Serfdom in Russia - Knowledge (XXG)

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the freedom to work off their estates; some even went to work in factories. These younger peasants had access to newspapers and books, which introduced them to more radical ways of thinking. The ability to work outside of the household gave the younger peasants independence as well as a wage to do with what they wanted. Agricultural and domestic jobs were a group effort, so the wage went to the family. The children who worked industrial jobs gave their earnings to their family as well, but some used it as a way to gain a say in their own marriages. In this case some families allowed their sons to marry whom they chose as long as the family was in similar economic standing as their own. No matter what, parental approval was required in order to make a marriage legal.

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their detachment from the land, as well as to transfer peasants into household serfs, taking away their plots. The right of landlords to exile peasants to Siberia at their discretion was restricted (1828). A decree on obliged peasants was issued (1842), according to which landlords could let their peasants go free, but peasants' plots were transferred not into ownership, but into the use of peasants, for which they had to perform duties in favour of the landlord. The landlords were given the right to let the peasants go free by mutual agreement with them (1844). The peasants of the landlord's estates sold at auction for the owner's debts were allowed to buy out at will (1847; in 1848–52 964 male peasants used the right).

880: 767:. Cautiously, he freed peasants from Estonia and Latvia and extended the right to own land to most classes of subjects, including state-owned peasants, in 1801 and created a new social category of "free agriculturalist", for peasants voluntarily emancipated by their masters, in 1803. The great majority of serfs were not affected (under this decree by 1858 152,000 male souls, or 1.5 per cent of serfs, had been bought out to freedom). Alexander I forbade to advertise the sale of serfs without land (1801), to sell peasants at fairs (1808), cancelled the right of landlords to exile peasants to 715:

and paid to the treasury by the landlord himself or his clerk). It was forbidden to put peasants on torture for their master's debts. In order to suppress fraudulent practices of landlords, who during audits recorded persons who did not belong to serfs, allegedly with their consent, decrees of 1775, 1781 and 1783 prohibited voluntary registration of serfs. The legislation stipulated conditions that allowed peasants to leave the serf state. Edicts of 1737, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1770, and 1773 declared free those who returned from captivity, as well as foreigners who accepted

584: 504:, "Code of Law") of 1649 gave serfs to estates, and in 1658, flight was made a criminal offense. Russian landowners eventually gained almost unlimited ownership over Russian serfs. The landowner could transfer the serf without land to another landowner while keeping the serf's personal property and family; however, the landowner had no right to kill the serf. About four-fifths of Russian peasants were serfs according to the censuses of 1678 and 1719; free peasants remained only in the north and north-east of the country. 31: 1106:. Marriage was important for families economically and socially. Parents were in charge of finding suitable spouses for their children in order to help the family. The bride's parents were concerned with the social and material benefits they would gain in the alliance between the two families. Some also took into consideration their daughter's future quality of life and how much work would be required of her. The groom's parents would be concerned about economical factors such as the size of the 1198: 795:). All these projects were united by the principle of gradual emancipation of peasants without infringement of economic interests of landlords. However, in 1822–23, due to changes in the domestic political course, Alexander I again forbade serfs to complain to the authorities about the cruelty of their masters, to bring lawsuits for emancipation, and also restored the right of landlords to exile peasants to Siberia at their discretion. 635: 737: 1128:

fence, barns, and wagons. While primary purchasing power belonged to the husband, the wife was expected to buy certain items. She was also expected to buy household items such as bowls, plates, pots, barrels and various utensils. Wives were also required to purchase cloth and make clothes for the family by spinning and using a

686:. Unlike serfs, state peasants and peasants under tsar's patronage were considered personally free, nobody had the right to sell them, to interfere in their family life, by law they were considered as 'free agricultural inhabitants' (Russ 'свободные сельские обыватели') One particular source of indignation in Europe was 1144:. Husbands owned most of the livestock, such as pigs and horses. Cows were the property of the husband, but were usually in the wife's possession. Chickens were considered to be the wife's property, while sheep was common property for the family. The exception was when the wife owned sheep through a dowry ( 1114:

Serfs looked highly upon early marriage because of increased parental control. At a younger age there is less chance of the individual falling in love with someone other than whom his or her parents chose. There is also increased assurance of chastity, which was more important for women than men. The

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Bourgeois were allowed to own serfs 1721–62 and 1798–1816; this was to encourage industrialisation. In 1804, 48% of Russian factory workers were serfs, 52% in 1825. Landless serfs rose from 4.14% in 1835 to 6.79% in 1858. They received no land in the emancipation. Landlords deliberately increased the

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criticized serfdom and compared it to medieval labor practices which were almost non-existent in the rest of the continent. Most Russian nobles were not interested in change toward western labor practices that Catherine the Great proposed. Instead they preferred to mortgage serfs for profit. Napoleon

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By the eighteenth century, the practice of selling serfs without land had become commonplace. Owners had absolute control over their serfs' lives, and could buy, sell and trade them at will, giving them as much power over serfs as Americans had over chattel slaves, though owners did not always choose

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Formal conversion to serf status and the later ban on the sale of serfs without land did not stop the trade in household slaves; this trade merely changed its name. The private owners of the serfs regarded the law as a mere formality. Instead of "sale of a peasant" the papers would advertise "servant

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introduced an open-ended search for those on the run, meaning that all of the peasants who had fled from their masters after the census of 1626 or 1646–1647 had to be returned. The government would still introduce new time frames and grounds for search of the runaways after 1649, which applied to the

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According to a study completed in the late 1890s by the ethnographer Olga Petrovna Semyonova-Tian-Shanskaia, husband and wife had different duties in the household. In regards to ownership, the husband assumed the property plus any funds required to make additions to the property. Additions included

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During serfdom, when the head of the house was being disobeyed by their children they could have the master or landowner step in. After the emancipation of serfs in 1861, the household patriarch lost some of his power, and could no longer receive the landowner's help. The younger generations now had

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Edicts of 1718, 1734, 1750, 1761, and 1767 obliged landlords to feed their peasants in times of crop failure and famine and to prevent their impoverishment. Since 1722 landlords were responsible for the correct payment of the per capita tax by their peasants (the tax was collected from the peasants

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well. The serfs took little part in uprisings against the empire as a whole; it was the Cossacks and nomads who rebelled initially and recruited serfs into rebel armies. But many landowners died during serf uprisings against them. The revolutions of 1905 and 1917 happened after serfdom's abolition.

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created two measures in 1762 that influenced the abolition of serfdom. He ended mandatory military service for nobles with the abolition of compulsory noble state service. This provided a rationale to end serfdom. Second, was the secularization of the church estates, which transferred its peasants

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uprisings benefited from disturbances among the peasants, and they in turn received an impetus from Cossack rebellion, none of the Cossack movements were directed against the institution of serfdom itself. Instead, peasants in Cossack-dominated areas became Cossacks during uprisings, thus escaping

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Imperial laws were very particular with the age in which serfs could marry. The minimum age to marry was 13 years old for women, and 15 for men. After 1830 the female and male ages were raised to 16 and 18 respectively. To marry over the age of 60, the serf had to receive permission, but marriage

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was the fact that thousands of peasants escaped from Russia to Poland to seek a better fate). Jerzy Czajewski and Piotr Kimla wrote that until the partitions solved this problem, Russian armies raided territories of the Commonwealth, officially to recover the escapees, but in fact kidnapping many

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successively created 9 secret committees, issued about 100 decrees aimed at mitigating serfdom, but did not affect its foundations. From 1833 it was not allowed to sell serfs at public auction "with the splitting of families", "to satisfy public and private debts", paying for them with serfs with

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to prosecute estate owners for the cruel treatment of serfs. These measures were strengthened in 1817 and the late 1820s. There were even laws that required estate owners to help serfs in time of famine, which included grain to be kept in reserve. These policies failed to aid famines in the early

1095:. Prior to 1812 serfs were not allowed to marry serfs from other estates. After 1812 the rules relaxed slightly, but in order for a family to give their daughter to a husband in another estate they had to apply and present information to their landowner ahead of time. If a serf wanted to marry a 941:

Serfdom was abolished, but not always on favorable terms to the peasants. Even after emancipation, feudal agriculture practices continued. Most former serfs had to pay a land redemption fee (redemption payments were not abolished until 1907), and could only purchase less fertile, less profitable

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Serfdom was hardly efficient; serfs and nobles had little incentive to improve the land. However, it was politically effective. Nobles rarely challenged the tsar for fear of provoking a peasant uprising. Serfs were often given lifelong tenancy on their plots, so they tended to be conservative as

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Russian serfdom depended entirely on the traditional and extensive technology of the peasantry. Yields remained low and stationary throughout most of the 19th century. Any increase in income drawn from agriculture was largely through increasing land area and extensive grain raising by means of

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The nobility was too weak to oppose the emancipation of the serfs. In 1820, a fifth of the serfs were mortgaged, half by 1842. By 1859, a third of noble's estates and two thirds of their serfs were mortgaged to noble banks or the state. The nobility was also weakened by the scattering of their

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The influence of serfdom was also notable in Russian music and art. Folk songs and dances, often performed by serfs, contributed significantly to Russia's unique cultural tradition. At the same time, works of art often depicted serfs and their lives, either romanticizing their existence or

1590:. Characters drawn from the serf population were portrayed with profound emotional depth, their stories shedding light on the harsh realities of serfdom. These narratives served to amplify calls for social reform and underscored the deep inequalities of the Russian societal structure. 1084:, marriage was strictly prohibited on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Because of these firm rules most marriages occurred in the months of January, February, October, and November. After the emancipation the most popular marrying months were July, October, and November. 1812:

Snippet: "Thus a Russian–English dictionary will give the Russian word muzhik as 'peasant'. Yet the English word 'peasant' brings to mind a being far different from the Russian muzhik who, unlike his Western counterpart, is presented to us in literature

807:; this did not change the disparity between Russia and Western Europe, who were experiencing agricultural and industrial revolutions. Compared to Western Europe it was clear that Russia was at an economic disadvantage. European philosophers during the 1059: 95:, historically could be sold only together with the land to which they were "attached". However, this stopped being a requirement by the 19th century, and serfs were practically indistinguishable from slaves. Contemporary legal documents, such as 700: 185:

and the highest state officials feared that the peasants' emancipation would be accompanied by popular unrest, given the reluctance of the landlords to lose their serf property, but took some actions to alleviate the situation of the peasantry.

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The Russian state also continued to support serfdom due to military conscription. The conscripted serfs dramatically increased the size of the Russian military during the war with Napoleon. With a larger military Russia achieved victory in the

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and other German states. Scholars have proposed multiple overlapping reasons to account for the abolition, including fear of a large-scale revolt by the serfs, the government's financial needs, changing cultural sensibilities, and the

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By the mid-19th century, peasants composed a plurality of the population, and according to the census of 1857, the number of private serfs was 23.1 million out of 62.5 million citizens of the Russian empire, 37.7% of the population.

535:) to the authorities, asking for the extension of the "fixed years". In 1642, the Russian government established a 10-year limit for search of the runaways and 15-year limit for search for peasants taken away by their new owners. 1110:

as well as the bride's decency, modesty, obedience, ability to do work, and family background. Upon marriage, the bride came to live with her new husband and his family, so she needed to be ready to assimilate and work hard.

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played a powerful role backstage in the years 1855 to 1861. Using her close relationship with her nephew Alexander II, she supported and guided his desire for emancipation, and helped mobilize the support of key advisors.

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had many rules regarding marriage that were strictly observed by the population. For example, marriage was not allowed to take place during times of fasting, the eve or day of a holiday, during the entire week of

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performed for the landowner on his portion of the land (the other part of the land, usually of a poorer quality, the peasants could use for themselves). Sometimes the terms are loosely translated by the term

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A 19th-century report noted: "Every Russian peasant, male and female, wears cotton clothes. The men wear printed shirts and trousers, and the women are dressed from head to foot in printed cotton also."

930:, stimulated in part by his view that "it is better to liberate the peasants from above" than to wait until they won their freedom by rising "from below". Between 1864 and 1871 serfdom was abolished in 2515:

The peasants, or, more precisely, the serfs, wear a costume which very much resembles that worn by the Poles or, perhaps more accurately, that worn by Asians. It consists of a long and rather shapeless

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plots of land that weren't necessarily contiguous. Peasants often had to pay more than the market price for land, with the percentage varying by location. 90% of the serfs who got larger plots were in

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and tens of thousands of noblemen protected the southern borderland (a heavy burden for the state), which slowed its social and economic development and expanded the taxation of peasantry.

771:; 1807) and to settle them in Siberia (1809). In 1818 Alexander I gave secret instructions to 12 dignitaries to develop projects to abolish serfdom (among the authors of the projects were 2297: 2099:// Commersant 2017] - "20 мая 1842 года в России был опубликован указ «О предании суду и наказании Российских подданных, которые будут изобличены в каком-либо участии в торге неграми»." 832:

number of domestic serfs when they anticipated serfdom's demise. In 1798, Ukrainian landlords were banned from selling serfs apart from land. In 1841, landless nobles were banned also.

2872: 471:, which took away the peasants' right to free movement around Yuri's Day, binding the vast majority of the Russian peasantry in full serfdom. These also defined the so-called 143:

Serfdom became the dominant form of relation between Russian peasants and nobility in the 17th century. Serfdom most commonly existed in the central and southern areas of the

140:; nevertheless, in times past, the state allowed peasants to sue for release from serfdom under certain conditions, and also took measures against abuses of landlord power. 2097:«Наиболее сильный запрос был на красивых девушек» Как в России торговали соотечественниками (The greatest demand was for pretty girls: How they traded compatriots in Russia) 968:

found "substantial increases in agricultural productivity, industrial output, and peasants' nutrition in Imperial Russia as a result of the abolition of serfdom in 1861".

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published in London, England (1857–65) and Geneva (1865–67). It collected many cases of horrendous physical, emotional and sexual abuse of the serfs by the landowners.

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due to the fact that many runaways would usually flee to the southern parts of Russia. During the first half of the 17th century the dvoryane sent their collective

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at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, a conviction developed that the system of serfdom was flawed and hindered economic development and urban growth. Tsar

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and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia, and there was never a time when the peasantry was completely quiescent.

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Shane O'Rourke, "The Mother Benefactress and the Sacred Battalion: Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the Editing Commission, and the Emancipation of the Serfs",

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did not touch serfdom in Russia. In 1820, 20% of all serfs were mortgaged to state credit institutions by their owners. This was increased to 66% in 1859.

2832: 1573:). Owing to the high fertility, 70% of Russian cereal production in the 1850s was here. In the seven central provinces, 1860, 67.7% of the serfs were on 763:

and his advisors quietly discussed the options at length. Obstacles included the failure of abolition in Austria and the political reaction against the

1099:, then emancipation and death certificates were to be handed over and investigated for authenticity by their owner before a marriage could take place. 267:) means "Russian peasant" when it is used in English. This word was borrowed from Russian into Western languages through translations of 19th-century 2789: 903:

respectively. However all the land stayed in noble hands and labor rent lasted until 1868. It was replaced with landless laborers and sharecropping (

178:), it spread to Ukraine; noblemen began to send their serfs into Cossack lands in an attempt to harvest their extensive untapped natural resources. 848:

were improving) in significant enough numbers to become a major concern for the Russian Government and sufficient to play a role in its decision to

2652: 879: 3309: 3294: 2919: 365:, but serfdom as we know it was still not a widespread phenomenon. In the mid-15th century the right of certain categories of peasants in some 229: 616:

from the peasantry rather than directly organizing peasants against the institution. Rich Cossacks owned serfs themselves. Between the end of

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Hoch, Steven. "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions".

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and felt boots for the family. As for crops, it was expected for men to sow and women to harvest. A common crop harvested by serfs in the

919: 2277: 841: 2557: 2069: 2501: 1785: 1692: 2785:

Nafziger, Steven. 'Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, MA, 2012).

212:(1817) only. New laws allowed all classes (except the serfs) to own land, a privilege previously confined to the nobility. Emperor 1582:

In literature, Russian serfdom provided both a backdrop and a source of dramatic tension for the works of prominent authors like

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for hiding and keeping runaways: the fine had to be paid to the state and pozhiloye – to the previous owner of the peasant.

101:(12th century onwards), distinguished several degrees of feudal dependency of peasants. While another form of slavery in Russia, 2132: 2721:

Hoch, Steven and Wilson R. Augustine. "The Tax Censuses and the Decline of the Serf Population in Imperial Russia, 1833–1858".

874: 377:

officially confirmed this time limit as universal for everybody and also established the amount of the "break-away" fee called

1945: 720: 2798:

Rudolph, Richard L. "Agricultural structure and proto-industrialization in Russia: economic development with unfree labor".

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McCaffray, Susan P. "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I",

2083: 1653: 2742:

Lust, Kersti. "The Impact of the Baltic Emancipation Reforms on Peasant-Landlord Relations: A Historiographical Survey",

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Susan P. McCaffray, "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I",

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According to certain Polish sources, increasingly in the 18th century Russian peasants were escaping from Russia to the

2975: 2163: 1613: 1446: 1081: 870: 788: 683: 220: 137: 3182: 2995: 2912: 2578: 1554: 3243: 3020: 567:(1698) etc. The dvoryane constantly demanded that the search for the runaways be sponsored by the government. The 3314: 2434: 1608: 1527: 370: 36: 3258: 3210: 3107: 3102: 792: 3215: 3067: 1807: 3220: 1962: 3167: 1068: 617: 275:

was used to mean the most common rural dweller – a peasant – but this was only a narrow contextual meaning.

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over the age of 80 was forbidden. The Church also did not approve marriages with large age differences.

760: 583: 190: 3263: 3205: 3172: 3162: 3142: 3092: 3062: 3030: 2990: 2813:

Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s".

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of the second half of the 17th century paid much attention to the means of punishment of the runaways.

30: 3238: 3157: 3082: 3052: 2059:

David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Pages 22-23

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Landowners were interested in keeping all of their serfs and not losing workers to marriages on other

2425: 1548: 1509: 1491: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1434: 896: 849: 816: 808: 752: 209: 2429: 2164:"Przywary niewolników pańszczyźnianych w XVIII-wiecznej Rzeczypospolitej w relacji Huberta Vautrina" 1937: 673: 1846: 1545: 1533: 1530: 1506: 1500: 1461: 1449: 1443: 857: 853: 729: 724: 688: 495: 398: 168: 75: 2683:

Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfs on the Move: Peasant Seasonal Migration in Pre-Reform Russia, 1800–61".

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David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page 33

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David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page 40

2032:

David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page 39

2014:

David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page 37

1825: 954:. Many peasants remained indebted and bound to landowners. Nobility didn't lose their privileges. 645:

As a whole, serfdom both came and remained in Russia much later than in other European countries.

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of the country, however, together with the dvoryane of the south, were interested in a short-term

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peasants who had fled to the outlying districts of the country, such as regions along the border

390: 268: 2376: 1266:. State peasants were considered personally free, but their freedom of movement was restricted. 1197: 463:) and later an open-ended prohibition for peasants to leave their masters was introduced by the 361:

From the 13th century to the 15th century, feudal dependency applied to a significant number of

1775: 661:

slaves because Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.

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exploitation of the peasant labor, that is, by burdening the peasant household still further.

931: 845: 764: 716: 650: 629: 608: 564: 410: 182: 144: 88: 2387: 2274: 511:(nobles) were content with the long time frame for search of the runaway peasants. The major 487:), or the 5-year time frame for search of the runaway peasants. In 1607, a new ukase defined 3304: 2336: 1930: 1902: 1765:

Evsey D. Domar and Mark J. Machina, "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom", (1984) p 919.

1539: 1515: 1458: 1431: 1205: 1170: 1164: 1027: 756: 604: 430: 263: 54: 41: 1159: 887:

depicting Russian serfs listening to the proclamation of the Emancipation Manifesto in 1861

297: 2793: 2656: 2281: 2001: 943: 884: 800: 776: 654: 596: 488: 460: 414: 337: 224: 112: 97: 634: 3319: 2820:

Viaene, Vincent, Wayne Thorpe, and H. G. Koenigsberger. "Reassessing Russian Serfdom".

2697: 2565: 1881: 825: 784: 780: 744: 708: 2694:. John Merriman and Jay Winter, eds. in chief. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006 1721: 3283: 2148: 1961:

Marie, Jean-Jacques (1997). "– 1 – le règne réformateur d'Alexandre II (1855-1881)".

912: 468: 148: 2325:"The Economic Effects of the Abolition of Serfdom: Evidence from the Russian Empire" 591:

There were numerous rebellions against this bondage, most often in conjunction with

2528: 1536: 672:

The official estimate is that 23 million Russians were privately owned, 23 million

600: 406: 2532: 2491: 2475: 657:

abolished slavery and converted the slaves into serfs. This was relevant more to

2877: 1583: 1182: 568: 516: 472: 301: 723:

could not be enserfed. Freedom was granted to retired soldiers who were serfs.

17: 2853:

A Life Under Russian Serfdom: Memoirs of Savva Dmitrievich Purlevskii, 1800–68

1619: 1103: 2735:

Lust, Kersti. "Kiselev's Reforms of State Peasants: The Baltic Perspective",

2381: 2350: 2193:

Wagner, W.J. (1992). "May 3, 1791, and the Polish constitutional tradition".

2179: 2144: 1893:

Miller, David B. (1 January 1984). "Review of Slavery in Russia, 1450-1725".

2887: 2023:

Gregory Freeze. "Russia: A History". New York: Oxford University Press, 2002

1659: 1133: 1077: 926:

In 1861, Alexander II freed all serfs (except in Georgia and Kalmykia) in a

658: 512: 2661:

Domar, Evsey, and Mark Machina. "On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom".

1558: 1012: 369:

to leave their master was limited to a period of one week before and after

317: 2298:"Ending Feudalism: The 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Serfs" 2119:

Rural Russia under the old régime: a history of the landlord-peasant world

296:

may be traced to the 12th century, when the exploitation of the so-called

2764:

Mironov, Boris. “When and Why was the Russian Peasantry Emancipated?” in

2341: 2324: 1102:

Before and after the abolition of serfdom, Russian peasant families were

1036:

of three days a week as normal and sufficient for the landowner's needs.

949: 935: 520: 508: 402: 394: 374: 366: 346: 2534:

Sketches of Russian Life Before and During the Emancipation of the Serfs

2430:"Peasant Morality and Pre-Marital Relations in Late 19th Century Russia" 2206: 2096: 736: 200:) wanted to reform the system but moved cautiously, liberating serfs in 2807: 2758: 2670: 2638: 2496:. Translated by North, Jonathan. Casemate Publishers (published 2013). 1914: 1754: 1216:

The exact numbers, according to official data, were: entire population

1129: 1006: 768: 646: 612: 592: 560: 450: 362: 350: 289: 164: 156: 152: 85: 81: 828:

in 1842, though there were almost no Russians who participated in it.

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Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov

1641: 1178: 1073: 544: 342: 293: 103: 2897: 1906: 1722:"КРЕПОСТНОЕ ПРАВО • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version" 719:. The children of foster homes and those who had graduated from the 335:) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom. According to the 2621:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

2493:

With Napoleon's Guard in Russia: The Memoirs of Major Vionnet, 1812

2438:, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1990), (Oxford University Press), 695–98. 1648:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

271:, describing Russian rural life of those times, and where the word 1664: 1196: 1107: 1096: 1058: 1023: 878: 735: 639: 582: 464: 413:. Annually the Russian population of the borderland suffered from 320: 160: 92: 2490:

Vionnet, Louis Joseph (19 January 2013) . North, Jonathan (ed.).

449:, or transportation fee), in case a peasant refused to bring the 1141: 397:(1497), strengthened the dependency of peasants, statewide, and 49: 2901: 728:

and land to state jurisdiction. In 1775 measures were taken by

676:

and onother 3500,000 peasants were under the Tsar's patronage (

433:

increased the amount of pozhiloye and introduced an additional

2678:

The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861

907:). Landless workers had to ask permission to leave an estate. 587:

Vengeance of Serfs. Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy, 1845

434: 2480:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. Pages 124-127. 2394:(English Edition, 2002–), Vol. 59, No. 6 (Nov.–Dec., 2004), ( 2135:[Russian population exodus into the Rzeczpospolita]. 1039:

In the black earth region, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed

147:

and, from 1721, of the subsequent Russian Empire. Serfdom in

2860:

Up from Serfdom: My Childhood and Youth in Russia, 1804–1824

2780:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

2168:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio G. Ius

915:, and the high turnover and mobility from estate to estate. 2474:

Olga Semyonova-Tian-Shanskaia, Edited by: David L. Ransel.

2407:

Avdeev, Blum, Troitskaia, Juby, "Peasant Marriage", 731–33.

2108:

Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 59

1115:

average age of marriage for women was around 19 years old.

1016:. While no official government regulation to the extent of 669:

to exercise their powers over serfs to the fullest extent.

2362: 2360: 2589:

David Moon, The Russian Peasant 1600–1930, pages 204–205.

405:

persistently battled against the successor states of the

2768:

Ed. M.L. Bush. (London: Longman, 1996) pp. 323–347.

2447:

Avdeev, Blum, Troitskaia, Juby, "Peasant Marriage", 733.

2416:

Avdeev, Blum, Troitskaia, Juby, "Peasant Marriage", 726.

1967:. Les Fondamentaux. Hachette Education. pp. 13–29. 1808:

The Durham University journal – Volumes 45–46 – Page 237

2366:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, pages 147–8

1123:

Distribution of property and duties between the spouses

2598:

Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, page 87.

2133:"Zbiegostwo ludności Rosji w granice Rzeczypospolitej" 1132:. Footwear was the husband's responsibility - he made 2685:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

2607:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 178.

167:

generally occurred rarely until, during the reign of

123: 80:'bonded peasant'), in the sense of an unfree 68: 2633:

Crisp, Olga. "The state peasants under Nicholas I."

2465:

Engel, "Peasant Pre-Marital Relations", 701–05, 708.

3229: 3191: 2933: 2223:. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page xiv 733:nineteenth century due to estate owner negligence. 2730:Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom 2323:Markevich, Andrei; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina (2018). 1932:Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom 1929: 1256:; peasants of the appanages and other departments 891:In 1816, 1817, and 1819, serfdom was abolished in 2690:Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfs, Emancipation of" in 2456:Engel, "Peasant Pre-Marital Relations", 698–99. 2388:"Peasant Marriage in Nineteenth-Century Russia" 2883:The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis 2646:The institutional framework of Russian serfdom 2072:. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. 1869:Население России за 400 лет (XVI-начало XX вв) 2913: 2815:International Labor and Working-Class History 2766:Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage 1882:Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery 1594:highlighting the cruelty of the serf system. 1574: 1568: 1562: 1145: 1046: 1040: 1031: 1017: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 677: 649:remained a legally recognized institution in 554: 548: 530: 524: 499: 482: 476: 454: 444: 438: 384: 378: 330: 324: 311: 305: 253: 247: 241: 8: 1632:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia 947: 453:from the fields to his master. A temporary ( 2878:Saltychikha (1730–1801): Russian serf-owner 1687:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 85. 1424:% peasants enserfed in each province, 1860 1158:Typical Russian serf clothing included the 2920: 2906: 2898: 2291: 2289: 1847:"Language Centre – Language Centre – Home" 1745: 1743: 1354:Serfs owned by European Russian landlords 2873:Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses 2773:Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762–1907 2396:Institut National d'Études Démographiques 2340: 2270: 2268: 1005:), refer to the obligatory work that the 357:From the 13th century to the 15th century 2628:The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe 1352: 1319: 1268: 938:, serfdom was not abolished until 1892. 699: 633: 29: 2537:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 218 1675: 1623:, a novel which focuses on late serfdom 1246:; peasants on the lands of proprietors 1204:, painting of a Ukrainian serf girl by 91:, meant an unfree person who, unlike a 2630:(1978) influential comparative history 2075: 1997: 1987: 1867:Водарский, Ярослав Евгеньевич (1973). 1321:% serf owners with <100 serfs 946:, where the Tsar wanted to weaken the 27:Unfree peasant class of Tsarist Russia 2894:, Friday 30 July 1858, p. 7 2296:Bubnova, Natalie (18 February 2011). 1936:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 262: 7: 595:uprisings, such as the uprisings of 2718:(University of Chicago Press, 1986) 2648:(Cambridge University Press, 2011) 2579:Assigned, Church and Crown Peasants 2477:Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia 1964:Le règne réformateur d'Alexandre II 1780:. World Book .com. 1 January 2003. 696:Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 2831:(1878) Chapter XXVIII The Serfs; 2680:(Cambridge University Press, 1968) 2386:, Irina Troitskaia, Heather Juby, 2221:The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia 1871:. Moscow: Просвещение. p. 32. 35:A Peasant Leaving His Landlord on 25: 2839:Russia's Age of Serfdom 1649–1861 2692:Encyclopedia of Europe, 1789–1914 2635:Slavonic and East European Review 2556:Donald Mackenzie Wallace (1905). 2275:NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies 2131:Czajewski, Jerzy (October 2004). 815:To discuss the peasant question, 563:(ukases of 1671, 1683 and 1700), 2855:. Budapest & New York, 2005 2837:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. 2262:(2011) 70#4 pp. 584–607, online 1193:The extent of serfdom in Russia 875:Abolition of serfdom in Livonia 674:were considered personally free 195: 173: 115:in 1723, the serfdom (Russian: 2665:(1984) 44#4 pp. 919–955. 1557:70–77% of the serfs performed 1063:Group of Russian peasant women 842:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 755:and humanism spread among the 721:St. Petersburg Academy of Arts 1: 3310:Society of the Russian Empire 3295:Economy of the Russian Empire 2711:(2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274. 1654:Manifesto of three-day corvee 1208:, who was himself born a serf 846:once harsh serfdom conditions 559:) (ukases of 1653 and 1656), 313:roleyniye (pashenniye) zakupy 2702:Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 1685:Slavery in Russia, 1450-1725 1082:abolition of serfdom in 1861 920:Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna 349:and personal rights and his 323:(Russian term for corvée is 2827:Wallace, Donald Mackenzie. 2824:(1996) 26 pp. 483–526. 2800:Journal of economic history 2663:Journal of Economic History 2558:"CHAPTER XXVIII. THE SERFS" 1614:Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 1575: 1569: 1563: 1226:; peasantry of all classes 1146: 1047: 1041: 1032: 1018: 995: 983: 871:Emancipation reform of 1861 705:Selling serfs at an auction 678: 549: 531: 483: 467:of 1597 under the reign of 439: 379: 331: 312: 248: 242: 221:emancipation reform of 1861 138:emancipation reform of 1861 124: 69: 3336: 2822:European History Quarterly 2746:(2013) 44#1 pp. 1–18. 2117:Geroid Tanquary Robinson, 1826:"Rural Population Classes" 1555:Central Black Earth Region 868: 850:partition the Commonwealth 684:Great Emancipation of 1861 627: 425:Transition to full serfdom 307:ролейные (пашенные) закупы 151:(parts of today's central 2744:Journal of Baltic Studies 2737:Journal of Baltic Studies 2435:Journal of Social History 2234:Russia: People and Empire 2082:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1797:– via Google Books. 1777:The World Book Dictionary 1609:Anna Orlova-Tshesmenskaja 1174: 1076:, or for two weeks after 1001: 989: 824:also banned the trade of 555: 525: 500: 477: 455: 445: 399:restricted their mobility 385: 353:was given to the prince. 325: 306: 254: 223:, a few years later than 116: 58: 2851:Gorshkov, Boris B., ed. 2725:(1979) 38#3 pp: 403-425. 2329:American Economic Review 1683:Hellie, Richard (1982). 1055:Marriage and family life 1045:; the rest paid levies ( 965:American Economic Review 2802:(1985) 45#1 pp: 47–69. 2782:(London: Longman, 1999) 1928:Kolchin, Peter (1987). 1567:), the rest paid rent ( 1069:Russian Orthodox Church 769:katorga ('hard labour') 611:(1773–1775). While the 2976:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2858:Nikitenko, Aleksandr. 2817:(2010) 78#1 pp: 12-27. 2637:37.89 (1959): 387-412 1209: 1064: 977:Labour and obligations 948: 888: 748: 711: 665:for hire" or similar. 642: 588: 232:'s need for soldiers. 70:krepostnoy krest'yanin 44: 2739:(2008) 39#1 pp 57–71. 2302:carnegieendowment.org 2162:Kimla, Piotr (2011). 1200: 1062: 981:In Russia, the terms 928:major agrarian reform 882: 747:(Sale of a serf girl) 739: 703: 637: 586: 389:). The legal code of 59:крепостной крестьянин 33: 2753:(2005) 64#1 pp 1–21 2426:Barbara Alpern Engel 2342:10.1257/aer.20160144 1753:(2005) 64#1 pp 1-21 962:A 2018 study in the 852:(one of the reasons 809:Age of Enlightenment 618:Pugachev's Rebellion 3300:Feudalism in Russia 3192:States with limited 1355: 1322: 1271: 1270:% serfs on estates 883:A 1907 painting by 858:partition of Poland 540:Sobornoye Ulozhenie 496:Sobornoye Ulozhenie 373:(November 26). The 169:Catherine the Great 2792:2014-04-29 at the 2687:(Fall 2000) 627–56 2655:2014-04-29 at the 2375:Alexandre Avdeev, 2335:(4–5): 1074–1117. 2280:2006-02-16 at the 2247:A People's Tragedy 2232:Geoffrey Hosking, 2151:on 3 January 2005. 1637:History of serfdom 1353: 1320: 1269: 1210: 1138:Black Earth Region 1065: 889: 822:Emperor Nicholas I 805:Russo-Persian Wars 749: 712: 643: 638:Punishment with a 589: 391:Ivan III of Russia 345:smerd had limited 269:Russian literature 45: 3277: 3276: 2928:Serfdom in Europe 2676:Emmons, Terence. 2644:Dennison, Tracy. 2195:The Polish Review 1974:978-2-01-145120-0 1627:Fugitive peasants 1604:Slavery in Russia 1588:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1422: 1421: 1347: 1346: 1318: 1317: 1236:; state peasants 911:estates, lack of 765:French Revolution 717:Eastern Orthodoxy 679:udelnye krestiane 653:until 1723, when 630:Slavery in Russia 609:Yemelyan Pugachev 501:Соборное уложение 411:Khanate of Crimea 217:abolished serfdom 145:Tsardom of Russia 125:krepostnoye pravo 122: 79: 67: 16:(Redirected from 3327: 3315:Reform in Russia 3230:Dependencies and 2934:Sovereign states 2922: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2728:Kolchin, Peter. 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2564:. 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Kiselyov 745:Nikolai Nevrev 709:Klavdy Lebedev 697: 694: 625: 622: 580: 577: 556:засечные линии 484:urochniye leta 426: 423: 409:, chiefly the 358: 355: 285: 282: 280: 277: 252:(Russian: 237: 234: 159:lands, in the 40:, painting by 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3332: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3290:Russian serfs 3288: 3287: 3285: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3244:Faroe Islands 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:South Ossetia 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068:Liechtenstein 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778:Moon, David. 2777: 2774: 2771:Moon, David. 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2723:Slavic Review 2720: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2709:Slavic Review 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529:Morley, Henry 2524: 2521: 2517: 2505: 2503:9781783408986 2499: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170:(in Polish). 2169: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1991: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1789: 1787:9780716602996 1783: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1727: 1726:old.bigenc.ru 1723: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694:9780226326474 1690: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1528:Ekaterinoslav 1526: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286:>500 serfs 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1214: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080:. 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Karazin 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:Enlightenment 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 726: 722: 718: 710: 706: 702: 695: 693: 691: 690: 685: 682:) before the 680: 675: 670: 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 641: 636: 631: 623: 621: 619: 614: 610: 606: 603:(1667–1671), 602: 599:(1606–1607), 598: 594: 585: 578: 576: 572: 570: 566: 562: 551: 546: 541: 536: 533: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 497: 492: 490: 485: 474: 470: 469:Boris Godunov 466: 462: 452: 441: 436: 432: 424: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339: 333: 322: 319: 314: 303: 299: 295: 291: 283: 278: 276: 274: 270: 265: 250: 244: 235: 233: 231: 226: 222: 218: 215: 211: 207: 203: 192: 187: 184: 179: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155:), and other 154: 150: 149:Little Russia 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 126: 114: 110: 106: 105: 100: 99: 94: 90: 87: 83: 77: 71: 65: 56: 52: 51: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 3221:Transnistria 3132: 2859: 2852: 2838: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2799: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2662: 2645: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2574: 2566:the original 2561: 2551: 2539:. 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Moscow 2278:Archived 2207:25778591 2139:(6/15). 2078:cite web 1895:Speculum 1755:in JSTOR 1598:See also 1549:Voronezh 1523:16–35%: 1510:Simbirsk 1492:Novgorod 1475:36–55%: 1468:Volhynia 1465:Vladimir 1456:Smolensk 1435:Kostroma 1380:501–1000 1370:>1000 1202:Kateryna 1002:боярщина 950:szlachta 936:Kalmykia 897:Courland 545:abatises 509:dvoryane 446:за повоз 440:za povoz 403:Russians 395:Sudebnik 363:peasants 347:property 343:princely 230:military 210:Courland 204:(1816), 189:Emperor 132:only by 3305:Serfdom 3178:Ukraine 3128:Romania 3088:Moldova 3046:Ireland 3041:Iceland 3036:Hungary 3026:Germany 3021:Georgia 3011:Finland 3006:Estonia 3001:Denmark 2986:Croatia 2971:Belgium 2966:Belarus 2956:Austria 2951:Armenia 2946:Andorra 2941:Albania 2841:(2008). 2808:2122007 2759:3664324 2732:(1987). 2671:2122113 2650:excerpt 2308:17 June 1915:2846321 1553:In the 1546:Vologda 1534:Kherson 1531:Kharkov 1507:Saratov 1501:Poltava 1462:Vitebsk 1450:Podolia 1444:Mogilev 1390:101–500 1297:100–500 1171:Russian 1147:sobinki 1093:estates 990:барщина 932:Georgia 901:Livonia 893:Estland 844:(where 689:Kolokol 647:Slavery 613:Cossack 593:Cossack 561:Siberia 547:called 451:harvest 437:called 386:пожилое 351:escheat 326:барщина 290:serfdom 284:Origins 279:History 225:Austria 219:in the 206:Livonia 202:Estonia 183:emperor 165:Siberia 163:and in 157:Cossack 153:Ukraine 113:Peter I 86:tsarist 82:peasant 78: 66:: 55:Russian 3264:Jersey 3206:Kosovo 3173:Turkey 3163:Sweden 3143:Serbia 3133:Russia 3118:Poland 3113:Norway 3093:Monaco 3063:Latvia 3031:Greece 3016:France 2991:Cyprus 2862:(2001) 2833:online 2829:Russia 2806: 2787:online 2775:(2002) 2757: 2704:(1984) 2669: 2639:online 2623:(1961) 2562:Russia 2516:smock. 2500: 2349: 2205: 2178: 2143: 1980:May 1, 1971: 1944: 1913: 1784: 1728:. 2016 1691: 1656:(1797) 1642:Kholop 1543:Tiflis 1513:Tambov 1489:Moscow 1480:Grodno 1453:Ryazan 1438:Kutais 1429:Kaluga 1401:21–100 1179:kaftan 1130:dontse 1074:Easter 1013:corvée 958:Impact 899:, and 651:Russia 401:. 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