird
1952:Data compression
1947:Computer network
1899:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1747:
1746:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1642:
1620:
1604:
1583:
1572:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:. Archived from
1353:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1270:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:on March 3, 2016
1230:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:. Archived from
1033:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
997:
982:
981:
979:
977:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
946:. Archived from
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
919:. Archived from
912:
906:
905:
889:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
832:
826:
812:
806:
791:
758:and later wrote
675:Robert Kennicott
667:Robert Kennicott
653:Robert Kennicott
561:Manifest Destiny
486:The line passed
294:Robert Kennicott
252:George S. Wright
169:Cyrus West Field
158:Cyrus West Field
122:Cyrus West Field
21:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
2997:Russian America
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2852:
2789:
2711:
2675:
2632:
2581:
2573:
2514:
2507:
2413:Robert Metcalfe
2268:Tim Berners-Lee
2216:
2036:Information Age
1908:
1903:
1873:
1868:
1824:1964 earthquake
1765:Alaska Purchase
1748:
1744:
1739:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1635:
1610:
1601:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1550:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1526:Further reading
1523:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1425:"Franklin Pope"
1422:
1421:
1417:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1384:"Bulkley River"
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1308:on July 8, 2007
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1281:on July 8, 2007
1272:
1271:
1267:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1177:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:on June 9, 2007
1035:
1034:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1004:
999:
998:
985:
975:
973:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
944:"Perry Collins"
941:
940:
936:
926:
924:
914:
913:
909:
902:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
834:
824:
816:McCusker, J. J.
814:
804:
796:McCusker, J. J.
794:
792:
788:
783:
771:Yukon Territory
741:
728:Telegraph Range
641:
623:The Yukon Story
598:Yukon Telegraph
591:Telegraph Creek
549:
424:
400:Russian America
388:
277:Charles Bulkley
235:Abraham Lincoln
220:
151:
99:Russian America
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Space-division
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Camille Tissot
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Claude Shannon
2455:
2450:
2448:Tivadar Puskás
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Antonio Meucci
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Charles K. Kao
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Harold Hopkins
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Emile Berliner
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Videotelephony
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2098:Radiotelephone
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:Internet video
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1794:
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1777:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1740:
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1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1634:
1633:External links
1631:
1630:
1629:
1608:
1607:Kennan, George
1605:
1599:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1554:
1548:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1464:
1437:
1415:
1395:
1375:
1348:
1328:
1319:
1292:
1265:
1245:
1218:
1196:
1171:
1154:
1147:
1129:
1115:
1095:
1081:Fort Langley.
1073:
1064:
1055:
1017:
983:
961:
942:Book reviews.
934:
907:
900:
874:
849:
833:1800–present:
785:
784:
782:
779:
775:Gitxsan Nation
740:
737:
736:
735:
724:
718:
712:
701:Bulkley Ranges
697:Bulkley Valley
693:
647:
646:
640:
637:
548:
545:
473:Bulkley Rivers
423:
420:
398:Work began in
387:
384:
219:
216:
209:, head of the
196:Atlantic Ocean
150:
147:
80:Moscow, Russia
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Western Union
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
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2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
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2816:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
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2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
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2756:
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2746:
2743:
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2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2671:Code-division
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Time-division
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:and switching
2580:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:optical fiber
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Coaxial cable
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Radia Perlman
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
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2391:
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2386:
2384:
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2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Lee de Forest
2326:
2324:
2323:Thomas Edison
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Donald Davies
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Claude Chappe
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
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2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
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2188:
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2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Smoke signals
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:Semiconductor
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:Digital media
1977:
1973:
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1968:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
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1945:
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1795:
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1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:Gold Rush era
1768:
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1736:
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1728:
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1632:
1628:
1627:0-87905-254-6
1624:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1600:9780665165184
1596:
1592:
1591:
1585:
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1580:
1574:
1570:
1568:0-920663-07-9
1564:
1560:
1555:
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1549:0-275-96755-7
1545:
1541:
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1490:0-87905-254-6
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1356:SI Archives.
1352:
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1116:9780471205050
1112:
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992:
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984:
972:
965:
962:
949:
945:
938:
935:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
901:0-8020-2739-3
897:
893:
888:
887:
878:
875:
867:September 11,
863:
859:
853:
850:
838:
830:
823:
822:
817:
810:
803:
802:
797:
790:
787:
780:
778:
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772:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:George Kennan
752:
750:
746:
738:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
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705:Bulkley House
702:
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522:
521:First Nations
513:
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364:Kennedy Trail
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328:
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322:
321:Port Clarence
318:
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298:George Kennan
295:
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285:
284:Franklin Pope
280:
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203:Perry Collins
199:
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182:
181:Bering Strait
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177:Perry Collins
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115:Bering Strait
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19:
2638:Multiplexing
2513:Transmission
2478:Nikola Tesla
2468:Henry Sutton
2423:Samuel Morse
2353:Robert Hooke
2318:Amos Dolbear
2253:John Bardeen
2172:
2152:Telautograph
2056:Mobile phone
2011:Edholm's law
1994:social media
1927:Broadcasting
1864:Other topics
1840:Exxon Valdez
1839:
1812:Project Hula
1802:World War II
1611:
1589:
1578:
1558:
1539:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1474:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1418:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1351:
1340:
1337:"Mount Pope"
1331:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1268:
1257:
1254:"Burns Lake"
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1228:"Burns Lake"
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1199:
1192:Nome, Alaska
1174:
1164:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1105:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:the original
1008:. Retrieved
974:. Retrieved
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
937:
925:. Retrieved
921:the original
910:
885:
877:
865:. Retrieved
861:
852:
842:February 29,
840:. Retrieved
820:
800:
789:
767:ethnocentric
764:
759:
753:
742:
632:Lake Laberge
628:
622:
617:
606:
595:
580:
573:
558:
541:
518:
499:
496:
485:
481:Skeena River
476:
466:
450:Fraser River
446:Cariboo Road
443:
436:
416:
412:
404:
397:
380:Cariboo Road
368:
350:
336:
309:Norton Sound
302:
281:
274:
255:
251:
242:
229:
218:Preparations
207:Hiram Sibley
200:
185:
166:
162:
131:
119:
101:, under the
84:
63:
59:
55:
53:
43:
36:
2838:NPL network
2550:Radio waves
2488:Alfred Vail
2398:Hedy Lamarr
2383:Dawon Kahng
2343:Elisha Gray
2303:Yogen Dalal
2228:Nasir Ahmed
2162:Teleprinter
2026:Heliographs
1204:OurBC.com.
813:1700–1799:
793:1634–1699:
721:Decker Lake
506:Barkerville
488:Fort Fraser
305:Yukon River
288:Smithsonian
260:, a former
257:Nightingale
194:across the
149:Rival plans
2971:Categories
2884:Antarctica
2843:Toasternet
2765:Television
2248:Paul Baran
2180:Television
2164:(teletype)
2157:Telegraphy
2135:transistor
2113:Phryctoria
2083:Photophone
2061:Smartphone
2051:Mass media
1710:Prehistory
1530:See also:
1457:August 13,
1430:August 11,
1368:August 12,
1312:August 13,
1285:August 13,
1238:August 13,
1211:August 13,
1206:"Hazelton"
1122:August 11,
1088:August 12,
1048:August 12,
1036:Pedersen.
1010:August 13,
976:August 13,
954:August 11,
927:August 13,
745:W. H. Dall
732:Ootsa Lake
715:Burns Lake
671:W. H. Dall
583:Burns Lake
529:Hagwilgets
525:the bridge
356:White Rock
317:Amur River
291:naturalist
266:riverboats
262:slave ship
103:Bering Sea
74:line from
2868:Americas
2857:Locations
2828:Internet2
2589:Bandwidth
2293:Vint Cerf
2190:streaming
2168:Telephone
2108:Semaphore
1999:streaming
1842:oil spill
1785:Fairbanks
1358:"WH Dall"
684:convince
408:sled dogs
270:schooners
246:from the
239:steamship
190:laid the
72:telegraph
2936:Category
2823:Internet
2813:CYCLADES
2730:Ethernet
2680:Concepts
2604:terminal
2555:wireless
2378:Bob Kahn
2221:Pioneers
2046:Internet
1937:Cable TV
1852:timeline
1775:Klondike
1300:BC.com.
1275:"Telkwa"
1273:BC.com.
818:(1992).
798:(1997).
690:purchase
686:Congress
661:and the
602:Ashcroft
504:town of
492:Hazelton
477:Mumford,
448:and the
347:Victoria
254:and the
186:Field's
111:Atlantic
62:and the
2956:Commons
2946:Outline
2899:Oceania
2818:FidoNet
2803:ARPANET
2616:circuit
2185:digital
1914:History
1513:May 22,
730:in the
469:Kispiox
454:Quesnel
433:in 1865
360:Mud Bay
248:US Navy
243:Saginaw
2894:Europe
2864:Africa
2848:Usenet
2808:BITNET
2745:Mobile
2621:packet
2130:MOSFET
2125:device
1922:Beacon
1625:
1597:
1565:
1546:
1488:
1145:
1113:
898:
645:River.
587:Telkwa
547:Legacy
339:duties
250:. The
93:, the
87:Oregon
2877:South
2872:North
2833:JANET
2770:Telex
2760:Radio
2599:Nodes
2594:Links
2515:media
2093:Radio
2078:Pager
2006:Drums
1972:video
1967:image
1957:audio
1005:(PDF)
894:–87.
825:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
781:Notes
569:fauna
565:flora
343:tolls
143:Japan
78:, to
46:, by
2889:Asia
2775:UUCP
2735:ISDN
1780:Nome
1623:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1515:2024
1486:ISBN
1459:2007
1432:2007
1370:2007
1314:2007
1287:2007
1240:2007
1213:2007
1143:ISBN
1124:2007
1111:ISBN
1090:2007
1050:2007
1012:2007
978:2007
956:2007
929:2007
896:ISBN
869:2022
844:2024
726:the
589:and
527:the
471:and
376:Yale
372:Hope
341:and
307:and
268:and
97:and
54:The
2780:WAN
2750:NGN
2740:LAN
2021:Fax
1962:DCT
1616:at
1479:at
1182:by
688:to
452:to
124:'s
2973::
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1020:^
986:^
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