Prince Rupert of the Rhine - Knowledge (XXG)

1698: 1326: 867: 1892: 771: 2061: 1764: 1755:—on the basis that only the King should be allowed to propose such appointments—but noted that he was willing to become Admiral if the King wished him to do so. The King's solution was to establish a small, empowered Admiralty Commission, of which Rupert became the first commissioner. As a result, from 1673 to 1679 Rupert was able to focus on ensuring a closer regulation of manning, gunning and the selection of officers. He was also involved in setting priorities between the different theatres of operations that the Royal Navy was now involved in around the world. Rupert was also appointed to the supreme position of "General at Sea and Land", effectively assuming the wartime powers of the Lord High Admiral. 1065: 995: 66: 1097: 626: 1581: 525: 300: 1291:, this time with Prince Maurice on board. It was a while before Maurice's death became certain, which came as a terrible blow to Rupert. He was forced to return to Europe, arriving in France in March 1653 with a fleet of five ships. It became clear, as the profits and losses of the piracy campaign were calculated, that the venture had not been as profitable as hoped. This complicated tensions in the Royalist court, and Charles II and Rupert eventually split the spoils, after which Rupert, tired and a little bitter, returned to France to recuperate from the long campaign. 225: 1406:, who believed it was written to her. Charlotte was keen to engage in an affair with Rupert and became unhappy when she was declined and the mistake explained. Degenfeld was uninterested in Rupert, but was engaged in an affair with Charles Louis; this was discovered in due course, leading to the annulment of the marriage. Rupert, for his part, was unhappy that Charles Louis could not endow him with a suitable estate, and the two parted on bad terms in 1657, Rupert refusing ever to return to the Palatinate again and taking up employment under Ferdinand III in his 1191: 974:, the governor of Newark, who had let Rupert into the royal court to begin with, Rupert resigned and left the service of King Charles, along with most of his best cavalry officers. Earlier interpretations of this event focused on Rupert's concern for his honour in the face of his initial dismissal by the King; later works have highlighted the practical importance of the courts martial to Rupert's future employability as a mercenary in Europe, given that Rupert knew that the war by this point was effectively lost. Rupert and Maurice spent the winter of 1645 in 1482: 1690:. The cost of the weapon—three times that of a normal gun—prevented its wider deployment in the fleet. The French role in the conflict proved a problem when Charles turned to the appointment of an admiral. Rupert's objection to the French alliance was well known, and accordingly the King appointed the Duke of York to the role instead. Rupert was instead instructed to take over the Duke's work at the Admiralty, which he did with gusto. The Allied naval plans were stalled after the Duke's inconclusive battle with the Dutch at 834: 1723:. The King appointed the Duke as supreme commander, with Rupert as his deputy, combining the ranks of general and vice admiral of England. During the winter of 1672, however, Charles—still (legitimately) childless—decided that the risk to the Duke, his heir, was too great and made Rupert supreme Allied commander in his place. Rupert began the 1673 campaign against the Dutch knowing the logistical support for his fleet remained uncertain, with many ships undermanned. The result was the 1805:'s expedition the following year. Rupert was an active shareholder in the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa that was established as a result in 1662. The company continued operations for the next eight years, with backers including the King, the Duke of York and the Royal Society, with operations including engaging in the West African slave trade until it folded in 1670. The company's operations merged with those of the Gambia Merchants' Company into the new 845:'s army could return. The King's senior counsellors, however, urged him to advance slowly on the capital with the whole army. By the time they arrived, the city had organised defences against them. Some argue that, in delaying, the Royalists had perhaps lost their best chance of winning the war, although others have argued that Rupert's proposed attack would have had trouble penetrating a hostile London. Instead, early in 1643, Rupert began to clear the South-West, taking 758:. He had considerable success during the initial years of the war, his drive, determination and experience of European techniques bringing him early victories. As the war progressed, Rupert's youth and lack of maturity in managing his relationships with other Royalist commanders ultimately resulted in his removal from his post and ultimate retirement from the war. Throughout the conflict, however, Rupert also enjoyed a powerful symbolic position: he was an iconic Royalist 1033:, whose garrison had executed Royalist prisoners, angrily promising to kill all the soldiers inside. Only the urgent call for assistance from the King prevented him from doing so, forcing him to agree to more lenient terms in exchange for a prompt surrender. Towards the end of the war, practices were changing for the worse across all sides; a rebellious Leicester was retaken by the Prince in May 1645, and no attempt was made to limit the subsequent killing and plunder. 1044:. There were numerous accounts of Boy's abilities; some suggested that he was the Devil in disguise, come to help Rupert. Pro-Royalist publications ultimately produced parodies of these, including one which listed Rupert's dog as being a "Lapland Lady" transformed into a white dog; Boy was able, apparently, to find hidden treasure, possessed invulnerability to attack, could catch bullets fired at Rupert in his mouth, and could prophesy as well as the 16th-century 1736:

has also highlighted the progress the prince made in formulating the way that orders were given to the British fleet. Fleet communications were limited during the period, and the traditional orders from admirals before a battle were accordingly quite rigid, limiting a captain's independence in the battle. Rupert played a key part in the conferences held by the Duke of York in 1665 to review tactics and operational methods from the

2086:. Rupert became involved with her during the late 1660s, leaving his previous mistress, Frances Bard, although Hughes appears to have held out from reciprocating his attentions with the aim of negotiating a suitable settlement. Hughes rapidly received advancement through his patronage; she became a member of the King's Company by 1669, giving her status and immunity from arrest for debt, and was painted four times by Sir 1171:, while others advised sailing in support of the fighting in the north. The fleet itself rapidly lost discipline, with many vessels' crews focussing on seizing local ships and cargoes. This underlined a major problem for the Royalists—the cost of maintaining the new fleet was well beyond their means. Discipline continued to deteriorate and Rupert had to intervene personally several times, including defusing one group of 826:, however, some of the weaknesses of Rupert's character began to display themselves. Rupert vigorously interjected—probably correctly, but certainly tactlessly—that Lindsey should deploy his men in the modern Swedish fashion that Rupert was used to in Europe, which would have maximised their available firepower. The result was an argument in front of the troops and Lindsey's resignation and replacement by Sir 1740:, and put these into practice before the St James Day battle. These instructions and supplementary instructions to ships' captains, which attempted to balance an adherence to standing orders with the need to exploit emerging opportunities in a battle, proved heavily influential over the next hundred years and shaped the idea that an aggressive fighting spirit should be at the core of British naval doctrine. 1225:, the ruler of recently independent Portugal, who was a supporter of Charles II. Blake arrived shortly afterwards with a Parliamentary fleet, and an armed stand-off ensued. Tensions rose, skirmishes began to break out and King John became increasingly keen for his Royalist guests to leave. In October 1650, Rupert's fleet, now comprising six vessels, broke out and headed into the 1932:

device for lifting water at the Royal Society, and received attention for his process for "painting colours on marble, which, when polished, became permanent". During this time, Rupert also formulated a mathematical question concerning the paradox that a cube can pass through a slightly smaller cube; Rupert questioned how large a cube had to be in order to fit. The question of

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accentuated with age. Yet he remains one of the most romantic figures in English history, admired for his reckless cavalry charges, and his equally reckless naval charges against the much stronger Parliamentary, and later Dutch, fleets. ... The prince alienated many because he was frequently irascible, tactless, impatient, and—most seriously—a poor judge of character.

578:(the Wassenaer Court). Rupert's mother paid her children little attention even by the standards of the day, apparently preferring her pet monkeys and dogs. Instead, Frederick employed a French couple, Monsieur and Madame de Plessen, as governors to his children. They were raised with a positive attitude towards the Bohemians and the English, and as strict 2105:, near the Strand in London. The next year Rupert established Hughes with a "grand building" worth £25,000 that he bought in Hammersmith from Sir Nicholas Crispe. Rupert seems rather to have enjoyed the family lifestyle, commenting that his young daughter "already rules the whole house and sometimes argues with her mother, which makes us all laugh." 730:, Ferdinand's younger brother, who met and grew to like Rupert. Rupert practised etching, played tennis, practised shooting, read military textbooks and was taken on accompanied hunting trips. He also entered into a romantic affair with Susan Kuffstein, the daughter of Count von Kuffstein, his gaoler. He received a present of a rare white 1635:, one of the longest naval battles in history; the battle saw the new aggressive tactics of Rupert and Monck applied, resulting in "a sight unique till then in sailing-ship warfare, the English beating upwind and breaking the enemy's line from leeward." However, the Four Days' Battle was considered a victory for the Dutch, but the 1561:

chambers "hung with tapisserie, curious and effeminate pictures". King Charles II and Rupert spent much time together over the years hunting and playing tennis together at Windsor, and Rupert was also a close companion of James, the Duke of York. Rupert was considered by Pepys to be among the four best tennis players in England.

810:, a coveted appointment at the time in European warfare. Rupert set about recruiting and training: with great effort he had put together a partially trained mounted force of 3,000 cavalry by the end of September. Rupert's reputation continued to rise and, leading a sudden, courageous charge, he routed a Parliamentarian force at 885:, and his humour could turn into a "sardonic wit and a contemptuous manner": with a hasty temper, he was too quick to say whom he respected and whom he disliked. The result was that, while he could inspire great loyalty in some, especially with his men, he also made many enemies at the Royal court. When Prince Rupert 1779:

described Rupert as "brave and courageous even to rashness, but cross-grained and incorrigibly obstinate... he was polite, even to excess, unseasonably; but haughty, and even brutal, when he ought to have been gentle and courteous... his manners were ungracious: he had a dry hard-favoured visage, and

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Rupert's family continued their attempts to regain the Palatinate during their time in The Hague. Money was short, with the family relying upon a relatively small pension from The Hague, the proceeds from family investments in Dutch raids on Spanish shipping, and revenue from pawned family jewellery.

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After Rupert's retirement from active seafaring in around 1674, he was able to spend more time engaged in scientific research and became credited with many inventions and discoveries, although some subsequently turned out to be the innovative introduction of European inventions into England. Rupert

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that was sweeping London, Rupert continued to argue in favour of the fleet's seeking a set-piece engagement with the Dutch that would force the Dutch back to the negotiating table. The following year, Rupert was made joint commander of the fleet with Monck and given the opportunity to put this plan

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with Prince Maurice and around a hundred men, fighting their way through smaller enemy units and evading larger ones. King Charles attempted to order Rupert to desist, fearing an armed coup, but Rupert arrived at the royal court anyway. After a difficult meeting, Rupert convinced the King to hold a

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along the way in two bloody assaults, Rupert then intervened in Yorkshire in two highly effective manoeuvres, in the first outwitting the enemy forces at Newark with speed; in the second, striking across country and approaching York from the north. Rupert then commanded much of the royalist army at

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After a failed attempt to bribe his way free of his guards, Rupert was imprisoned in Linz. Lord Craven, also taken in the battle, attempted to persuade his captors to allow him to remain with Rupert, but was refused. Rupert's imprisonment was surrounded by religious overtones. His mother was deeply

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Rupert had a characteristic style as an admiral; he relied upon "energetic personal leadership backed by close contact with his officers"; having decided how to proceed in a naval campaign, however, it could be difficult for his staff to change his mind. Recent work on Rupert's role as a commander

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court and improving the castle's hunting estate. Rupert acquired his own apartments in the castle, which were recorded as being "very singular" with some decorated with an "extraordinary" number of "pikes, muskets, pistols, bandoliers, holsters, drums, back, breast, and head pieces", and his inner

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forces and was appointed governor of the city. By mid-1643, Rupert had become so well known that he was an issue in any potential peace accommodation—Parliament was seeking to see him punished as part of any negotiated solution, and the presence of Rupert at the court, close to the King during the

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in 1660, Rupert returned to England, where Charles had already largely completed the process of balancing the different factions across the country in a new administration. Since most of the better government posts were already taken, Rupert's employment was limited, although Charles rewarded him

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through quiet negotiations with the enemy commander—an impressive accomplishment, and one that won him favour in French court circles. Gassion and Rupert were ambushed shortly afterwards by a Spanish party; during the resulting fight, Rupert was shot in the head and seriously injured. Afterwards,

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to King Charles II and the Society, glass teardrops which explode when the tail is cracked; although credited with their invention at the time, later interpretations suggest that he was instead responsible for the introduction of an existing European discovery into England. He demonstrated a new

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in August, a controversial sequence of engagements in which, at a minimum, poor communications between the French and English commanders assisted the Dutch victories. Many English commentators were harsher, blaming the French for failing to fully engage in the battles and Rupert—having cautioned

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Rupert's contemporaries believed him to have been involved in some of the bloodier events of the war, although later histories have largely exonerated him. Rupert had grown up surrounded by the relatively savage customs of the Thirty Years' War in Europe. Shortly after his arrival in England he

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to fight the Spanish during the final years of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert's military employment was complicated by his promises to the Holy Roman Emperor that had led to his release from captivity in 1642, and his ongoing commitment to the English Royalist faction in exile. He also became a

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had come to England after conducting a joint exploration of the Hudson's Bay region in 1659; there their account attracted the attention of the King and Rupert. Rupert put an initial investment of £270 of his own money into a proposal for a fresh expedition and set about raising more; despite

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a month later. Although Rupert had counselled the King against accepting battle at Naseby, the opinions of Digby had won the day in council: nonetheless, Rupert's defeat damaged him, rather than Digby, politically. After Naseby, Rupert regarded the Royalist cause as lost, and urged Charles to

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During the second half of the war, political opposition within the Royalist senior leadership against Prince Rupert continued to grow. His personality during the war had made him both friends and enemies. He enjoyed a "frank and generous disposition", showed a "quickness of... intellect", was

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Charles I's nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, was a famed warrior who won hardly any battles on land or sea. Beloved by his men for his death-defying courage and his high sense of military honour, he was nonetheless a bad tempered and arrogant leader. His defects of character became more

1556:, who had their headquarters at the castle, and was a close companion of the King, who would wish to be suitably entertained at the castle. Rupert immediately began to reorder the castle's defences, sorting out the garrison's accommodation, repairing the Devil's Tower, reconstructing the 1774:

After the end of his seagoing naval career, Rupert continued to be actively involved in both government and science, although he was increasingly removed from current politics. To the younger members of the court, the prince appeared increasingly distant—almost from a different era. The

1451:, with whom Rupert discussed the technique in letters from 1654. Rupert did, however, become a noted artist in mezzotint in his own right. He produced a few stylish prints in the technique, mostly interpretations of existing paintings, and introduced the form to England after the 567:. Rupert's parents were thus mockingly termed the "Winter King and Queen". Rupert was almost left behind in the court's rush to escape Ferdinand's advance on Prague, until courtier Kryštof z Donína (Christopher Dhona) tossed the prince into a carriage at the last moment. 593:, or "Rupert The Devil". Nonetheless, Rupert proved to be an able student. By the age of three, he could speak some English, Czech, and French, and mastered German while still young; however, he had little interest in Latin and Greek. He excelled in art, being taught by 821:

in October. Once again, Rupert was at his best with swift battlefield movements; the night before, he had undertaken a forced march and seized the summit of Edgehill, giving the Royalists a superior position. When he quarrelled with his fellow infantry commander,

2024:" in his honour—sometimes also referred to as "Bristol Brass". Rupert invented the alloy in order to improve naval artillery, but it also became used as a replacement for gold in decorations. Rupert was also credited with having devised an exceptional method for 1568:. Frances claimed to have secretly married Rupert in 1664, although this was denied by him and no firm proof exists to support the claim. Rupert acknowledged the son he had with Frances, Dudley Bard (1666–86), often called "Dudley Rupert", who was schooled at 897:, a favourite of both the King and the Queen. Digby was a classic courtier and Rupert fell to arguing with him repeatedly in meetings. The result was that towards the end of the war Prince Rupert's position at court was increasingly undermined by his enemies. 1517:. For the first time in his life, Rupert's financial position was relatively secure, and he had matured. Near-contemporaries described how "his temper was less explosive than formerly and his judgement sounder". Rupert continued to serve as an admiral in the 2051:

by pouring molten lead through a colander or sieve and allowing the droplets to fall several inches into water. Such shot found on archaeological sites, frequently on 17th- and 18th-century shipwrecks, are often referred to as Rupert shot by archaeologists.

1545:, no friend of Rupert's, sat on the Tangier Committee with him and later declared that all Rupert did was to laugh and swear occasionally: other records, such as those of the Foreign Affairs Committee, show him taking a full and active role in proceedings. 616:

in the same month deprived the family of a critical Protestant ally. With Frederick gone, King Charles proposed that the family move to England; Rupert's mother declined, but asked that Charles extend his protection to her remaining children instead.

746:; in exchange for a commitment never again to take up arms against the emperor, Rupert would be released. Rupert formally kissed the emperor's hand at the end of 1641, turned down a final offer of an imperial command and left Germany for England. 1604:, they had commanded relatively small land forces and Rupert was still relatively unusual for the period in having both practical experience of commanding large land armies and having extensive naval experience from his campaigns in the 1650s. 1697: 1600:. Rupert became closely involved in these as a senior admiral to King Charles II, rising to command the Royal Navy by the end of his career. Although several famous admirals of the day had previously been army commanders, including Blake and 1040:, either personally or by proxy through his pet dog, Boy, sometimes called Pudel, a large white hunting poodle which accompanied Rupert everywhere from 1642 up until the dog's death at Marston Moor and which was suspected of being a witch's 1639:

the following month allowed Rupert and Monck to use the same tactics to inflict heavy damage on the Dutch and the battle resulted in a significant English victory. The Dutch however would see a favourable end to the war with the decisive

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Then, following a degree of reconciliation with Charles, Rupert obtained command of the Royalist fleet himself. The intention was to restore Royalist finances by using the remaining vessels of the fleet to conduct a campaign of organised

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In November 1644, Rupert was appointed general of the entire Royalist army, which increased already marked tensions between him and a number of the King's councillors. By May 1645, and now desperately short of supplies, Rupert captured

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a stern look, even when he wished to please; but, when he was out of humour, he was the true picture of reproof". Rupert's health during this period was also less robust; his head wound from his employment in France required a painful

1465:, produced in 1658, is still regarded by critics such as Arthur Hind and Antony Griffiths as full of "brilliance and energy", "superb" and "one of the greatest mezzotints" ever produced; other important works by Rupert include the 1390:

instead. Rupert moved on, having placed his brother Charles Louis in some diplomatic difficulties with Spain. Rupert travelled onwards, continuing to attempt to convince Ferdinand to back Charles II's efforts to regain his throne.

1355:, where the two had an ambivalent reunion. Charles Louis and Rupert had not been friendly as children and had almost ended up on opposite sides during the Civil War. To make matters worse, Charles Louis had been deprived of half 814:, the first military engagement of the war. Although a small engagement, this had a propaganda value far exceeding the importance of the battle itself, and Rupert became an heroic figure for many young men in the Royalist camp. 1572:. In 1673, Rupert was urged by Charles Louis to return home, marry and father an heir to the Palatinate, as it appeared likely that Charles Louis's own son would not survive childhood. Rupert refused, and remained in England. 601:

Frederick set about convincing an alliance of nations—including England, France and Sweden — to support his attempts to regain the Palatinate and Bohemia. By the early 1630s, Frederick had built a close relationship with King

1879:, in his honour. The company continued to prosper, forming the basis for much of the commercial activity of colonial Canada. Rupert's role in colonial commerce was marked by his being asked to lay the cornerstone of the new 398:

in his later years, he showed greater maturity and made impressive and long-lasting contributions to the Royal Navy's doctrine and development. As a colonial governor, Rupert shaped the political geography of modern Canada:

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Rupert had demonstrated an interest in colonial issues for many years. On arriving in England in 1663, he had encouraged the government to continue his own exploration of the Gambia in an attempt to find gold, leading to

1855:, made a successful expedition, returning in 1669 with furs worth £1,400. In 1670, the King approved the charter for "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay" that would form the 682:

In between these campaigns, Rupert had visited his uncle's court in England. The Palatinate cause was a popular Protestant issue in England, and in 1637 a general public subscription helped fund an expedition under

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process. Rupert appears to have told a range of associates that he had conceived of the mezzotint process through having watched a soldier scrape the rust from the barrel of his musket during a military campaign.

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Gassion noted: "Monsieur, I am most annoyed that you are wounded." "And me also," Rupert is recorded as replying. Gassion was himself killed shortly afterwards, and Rupert returned to St Germain to recuperate.

1306:, and the restoration of Charles II. Charles himself is understood to have rejected the assassination proposal, but three conspirators—who implicated Rupert in the plan—were arrested and confessed in London. 5178:

The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information: Concerning Remarkable Men and Manners, Times and Seasons, Solemnities and Merry-makings, Antiquities and Novelties on the plan of the Every-day Book and

2133:. Rupert left most of his estate, worth some £12,000, equally to Hughes and Ruperta. Hughes had an "uncomfortable widowhood" without Rupert's support, allegedly not helped by her unproductive gambling. 1175:

sailors by suddenly dangling the ringleader over the side of his vessel and threatening to drop him into the sea. Most of the fleet finally switched sides once more, returning to England in late 1648.

5771: 2097:). Hughes lived an expensive lifestyle during the 1670s, enjoying gambling and jewels; Rupert gave her at least £20,000 worth of jewellery during their relationship, including several items from the 5826: 1156:

in favour of the King and sailed for Holland, providing the Royalists with a major fleet for the first time since the start of the civil conflict; Rupert joined the fleet under the command of the

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for the King as the price of not sacking Leicester. Although in keeping with European practices, this was not considered appropriate behaviour in England and Rupert was reprimanded by the King.

830:. In the subsequent battle Rupert's men made a dramatic cavalry charge, but despite his best efforts a subsequent scattering and loss of discipline turned a potential victory into a stalemate. 5801: 5831: 1927:, being referred to by contemporaries as a "philosophic warrior", and guided the Society as a Councillor during its early years. Very early on in the Society's history, Rupert demonstrated 1626:

in 1665, breaking through the enemy defences at a critical moment; Rupert's leg was injured in the battle, an injury that caused him ongoing pain. Recalled to accompany the King during the

2945:. He is assisted during the Civil War by the staunchly Royalist fictional Morland family, and is father to the illegitimate Annunciata Morland, with whom he has a complicated relationship. 1655:

was a key English ally against Holland, and it was decided that the French would form a squadron in a combined fleet. The English fleet had been much expanded, and Rupert had three ships,

873:, by Sir Anthony Van Dyck; although a less successful soldier, Digby was an increasingly powerful political rival to Rupert within the Royalist court during the second half of the 982:, before returning to Oxford and the King in 1646. Rupert and the King were reconciled, the Prince remaining to defend Oxford when the King left for the north. After the ensuing 5671: 609:

and Calvinist subjects after regaining his lands; Frederick refused and set off to return to The Hague. He died of a fever along the way and was buried in an unmarked grave.

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with the second highest pension he had granted, £4,000 a year. Rupert's close family ties to King Charles were critical to his warm reception; following the deaths of the

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him. The emperor went further, proffering the option of freedom, a position as an Imperial general and a small principality if Rupert would convert. Rupert refused.

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Rupert arrived in England following his period of imprisonment and final release from captivity in Germany. In August 1642, Rupert, along with his brother Prince

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in 1642. Throughout the period Rupert was inconvenienced by his lack of secure income, and his ongoing feuds with other leading members of the Royalist circle.

1248:, who only just escaped — and a great deal of captured treasure. Turning back to regroup, repair and re-equip in early 1652, Rupert's reduced force moored at 1183:

against English shipping across the region. One of the obstacles that this plan faced was the growing strength of the Parliamentary fleet and the presence of

1052:. Similar stories from the period relate to Rupert's pet monkey. Like his dog, the monkey was featured in newsprint of the day and was also reputed to have 407:. Rupert's varied and numerous scientific and administrative interests, combined with his considerable artistic skills, made him one of the more colourful 2650: 1502: 950:

conclude a peace with Parliament. Charles, still supported by an optimistic Digby, believed he could win the war. By late summer, Prince Rupert had become

1131:, subject to Rupert being free to leave French service to fight for King Charles, should he be called upon to do so. In 1647, Rupert fought under Marshal 605:, the dominant Protestant leader in Germany. In 1632, however, the two men disagreed over Gustavus' insistence that Frederick provide equal rights to his 5706: 5666: 1868: 687:

to try to regain the electorate as part of a joint French campaign. Rupert was placed in command of a Palatinate cavalry regiment, and his later friend

1025:, a key arms producing town, was taken in April 1643, and Rupert faced allegations—probably untrue—of wilfully burning the town to the ground (see the 5716: 5696: 5646: 1439:

during the 18th century. Considerable academic debate surrounds the issue, but the modern consensus is that mezzotint was instead invented in 1642 by

827: 1981:, which when demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1663, had a force of over ten times that of regular powder; a better method for using gunpowder in 5786: 5721: 5711: 2047:, one of Rupert's Royal Society friends during the period. In particular he is credited with developing the process of casting tiny lead pellets or 2020:

alloy, slightly darker in hue than regular brass involving three parts of copper to one part of zinc, combined with charcoal; this became known as "

1459:, Rupert's artistic assistant or tutor, who first popularised the process and exploited it commercially. Rupert's most famous and largest art work, 1207: 679:

in the Netherlands. By the end of this period, Rupert had acquired a reputation for fearlessness in battle, high spirits and considerable industry.

224: 1386:—having done so, and with the army stationed in the Palatinate, the enterprise collapsed, with the Duke requesting that Rupert invade Spanish held 5781: 2137: 1752: 5343: 742:. Despite attempts by a Franco-Swedish army to seize Linz and free Rupert, his release was ultimately negotiated through Leopold and the Empress 2101:

royal collection. Hughes continued to act even after Ruperta's birth, returning to the stage in 1676 with the prestigious Duke's Company at the

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Despite being encouraged to do so, Rupert did not marry Hughes, but acknowledged their daughter, Ruperta (born in 1673 and who later became Mrs

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warmly welcomed him, but was unable to pay such a sum immediately—instead, he would have to pay in installments, to the disadvantage of Rupert.

547:. His father had just been elected king by the largely Protestant estates of Bohemia. This was perceived as an act of rebellion by the Catholic 5751: 5746: 2238:, there was also a street, Rupert Street, and formerly a public house, The Prince Rupert in Rupert Street, named to commemorate Prince Rupert. 5811: 5686: 5676: 5252: 4255: 1732:

against the alliance in the first place—was popularly hailed as a hero. Rupert finally retired from active seagoing command later that year.

1448: 1403: 1379: 890: 482: 2203:, based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, is the relic of this period, as are Prince Rupert Avenue, Rupert Avenue, and Rupertsland Avenue in Winnipeg. 1891: 5736: 5731: 5456: 5386: 2884: 1221:, accompanied by four smaller vessels. Rupert sailed to Lisbon taking several prizes en route, where he received a warm welcome from King 65: 5756: 5661: 5403: 5367: 3841: 2160: 2094: 1601: 1114: 727: 160: 5162:

Volume 8 of A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800

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Rupert's reputation never truly recovered, and in subsequent sieges and attacks he was frequently accused of acting without restraint.

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guns; however, his secret died with him, and the enterprise failed. Rupert enjoyed other military problems, and took to manufacturing

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prepared to face grave dangers, and could be thorough and patient when necessary. However, Prince Rupert lacked the social gifts of a

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for providing for his younger brother and had offered the sum of £375 per annum, which Rupert had accepted. Rupert travelled on to

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and as such was frequently the subject of both Parliamentarian and Royalist propaganda, an image which has endured over the years.

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is the name given to a Georgian lock-up in the Everton area of Liverpool. Rupert stayed in the area during the siege of Liverpool.

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caused consternation by following similar practices; one of his early acts was to demand two thousand pounds from the people of

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A Dialogue or, Rather a Parley betweene Prince Ruperts Dogge whose name is Puddle, and Tobies Dog whose name is Pepper &c.

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by sea from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean, showing considerable persistence in the face of adversity. As the head of the

5741: 5432: 5055: 1747:

on matters of foreign policy, but remained loyal to King Charles II on other issues, and was passionate about protecting the

649:

during the middle stages of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert had become a soldier early; at the age of 14 he attended the Dutch

245: 35: 3821:‘Lapland Lady’, August 2011, DOI: 10.5949/liverpool/9780859898591.003.0005, In book: The Black Legend of Prince Rupert's Dog 1152:

broke out, and Rupert informed the French King that he would be returning to King Charles's service. The Parliamentary navy

1564:

Rupert became romantically engaged to Frances Bard (1646–1708), the daughter of the English explorer and Civil War veteran

5816: 2409: 1443:, a German lieutenant-colonel who was also an amateur artist. Siegen may or may not have met Rupert: Siegen had worked as 424: 285: 195: 139: 1899:, which, as shown in this 1667 engraving celebrating its creation, mirrored his wide interests in science and technology. 1229:. Still pursued by Blake, the Royalist fleet manoeuvred up the Spanish coast, steadily losing vessels to their pursuers. 5691: 5631: 5547: 5501: 2840: 1371:, where he attempted to claim the £15,000 compensation allocated to him under the Peace of Westphalia from the Emperor. 1743:

After 1673, Rupert remained a senior member of the Royal Navy and Charles's administration. Rupert allied himself with

5463: 2949: 2849: 1776: 1549: 971: 428: 252: 173: 2200: 2170:

Rupert's son, Dudley Bard, became a military officer, frequently known as "Captain Rupert", and died fighting at the

1232:

The second phase of the campaign then began. Rupert crossed back into the Atlantic and, during 1651, cut west to the

386:

general, but ultimately undermined by his youthful impatience in dealing with his peers during the Civil War. In the

347:, becoming the archetypal "Cavalier" of the war and ultimately the senior Royalist general. He surrendered after the 1240:, where there would be many rich targets. Instead he encountered a late summer storm, leading to the sinking of the 589:

As a child, Rupert was at times badly behaved, "fiery, mischievous, and passionate" and earned himself the nickname

447:, a coalition of Protestant German states. The Palatinate was a wealthy state, and Frederick lived in great luxury. 5821: 5420: 1833: 1161: 1127: 613: 299: 5806: 2060: 970:

over his conduct at Bristol, which exonerated him and Maurice. After a final argument over the fate of his friend

5482: 2971: 2805: 2623: 2444: 1636: 1395: 1245: 1118: 893:, the lethargic but politically significant Royalist leader of the South-West. Most critically, he fell out with 791: 630: 552: 506: 459: 5587: 3059: 2901:

characters who are actual persons in this timeline, eventually defeats Cromwell and wins the English Civil War.

1656: 1530: 1481: 1402:. One of Rupert's notes proffering his affections accidentally fell into the possession of Charles Louis' wife 1149: 564: 3156: 3113:

In 1869 control of the territory of the Hudson's Bay Company reverted to the British and Canadian governments.

597:, and found mathematics and science easy. By the time he was 18 he stood about 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall. 3073: 2211: 2192: 2036: 1933: 1928: 1856: 1081: 951: 886: 811: 513: 404: 376: 348: 1317:) and others as a bellicose figure and an obstacle to peace negotiations; in 1655 Rupert left for Germany. 5836: 3026: 2822: 2025: 1962: 1880: 1829: 1814: 1677: 1663: 1627: 1616: 1608: 1596:

For much of the 17th century, England was embroiled in conflict with commercial rival Holland through the

1423: 1184: 975: 700: 368: 261: 1121:

and her favourite, Rupert's enemy Digby. Instead, Rupert moved on, accepting a well paid commission from

5441: 5413: 2942: 2641: 2171: 2102: 1998: 1806: 1737: 1724: 1648: 1553: 1493: 1461: 1435:

credited Rupert as the inventor of the technique in 1662, and Rupert's story was further popularised by

1335: 1069: 1036:

Rupert was accordingly a prominent figure in Parliamentary propaganda. He faced numerous accusations of

672: 387: 372: 364: 1394:

In 1656, relations between Rupert and Charles Louis deteriorated badly. Rupert had fallen in love with

5221:

New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the British Isles and New England

2140:, while a pearl necklace given by Elector Frederick to Electress Elizabeth was sold to fellow actress 1363:, leaving him badly short of money, although he still remained responsible under the Imperial laws of 5641: 5636: 3050: 2435: 2098: 1970: 1838: 1670: 1632: 1585: 1444: 1356: 1101: 1090: 937:, and orders from the King that wrongly conveyed a desperate need for a speedy success in the north. 720: 676: 642: 594: 556: 478: 432: 336: 324: 308: 304: 289: 205: 185: 5796: 5393: 2937: 2893: 2659: 1851: 1623: 1506: 1452: 1360: 1222: 1157: 1026: 807: 799: 743: 352: 5681: 5570: 5524: 5511: 2990: 2912:

from their 1970 album of the same name. The 23-minute suite includes several sections, one named

2831: 2274: 2153: 1641: 1510: 1456: 1407: 1309:

Rupert's presence at the royal court continued to be problematic; as in 1643, he was regarded by

979: 921: 905: 901: 818: 783: 660: 502: 498: 494: 455: 412: 328: 128: 100: 56: 52: 5008: 1763: 1194:

Rupert's maritime campaign in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, 1650–1653

1167:

Rupert argued that the fleet should be used to rescue the King, then being held prisoner on the

3820: 1997:. Rupert also focussed on naval inventions: he devised a balancing mechanism to allow improved 1260:

servant boy, who remained in his service for many years. Rupert also explored 150 miles up the

5319: 5248: 5016: 4251: 4245: 2632: 2126: 2021: 1748: 1691: 1440: 1314: 1299: 1198:

Rupert's naval campaign formed two phases. The first involved the Royalist fleet sailing from

874: 755: 739: 602: 548: 440: 344: 332: 277: 153: 145: 104: 5131:

Restoration Warship: The Design, Construction and Career of a Third Rate of Charles II's Navy

4726: 3094:

Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Cumberland, Earl of Holderness

2196: 2164: 2002: 1937: 1864: 1612: 1597: 1352: 1064: 946: 692: 533: 444: 436: 400: 3170: 954:

by Parliamentary forces. Faced with an impossible military situation on the ground, Rupert

833: 559:. Frederick was not supported by the Protestant Union, and in 1620 was defeated by Emperor 524: 5264: 5033: 3097: 3038: 3007: 3001: 2283: 2148:

to two London merchants: Timothy Lannoy and George Treadwell—it was then purchased by the

2083: 2065: 2009:

treatment Rupert set about inventing new surgical equipment to improve future operations.

1958: 1728: 1716: 1703: 1580: 1538: 1295: 1276: 1132: 1122: 1045: 994: 983: 962: 909: 803: 708: 391: 933:, with much of the blame falling on the poor working relationship between Rupert and the 754:

Rupert is probably best remembered today for his role as a Royalist commander during the

303:

Prince Rupert's coat of arms as a Prince Palatine of the Rhine, showing the arms of the

3033: 2920:(an artistic reference to the battle of Naseby) in turn including a sub-section called 1966: 1905: 1828:

By then, however, Rupert's attention had turned to North America. The French explorers

1615:

commanders of the English fleet, under the overall command of the Duke of York, taking

1589: 1534: 1514: 1436: 1399: 1280: 1249: 1073: 1049: 854: 795: 775: 651: 471: 320: 316: 293: 5235:

The Old Engravers of England in Their Relation to Contemporary Life and Art, 1540–1800

1187:, one of the finest admirals of the period, as Rupert's opponent during the campaign. 961:

Rupert responded by making his way across Parliamentary held territory to the King at

671:

to Prince Frederick. Rupert went on to fight against imperial Spain in the successful

625: 5625: 5143: 2880: 2191:

Prince Rupert's memory is well attested in the geography of Canada. The lands of the

2130: 1924: 1896: 1867:, with Rupert appointed the first Governor. Rupert's first company secretary was Sir 1810: 1226: 1168: 1053: 967: 841:

After Edgehill, Rupert asked Charles for a swift cavalry attack on London before the

817:

Rupert joined the King in the advance on London, playing a key role in the resulting

408: 360: 1271:

Rupert then finally made a successful crossing into the Caribbean, landing first at

1135:

against the Spanish. After a three-week siege, Rupert took the powerful fortress of

5184: 2997: 2905: 2223: 2044: 1917: 1569: 1542: 1521:

throughout the period, ultimately rising to the rank of "General at Sea and Land".

1383: 1261: 930: 367:, Rupert returned to England, becoming a senior English naval commander during the 315:

Prince Rupert had a varied career. He was a soldier as a child, fighting alongside

17: 5063: 1715:

The English plan for 1673 centred on first achieving naval dominance, followed by

1136: 5169: 1541:

Committee. Accounts vary of Rupert's role in all these committees of government.

1505:, Rupert was the King's closest adult relation in England after his brother, the 798:, and after one initial failure, evaded the pro-Parliamentary navy and landed in 3045: 3021: 2986: 2957: 2898: 2145: 2114: 1872: 1818: 1557: 1432: 1272: 1237: 917: 846: 794:

and a number of professional soldiers, ran the gauntlet across the sea from the

606: 463: 5298:

Vlootinstructies en de eerste twee oorlogen met Engeland in de zeventiende eeuw

5259:

Badges of the Bravest: A Pictorial History of Fire Departments in New York City

699:; Rupert escaped death, but was captured by the forces of the Imperial General 2953: 2195:, being all the land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay, were known as 2141: 2087: 2079: 2013: 2006: 1949: 1941: 1913: 1789: 1781: 1768: 1686: 1622:

as his flagship. As the commander of the White Squadron, Rupert fought at the

1518: 1486: 1344: 1339:, considered by critic Antony Griffiths to be "one of the greatest mezzotints" 1253: 1037: 1022: 1007: 999: 955: 696: 395: 71: 5020: 5217:

Desire and Its Deformities: Fantasies of Witchcraft in the English Civil War

2231: 2040: 2028: 1994: 1990: 1978: 1954: 1652: 1419: 1330: 1284: 1190: 1085: 1030: 1015: 1003: 942: 925: 735: 668: 664: 638: 579: 571: 356: 269: 257: 119: 91: 1751:. As a consequence, he opposed Parliament's plan in 1677 to appoint him to 958:

in September 1645, and Charles dismissed him from his service and command.

5170:

A History of Engraving and Etching: From the 15th Century to the Year 1914

5148:

A Biographical History of England: From Egbert the Great to the Revolution

3133: 1784:

treatment, his leg wound continued to hurt and he still suffered from the

1711:, a Dutch victory which marked the end of Rupert's career as a sea admiral 2215: 2118: 2048: 1876: 1860: 1041: 882: 853:, a key port. Rupert took Bristol in July with his brother Maurice using 779: 759: 273: 5117:

River Rough, River Smooth: Adventures on Manitoba's Historic Hayes River

1418:

During this period Rupert became closely involved in the development of

1343:

After his quarrel with the Royalist court in exile, Rupert travelled to

726:

Rupert's imprisonment became more relaxed on the advice of the Archduke

612:

Rupert had lost his father at the age of 13, and Gustavus' death at the

2888: 2235: 2219: 2032: 1986: 1977:

with rotating barrels". He is credited with the invention of a form of

1974: 1822: 1785: 1720: 1592:, during which Rupert's new aggressive fleet tactics were first applied 1427: 1364: 1294:

In 1654, Rupert appears to have been involved in a plot to assassinate

1265: 1199: 986:

in 1646, Parliament banished both Rupert and his brother from England.

850: 716: 544: 467: 383: 340: 281: 265: 180: 168: 5539: 5094:

Brannt, William Theodore, Alfred Krupp and Andreas Wildberger. (2009)

1923:

Rupert had already become the third founding member of the scientific

637:

Rupert spent the beginning of his teenage years between the courts of

5338:

King Charles, Prince Rupert, and the Civil War: From Original Letters

5210:

Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control Since the Sixteenth Century

5160:

Highfill, Philip H., Kalman A. Burnim and Edward A. Langhans. (1982)

5155:

Prints and Printmaking: An Introduction to the History and Techniques

5087:

Beckman, Johann, William Francis and John Williams Griffiths. (1846)

2227: 2005:

for retrieving objects on the ocean floor. While recovering from his

1982: 1368: 1303: 1244:

with the loss of 333 lives—almost including Rupert's brother, Prince

1233: 1203: 1180: 1172: 1153: 731: 543:, Bohemia, in 1619, and was declared a prince by the principality of 540: 124: 96: 2136:

Presents from Rupert such as his mother's earrings were sold to the

586:, mathematics, writing, drawing, singing, and playing instruments. 3000:

account of his life from his late teens until his marriage to Peg (

2078:

Towards the end of his life Rupert fell in love with an attractive

1863:

in the whole Hudson Bay watershed area, an immense territory named

2122: 2059: 2043:

of varying sizes in 1663, that was later refined by the scientist

2017: 1909: 1890: 1762: 1696: 1681: 1579: 1480: 1387: 1324: 1257: 1236:, capturing vessels as he went. He intended to continue on to the 1189: 1095: 1063: 993: 865: 832: 769: 624: 583: 523: 298: 4782: 4780: 2249:

Rupert's relationship with the House of Stuart (selective chart)

382:

Rupert is considered to have been a quick-thinking and energetic

339:(1618–1648). Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist 4244:

Andrew Marvell; Martin Dzelzainis; Annabel M. Patterson (2003).

913: 858:

negotiations, was perceived as a bellicose statement in itself.

646: 5543: 1947:

Many of Rupert's inventions were military. After designing the

802:. Riding across country, he found the King with a tiny army at 4725:. Library and Archives Canada. 7 December 2001. Archived from 3134:"Discover etcher, mezzotinter, painter Ruprecht van de Palts" 5108:

Croft, Hallard T, Richard K. Guy and K. J. Falconer. (1994)

2012:

Other parts of Rupert's scientific work lay in the field of

1825:; Rupert was the third named member of the company's board. 5089:

A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, Volume 1

3057:

Rupert was portrayed by Will Bowden in the 2015 Dutch film

1841:, by 1667 he had formed a private syndicate and leased the 1029:). Shortly afterwards Rupert attempted to take the town of 4719:"Hudson's Bay Company – Exploring Westward – 18th Century" 2996:, published by William Morrow and Company Ltd. in 1961, a 1631:

into practice. In June 1666, they fought the Dutch at the

1426:

printmaking process which eventually superseded the older

1056:

powers, being able to disguise itself behind enemy lines.

272:, and colonial governor. He first rose to prominence as a 1821:

in West Africa, in pursuit of trade in gold, silver, and

900:

Rupert continued to impress militarily. By 1644, now the

439:, Frederick was one of the most important princes of the 2039:. He also invented an improved method for manufacturing 1509:, and so a key member of the new regime. Rupert, as the 1256:. Rupert took the opportunity to explore and acquired a 1264:, taking two Spanish vessels as prizes and contracting 707:

concerned that he might be converted from Calvinism to

629:

Rupert as a young man visiting the court of his uncle,

5036:

Manitoba Historical Society. Accessed 24 January 2022.

4918:

Spencer, p. 318; Highfill, Burnim and Langhans, p. 26.

4723:

Pathfinders and passageways: The exploration of Canada

2068:, Rupert's mistress in later life, by Sir Peter Lely, 1883:

in 1670, and being made one of its first councillors.

1611:(1665–1667), Rupert was appointed as one of the three 1113:

Rupert first travelled to the Royal court in exile at

5309:

The Stranger Prince: The story of Rupert of the Rhine

1378:

Over the next twelve months, Rupert was asked by the

403:

was named in his honour, and he was a founder of the

260:) – 29 November 1682 (O.S.) ) was an English-German 5827:

Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War

4857: 4855: 1940:. Rupert was also known for his success in breaking 1447:, and probably part-tutor, to Rupert's young cousin 351:

and was banished from England. He served under King

3375: 3373: 1298:, an event that would then have been followed by a 582:. The result was a strict school routine including 219: 211: 201: 191: 179: 167: 152: 134: 110: 79: 45: 27:

German-English army officer and admiral (1619–1682)

5802:Royal Navy personnel of the Second Anglo-Dutch War 5772:German military personnel of the Thirty Years' War 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4905: 4903: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4695: 4693: 4617: 4615: 4305: 4303: 3750: 3748: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3525: 3523: 1920:, from where he conducted a range of experiments. 659:. Later that year he fought alongside him and the 30:"Prince Rupert" redirects here. For the city, see 5832:Royal Navy personnel of the Third Anglo-Dutch War 4993:Ian Gentles, "Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier", 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4638: 4636: 4551: 4549: 4530: 4528: 4455: 4453: 4353: 4351: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4114: 4112: 3922: 3920: 3880: 3878: 3780: 3778: 3432: 3430: 3363: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 2230:are all named after the Prince. Rupert's Bay on 1492:Following the Restoration of the monarchy under 3102:Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern 2184: 1382:in Northern Italy to raise an army against the 786:. Rupert, seated, commanded the King's cavalry. 3901: 3899: 998:Rupert was a common figure of Parliamentarian 234:Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland 5555: 4250:. Yale University Press. pp. 270 n.260. 3171:"Sophia of Hanover Dies | History Today" 2982:. Both novels deal with the Civil War period. 2897:, where the Prince, with the help of various 1548:In 1668, the King appointed Rupert to be the 978:, examining options for employment under the 8: 5301:. MA Thesis. Rotterdam: Erasmus University. 4247:The Prose Works of Andrew Marvell: 1676–1678 2113:Rupert died at his house at Spring Gardens, 1969:; he devised both a gun that fired multiple 1936:was first solved by the Dutch mathematician 470:and other provinces were the leaders of the 215:Soldier, statesman, privateer, and scientist 5269:Memoirs of Prince Rupert, and the Cavaliers 5157:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5103:The Emporium of Arts and Sciences, Volume 3 5034:MHS Resources: History in Winnipeg Streets. 1647:Rupert also played a prominent role in the 1537:Committee, the Admiralty Committee and the 837:Illustration of Prince Rupert at Edgehill. 375:, and serving as the first governor of the 5562: 5548: 5540: 5375: 5348:Warrior Prince: Prince Rupert of the Rhine 2941:, a series of historical novels by author 2904:Prince Rupert is the key character in the 2245: 1809:, with a royal charter to right to set up 849:in February before moving further against 667:, and by 1635 he was acting as a military 645:, before being captured and imprisoned in 64: 42: 5842:Children of Frederick V of the Palatinate 5228:The English Civil War: A People's History 5189:Prince Rupert: Admiral and General-at-Sea 1287:, which scattered the ships and sank the 750:Career during the First English Civil War 695:(17 October 1638) during the invasion of 5672:Bohemian people of the Thirty Years' War 2090:, the foremost court artist of the day. 1767:An older Rupert, painted in 1670 by Sir 1275:, before continuing up the chain of the 1206:in Portugal. He took three large ships, 1060:Second English Civil War and Interregnum 945:, but suffered a severe reversal at the 574:, where he spent his early years at the 390:, Rupert continued the conflict against 5767:Members of the Privy Council of England 5702:English people of the Thirty Years' War 5652:17th-century English military personnel 4765:Beckmann, Francis and Griffiths p. 244. 3157:"Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland" 3125: 3085: 738:, and which remained with him into the 528:Rupert (right) with his elder brother, 379:. He died in England in 1682, aged 62. 5657:17th-century German military personnel 5096:The Metallic Alloys: A Practical Guide 2117:, on 29 November 1682 after a bout of 1908:to a luxury laboratory, complete with 1845:from the King for the expedition. The 1676:, equipped with a high-specification, 1084:Rupert was employed by the young King 355:against Spain, and then as a Royalist 307:quartered with his dynastical arms of 5777:Peers of England created by Charles I 5727:Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company 5164:. Southern Illinois University Press. 4975:Highfill, Burnim and Langhans, p. 26. 3074:Canadian locations named after Rupert 2859: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2754: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2667: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2534: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2462: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2347: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 1684:-produced gun of his own design, the 1449:William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1104:, which he was invested with in 1642. 711:; his captors, encouraged by Emperor 483:James VI of Scotland and I of England 7: 5316:Prince Rupert: Portrait of a Soldier 5009:"Anglican Archives in Rupert's Land" 4879:Brannt, Krupp and Wildberger p. 109. 2970:Prince Rupert is the protagonist of 2879:Prince Rupert is the protagonist of 2001:measurements at sea, and produced a 1904:converted some of the apartments at 1895:Rupert was a founding member of the 1485:Frances Bard, Rupert's mistress, by 1117:but found it still dominated by the 5340:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 5007:MacDonald, Wilma (1 January 1986). 4804:Hone, pp. 306–307; Granger, p. 407. 3048:played Rupert in the 2008 TV drama 2199:from 1670 until 1870. The Anglican 2154:Brandenburg (or Brandenburgh) House 1849:failed, but her sister vessel, the 1100:Coat of arms of Prince Rupert as a 774:Charles I (in blue sash) holding a 3265:Dalton, notes (chapter 1, note 7). 570:Rupert accompanied his parents to 491:Charles II of England and Scotland 280:. Rupert was the third son of the 25: 5707:Generals of the Holy Roman Empire 5667:17th-century Royal Navy personnel 5609:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 5601:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 3619:Wedgwood, p.313; Spencer, p. 118. 2606:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 2206:Elsewhere in Canada, the city of 1329:Rupert's largest and most famous 1302:, the landing of a small army in 657:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange 530:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 516:, a famous Wittelsbach ancestor. 487:Charles I of England and Scotland 485:. Thus Rupert was nephew of King 452:Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau 5717:German people of English descent 5697:English people of German descent 5647:17th-century people from Bohemia 5357:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. 5292:. London: Hart Davis, MacGibbon. 5245:Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier 2985:Prince Rupert is the subject of 2234:may also be named after him. In 1817:, maintain troops, and exercise 1552:. Rupert was already one of the 1477:Career following the Restoration 223: 5787:Prince Rupert, British Columbia 5722:German people of French descent 5712:German people of Danish descent 5196:The History of the British Navy 3872:Spencer, pp. 189, 242–243, 254. 2978:and appears in her later novel 2208:Prince Rupert, British Columbia 2150:Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1709:Willem van de Velde the Younger 1283:. There the fleet was hit by a 703:towards the end of the battle. 32:Prince Rupert, British Columbia 5782:Military personnel from Prague 5203:Atlas of the English Civil War 5105:. Philadelphia: J. Delaplaine. 4786:Croft, Guy and Falconer, p.53. 2035:objects into an appearance of 1989:. He also developed a form of 1961:for a revolutionary method of 1859:, which was granted a trading 1576:Career in the Restoration navy 1148:In 1648, the relatively brief 1002:, depicted here, with his dog 555:since 1526, and initiated the 532:(left), in a 1637 portrait by 512:Rupert was named in honour of 36:Prince Rupert (disambiguation) 1: 5752:Lord-lieutenants of Berkshire 5747:Lord high admirals of England 5350:. London: Secker and Warburg. 5110:Unsolved Problems in Geometry 4447:Spencer, p.351; Endsor, p. 9. 2948:Prince Rupert and his sister 2410:Frederick V of the Palatinate 2069: 1887:Science and the Royal Society 1533:in 1662, taking roles on the 1398:, one of his sister-in-law's 1252:, an island near what is now 984:siege and surrender of Oxford 806:, and was promptly appointed 663:at the Anglo-German siege of 425:Frederick V of the Palatinate 327:(1568–1648), and against the 286:Frederick V of the Palatinate 276:cavalry commander during the 196:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 5812:Fellows of the Royal Society 5687:Counts Palatine of the Rhine 5677:Burials at Westminster Abbey 5502:Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire 5353:Wilkinson, Clennell (1935). 5311:. New York: Harcourt, Brace. 5261:. Turner Publishing Company. 5257:Urbanowicz, Gary. R. (2002) 4997:(2009) 124#506, pp. 174–175. 1953:naval gun, Rupert erected a 1529:Rupert was appointed to the 1351:, now partially restored as 1144:Service in the Royalist navy 641:and that of his uncle, King 5737:House of Palatinate-Simmern 5732:History of British Columbia 5464:Constable of Windsor Castle 5355:Prince Rupert, the Cavalier 5219:. in Levack, Brian P. (ed) 5136:Fergusson, Bernard (1952). 2144:. Hughes sold the house in 1550:Constable of Windsor Castle 1068:Rupert at the start of the 489:, and first cousin of King 5858: 5757:Lord-lieutenants of Surrey 5662:17th-century German people 5582:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 5331:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 5208:Palmer, Michael A. (2007) 5153:Griffiths, Antony. (1996) 5101:Coxe, John Redman. (1814) 2182:According to Ian Gentles: 1513:, resumed his seat in the 1160:, who assumed the rank of 1109:Service in the French army 443:. He was also head of the 292:, eldest daughter of King 29: 5792:Princes of the Palatinate 5577: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5499: 5491: 5483:Lord Lieutenant of Surrey 5480: 5470: 5461: 5453: 5448: 5427: 5418: 5410: 5400: 5391: 5383: 5378: 5276:The King's War: 1641–1647 5233:Salaman, Malcolm. (2005) 5212:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. 5150:. London: William Baynes. 4995:English Historical Review 2927:Prince Rupert appears in 2918:The Battle of Glass Tears 2863: 2828: 2806:George I of Great Britain 2774: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2706: 2704: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2445:Henrietta Maria of France 2441: 2415: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2280: 2174:while in his late teens. 719:priests in an attempt to 631:King Charles I of England 507:George I of Great Britain 460:Maurice, Prince of Orange 296:of England and Scotland. 63: 50: 5336:Petrie, Charles (1974). 5329:Morrah, Patrick (1976). 5288:Ashley, Maurice (1976). 5198:. London: Pelican Books. 5129:Endsor, Richard. (2009) 5124:Inventors and Inventions 5115:Dalton, Anthony. (2010) 5091:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 3032:Rupert was portrayed by 3020:Rupert was portrayed by 2952:are minor characters in 2201:Diocese of Rupert's Land 2121:, and was buried in the 2016:. Rupert invented a new 1837:setbacks, including the 1150:Second English Civil War 1125:to serve Louis XIV as a 1006:, pillaging the town of 920:. Having marched north, 565:Battle of White Mountain 5344:Thomson, George Malcolm 5307:Irwin, Margaret (1937) 5274:Wedgwood, C. V. (1970) 5237:. Kessinger Publishing. 5226:Purkiss, Diane. (2007) 5215:Purkiss, Diane. (2001) 5194:Lewis, Michael. (1957) 5167:Hind, Arthur M. (1963) 4522:Warburton, pp. 505–506. 1871:and Radisson named the 1834:Médard des Groseilliers 1796:Colonial administration 1788:he had caught while in 1082:First English Civil War 908:, he led the relief of 889:, he also slighted the 862:Later stages, 1644–1646 766:Early phases, 1642–1643 514:Rupert, King of Germany 158:Dudley Bard (1666–1686) 5762:Lords of the Admiralty 5314:Kitson, Frank (1994). 5295:De Viet, Rens (2010). 5176:Hone, William. (1841) 5133:. London: Anova Books. 5122:Dircks, Henry. (1867) 4941:Spencer, pp. 320, 367. 3842:"Newsprint circa 1643" 3831:Purkiss, 2007, p. 377. 3811:Purkiss, 2001, p. 276. 3673:Wedgwood, pp. 422–423. 3601:Wedgwood, pp. 219–220. 3583:Wedgwood, pp. 148–149. 3574:Wedgwood, pp. 148–149. 3499:Wedgwood, pp. 115–116. 3454:Purkiss, 2007, p. 175. 3101: 2922:Prince Rupert's Lament 2823:William III of England 2189: 2159:Ruperta later married 2138:Duchess of Marlborough 2075: 1973:at high speed, and a " 1900: 1830:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1771: 1712: 1637:St. James's Day Battle 1609:Second Anglo-Dutch War 1593: 1489: 1340: 1195: 1105: 1077: 1010: 877: 838: 787: 782:on the day before the 736:Boy or sometimes Pudel 701:Melchior von Hatzfeldt 634: 536: 369:Second Anglo-Dutch War 312: 34:. For other uses, see 5742:Knights of the Garter 5457:The Viscount Mordaunt 5404:The Duke of Albermale 5318:. London: Constable. 5271:. London: R. Bentley. 5201:Newman, P. R. (2006) 5112:. New York: Springer. 4678:Spencer, pp. 339–340. 4630:Spencer, pp. 303–305. 4034:Spencer, pp. 228–230. 3935:Spencer, pp. 197-198. 3742:Spencer, pp. 176–177. 3008:Prince Rupert's Tower 2966:Grantville Gazette VI 2962:Grantville Gazette IV 2943:Cynthia Harrod-Eagles 2935:, volumes 4 and 5 of 2841:Anne of Great Britain 2642:Charles II of England 2103:Dorset Garden Theatre 2084:Margaret "Peg" Hughes 2063: 1929:Prince Rupert's drops 1894: 1807:Royal African Company 1766: 1738:First Anglo-Dutch War 1725:Battle of Schooneveld 1700: 1651:(1672–74). This time 1649:Third Anglo-Dutch War 1583: 1554:Knights of the Garter 1525:Restoration statesman 1484: 1462:The Great Executioner 1347:to visit his brother 1336:The Great Executioner 1328: 1193: 1099: 1080:After the end of the 1067: 997: 935:Marquess of Newcastle 869: 836: 773: 673:campaign around Breda 633:, by Anthony van Dyck 628: 527: 373:Third Anglo-Dutch War 302: 5817:Nobility from Prague 5387:The Duke of Hamilton 5333:. London: Constable. 5223:. London: Routledge. 5205:. London: Routledge. 5191:. London: Constable. 5098:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 5060:History of Liverpool 5056:"Siege of Liverpool" 4504:Kitson, pp. 288–289. 4097:Kitson, pp. 118–119. 3159:. 17 September 2019. 2914:Prince Rupert Awakes 2850:James Francis Edward 2436:Charles I of England 2193:Hudson's Bay Company 2152:and became known as 1934:Prince Rupert's cube 1857:Hudson's Bay Company 1839:Great Fire of London 1607:At the start of the 1588:, 1–4 June 1666, by 1531:King's Privy Council 1396:Louise von Degenfeld 1242:Constant Reformation 1210:Constant Reformation 1102:Knight of the Garter 1091:Knight of the Garter 891:Marquess of Hertford 655:with the Protestant 595:Gerard van Honthorst 520:Early life and exile 477:Rupert's mother was 450:Frederick's mother, 433:House of Wittelsbach 423:Rupert's father was 419:Parents and ancestry 405:Hudson's Bay Company 377:Hudson's Bay Company 5692:Earls of Holderness 5632:Dukes of Cumberland 5571:Dukes of Cumberland 5474:The Duke of Norfolk 5394:Master of the Horse 5290:Rupert of the Rhine 5247:. London: Phoenix. 5138:Rupert of the Rhine 5119:. Toronto: Dundurn. 5066:on 12 February 2023 4429:De Viet, pp. 44–45. 4336:Spencer, pp. 310–1. 4297:Spencer, pp. 327–9. 3980:Kitson, pp. 70, 73. 3962:Kitson, pp. 50, 69. 3379:Spencer, pp. 40–41. 3343:Spencer, pp. 38–39. 3301:Spencer, pp. 28–29. 3292:Spencer, pp. 25–26. 3274:Spencer, pp. 19–21. 3210:Spencer, pp. 16–17. 3092:His full title was 3015:Film and television 2976:The Stranger Prince 2938:The Morland Dynasty 2894:A Midsummer Tempest 2885:alternative history 2855:"The Old Pretender" 2660:James II of England 2210:, the community of 2129:on 6 December in a 1653:Louis XIV of France 1624:Battle of Lowestoft 1471:The Standard Bearer 1361:Peace of Westphalia 1086:Louis XIV of France 1027:Battle of Camp Hill 956:surrendered Bristol 734:that Rupert called 675:in 1637 during the 539:Rupert was born in 481:, daughter of King 458:and half-sister of 353:Louis XIV of France 256:(17 December 1619 ( 18:Rupert of the Rhine 5525:Duke of Cumberland 5512:Peerage of England 5438:Title next held by 5379:Political offices 5278:. London: Fontana. 5173:. New York: Dover. 5140:. London: Collins. 5045:Fergusson, p. 141. 4861:Urbanowicz, p. 28. 4729:on 5 February 2007 4375:Kitson, pp. 312–3. 3998:Kitson, pp. 86–87. 3415:Warburton, p. 103. 2991:biographical novel 2832:Mary II of England 2275:James I of England 2242:Genealogical table 2076: 1901: 1772: 1713: 1642:Raid on the Medway 1594: 1511:Duke of Cumberland 1499:Duke of Gloucester 1490: 1457:Wallerant Vaillant 1422:, a "negative" or 1408:Kingdom of Hungary 1357:the old Palatinate 1341: 1321:Service in Germany 1196: 1106: 1078: 1011: 980:Republic of Venice 952:trapped in Bristol 906:Earl of Holderness 902:Duke of Cumberland 878: 839: 819:Battle of Edgehill 788: 784:Battle of Edgehill 635: 603:Gustavus of Sweden 537: 505:was the mother of 499:Earl of Holderness 495:Duke of Cumberland 456:William the Silent 454:, was daughter of 429:Palatinate-Simmern 413:Restoration period 411:in England of the 329:Holy Roman Emperor 313: 174:Palatinate-Simmern 90:17 December 1619 ( 57:Earl of Holderness 53:Duke of Cumberland 5822:English duellists 5619: 5618: 5588:George of Denmark 5538: 5537: 5495:The Lord Lovelace 5471:Succeeded by 5421:Lord High Admiral 5401:Succeeded by 5253:978-0-297-84610-9 5230:. London: Harper. 4257:978-0-300-09936-2 4181:Griffiths, p. 85. 3802:Wedgwood, p. 421. 3763:Wedgwood, p. 122. 3754:Wedgwood, p. 112. 3715:Wedgwood, p. 473. 3706:Wedgwood, p. 472. 3637:Wedgwood, p. 315. 3628:Wedgwood, p. 313. 3592:Wedgwood, p. 149. 3565:Wedgwood, p. 172. 3556:Wedgwood, p. 219. 3547:Wedgwood, p. 170. 3538:Wedgwood, p. 165. 3529:Wedgwood, p. 129. 3517:Wedgwood, p. 128. 3508:Wedgwood, p. 127. 3481:Wedgwood, p. 107. 3424:Spencer, p. xiii. 3146:Spencer, pp. 6–7. 3060:Michiel de Ruyter 3051:The Devil's Whore 3036:in the 1970 film 3024:in the 1940 film 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2633:Sophia of Hanover 2127:Westminster Abbey 1875:, in present-day 1753:Lord High Admiral 1749:royal prerogative 1633:Four Days' Battle 1586:Four Days' Battle 1441:Ludwig von Siegen 1315:Earl of Clarendon 1162:Lord High Admiral 1128:mareschal de camp 875:English Civil War 756:English Civil War 740:English Civil War 677:Eighty Years' War 661:Duke of Brunswick 557:Thirty Years' War 549:House of Habsburg 441:Holy Roman Empire 345:English Civil War 337:Thirty Years' War 325:Eighty Years' War 278:English Civil War 231: 230: 146:Westminster Abbey 138:6 December 1682 ( 105:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 5849: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5492:Preceded by 5454:Preceded by 5449:Honorary titles 5411:Preceded by 5384:Preceded by 5376: 5304: 5265:Warburton, Eliot 5241:Spencer, Charles 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5062:. Archived from 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4984:Spencer, p. 367. 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4966:Spencer, p. 366. 4964: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932:Spencer, p. 319. 4930: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4909:Spencer, p. 318. 4907: 4898: 4897:Granger, p. 344. 4895: 4889: 4888:Spencer, p. 171. 4886: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4850: 4849:Spencer, p. 305. 4847: 4841: 4840:Spencer, p. 271. 4838: 4825: 4822: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4795:Spencer, p. 360. 4793: 4787: 4784: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4756:Spencer, p. 267. 4754: 4748: 4747:Spencer, p. 265. 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4715: 4709: 4708:Spencer, p. 344. 4706: 4700: 4699:Spencer, p. 342. 4697: 4688: 4687:Spencer, p. 341. 4685: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651:Spencer, p. 340. 4649: 4643: 4640: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4621:Spencer, p. 313. 4619: 4610: 4609:Spencer, p. 362. 4607: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4346: 4345:Spencer, p. 311. 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4327:Spencer, p. 330. 4325: 4319: 4318:Spencer, p. 329. 4316: 4310: 4309:Spencer, p. 331. 4307: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288:Spencer, p. 327. 4286: 4280: 4279:Spencer, p. 326. 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4221: 4218: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4190:Spencer, p. 252. 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4136:Spencer, p. 248. 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4079:Spencer, p. 256. 4077: 4071: 4070:Spencer, p. 255. 4068: 4062: 4061:Spencer, p. 244. 4059: 4053: 4052:Spencer, p. 242. 4050: 4044: 4043:Spencer, p. 236. 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4025:Spencer, p. 227. 4023: 4017: 4016:Spencer, p. 225. 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3953:Spencer, p. 120. 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3926:Spencer, p. 193. 3924: 3915: 3914:Spencer, p. 192. 3912: 3906: 3905:Spencer, p. 187. 3903: 3894: 3893:Spencer, p. 186. 3891: 3885: 3884:Spencer, p. 180. 3882: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3733:Spencer, p. 173. 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3695: 3694:Wedgwood, p.471. 3692: 3683: 3682:Spencer, p. 160. 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664:Wedgwood, p.422. 3662: 3656: 3655:Spencer, p. 148. 3653: 3647: 3646:Spencer, p. 117. 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3610:Spencer, p. 134. 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3356: 3353: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3314: 3311: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3090: 2419:Elizabeth Stuart 2255: 2254: 2246: 2165:Bromley baronets 2074: 2071: 2029:kirby fish hooks 1938:Pieter Nieuwland 1777:Count de Gramont 1745:Lord Shaftesbury 1727:in June and the 1598:Anglo-Dutch Wars 1455:, though it was 1353:Elector Palatine 1268:in the process. 947:Battle of Naseby 808:General of Horse 796:United Provinces 693:Battle of Vlotho 614:Battle of Lützen 591:Robert le Diable 576:Hof te Wassenaer 553:kings of Bohemia 534:Anthony van Dyck 503:Electress Sophia 479:Elizabeth Stuart 445:Protestant Union 437:Elector Palatine 363:. Following the 255: 250: 243: 227: 206:Elizabeth Stuart 118:(aged 62) ( 117: 114:29 November 1682 89: 87: 68: 43: 21: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5573: 5568: 5528: 5505: 5497: 5486: 5476: 5467: 5459: 5442:King Charles II 5439: 5436: 5424: 5416: 5414:King Charles II 5406: 5397: 5389: 5364: 5302: 5285: 5283:Further reading 5084: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4954: 4950:Kitson, p. 310. 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4828: 4824:Dircks, p. 220. 4823: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4774:Kitson, p. 299. 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669:Spencer, p.338. 4668: 4664: 4660:Kitson, p. 238. 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642:Kitson, p. 137. 4641: 4634: 4629: 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4208:Kitson, p. 132. 4207: 4203: 4199:Kitson, p. 130. 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163:Salaman, p. 60. 4162: 4158: 4154:Kitson, p. 123. 4153: 4149: 4145:Kitson, p. 122. 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127:Kiston, p. 121. 4126: 4122: 4118:Kitson, p. 120. 4117: 4110: 4106:Kitson, p. 119. 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088:Kiston, p. 118. 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793:Spencer, p. 88. 3792: 3788: 3784:Spencer, p. 86. 3783: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724:Spencer, p1.69. 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490:Spencer, p. 57. 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472:Spencer, p. 54. 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436:Spencer, p. 55. 3435: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406:Spencer, p. 41. 3405: 3401: 3397:Spencer, p. 43. 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3367:Spencer, p. 40. 3366: 3359: 3355:Spencer, p. 39. 3354: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334:Spencer, p. 37. 3333: 3329: 3325:Spencer, p. 35. 3324: 3317: 3313:Spencer, p. 30. 3312: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283:Spencer, p. 25. 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256:Spencer, p. 23. 3255: 3248: 3244:Spencer, p. 20. 3243: 3232: 3228:Spencer, p. 15. 3227: 3223: 3219:Spencer, p. 14. 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201:Spencer, p. 11. 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3070: 3017: 3002:Margaret Hughes 2994:The White Plume 2933:The Black Pearl 2876: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2808: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2447: 2438: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2401:Henry Frederick 2286: 2284:Anne of Denmark 2277: 2244: 2214:in the city of 2180: 2111: 2072: 2066:Margaret Hughes 2058: 1959:Hackney Marshes 1889: 1798: 1761: 1729:Battle of Texel 1717:landing an army 1704:Battle of Texel 1578: 1535:Foreign Affairs 1527: 1479: 1416: 1414:Interest in art 1400:maids of honour 1323: 1296:Oliver Cromwell 1146: 1133:Jean de Gassion 1123:Anne of Austria 1111: 1062: 992: 864: 804:Leicester Abbey 768: 752: 623: 551:, who had been 522: 493:, who made him 421: 349:fall of Bristol 319:forces against 248: 241: 237: 159: 148: 143: 123: 115: 95: 85: 83: 75: 55: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5855: 5853: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5594:Prince William 5591: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5426: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5362:External links 5360: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5305: 5293: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5255: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5182: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144:Granger, James 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5047: 5038: 5026: 4999: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4920: 4911: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4851: 4842: 4826: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4710: 4701: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4632: 4623: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4545: 4536: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4468:Palmer, p. 61. 4461: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4411:Lewis, p. 100. 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4256: 4236: 4222: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4007:Kitson, p. 93. 4000: 3991: 3989:Kitson, p. 83. 3982: 3973: 3971:Kitson, p. 69. 3964: 3955: 3946: 3944:Kitson, p. 54. 3937: 3928: 3916: 3907: 3895: 3886: 3874: 3865: 3863:Kitson, p. 18. 3856: 3854:Kitson, p. 19. 3847: 3833: 3824: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3774: 3772:Newman, p. 31. 3765: 3756: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3445:Kitson, p. 17. 3438: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3388:Kitson, p. 67. 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3246: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3192:Spencer, p. 1. 3185: 3183:Spencer, p. 2. 3176: 3162: 3148: 3139: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3055: 3043: 3034:Timothy Dalton 3030: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2998:semi-fictional 2987:Samuel Edwards 2983: 2972:Margaret Irwin 2968: 2946: 2925: 2902: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2639: 2637: 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2179: 2176: 2110: 2107: 2082:actress named 2057: 2054: 2022:Prince's metal 1906:Windsor Castle 1888: 1885: 1881:Royal Exchange 1797: 1794: 1760: 1757: 1590:Abraham Storck 1577: 1574: 1526: 1523: 1515:House of Lords 1478: 1475: 1467:Head of Titian 1437:Horace Walpole 1415: 1412: 1380:Duke of Modena 1322: 1319: 1281:Virgin Islands 1202:in Ireland to 1145: 1142: 1110: 1107: 1074:William Dobson 1061: 1058: 1050:Mother Shipton 991: 988: 972:Richard Willis 929:its defeat at 863: 860: 776:council of war 767: 764: 751: 748: 622: 619: 521: 518: 472:Dutch Republic 431:branch of the 420: 417: 409:public figures 321:Habsburg Spain 294:James VI and I 229: 228: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 156: 150: 149: 144: 136: 132: 131: 112: 108: 107: 81: 77: 76: 69: 61: 60: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5854: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Sons of kings 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807:Rupert's Land 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5435:as First Lord 5434: 5430: 5429:In commission 5423: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324:0-09-473700-2 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5185:Kitson, Frank 5183: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 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3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2929:The Oak Apple 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2899:Shakespearean 2896: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Poul Anderson 2878: 2877: 2873: 2862: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2807: 2779: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2734: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2518: 2516: 2504: 2502: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2390: 2387: 2371: 2369: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2323: 2321: 2309: 2307: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2276: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Prince Rupert 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2197:Rupert's Land 2194: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2172:siege of Buda 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2131:state funeral 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003:diving engine 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1925:Royal Society 1921: 1919: 1918:raw materials 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1897:Royal Society 1893: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:Rupert's Land 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Robert Holmes 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1659:Royal Charles 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Princess Mary 1500: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1373:Ferdinand III 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Charles Louis 1346: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1227:Mediterranean 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1169:Isle of Wight 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1054:shapeshifting 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 989: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:court-martial 964: 959: 957: 953: 948: 944: 938: 936: 932: 927: 923: 922:taking Bolton 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 876: 872: 868: 861: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:Earl of Essex 835: 831: 829: 825: 824:Robert Bertie 820: 815: 813: 812:Powick Bridge 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 785: 781: 777: 772: 765: 763: 761: 757: 749: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 713:Ferdinand III 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:Charles Louis 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 640: 632: 627: 621:Teenage years 620: 618: 615: 610: 608: 604: 598: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 535: 531: 526: 519: 517: 515: 510: 508: 504: 501:. 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