38:
409:. She was promoted to senior research associate in the early 1960s, but she had difficulty obtaining a faculty position due to initial skepticism surrounding cytoplasmic inheritance from the scientific community, as well as gender discrimination. It wasn't until 1966, 18 years after receiving her doctorate, that
394:. She found further evidence when she mapped the streptomycin sensitivity/resistance trait and found a stable, nonchromosomal inheritance system that she proposed may have arisen before chromosomes. She was the first person to publish extensive genetic mapping of a cellular organelle.
390:, she found that the offspring only showed the streptomycin sensitivity/resistance trait of one of their parents. This research provided evidence for non-Mendelian uniparental inheritance; it also showed that there are multiple independent genetic systems in
282:, whose members’ self-sufficiency in creating a life in the desert impressed her. She wanted to return to Palestine, but ran into harsh emigration restrictions. Over the next few years, she spent time working on several American training farms of
444:
in tumor growth and spread. Sager was one of the first people to emphasize the importance of such genes. She identified over 100 potential tumor suppressor genes and performed extensive research into a specific tumor suppressor gene called
471:
For more than half a century she demonstrated vision, insight and determination to develop novel scientific concepts in the face of established dogmas. Her pioneering research and original ideas continue to make contributions to biology
465:
nhibitor) She developed cell culture methods to study normal and cancerous human and other mammalian cells in the laboratory and pioneered the research into “expression genetics,” the study of altered gene expression.
1274:
1264:
1294:
1229:
885:
203:, the first known example of genetics not involving the cell nucleus. The academic community did not acknowledge the significance of her contribution until after the
1279:
1269:
499:
1006:
361:
1189:
818:
802:
786:
770:
705:
306:, Sager opted for scientific research instead of medical practice. She carried out wartime research on the growth of tomato seedlings, receiving her
1259:
325:
Sager’s wartime correspondence with
Seymour Melman, an army officer stationed in California, led to their marriage in 1944. Both were accepted at
625:
382:
as a model organism. She performed breeding experiments with the algae, mating strains that were resistant to the chloroplast inhibiting agent
1104:
1239:
1171:
1086:
552:
491:
376:. She was promoted to a staff position (assistant in the biochemistry division) in 1951, working in this capacity until 1955, using the alga
1284:
1249:
402:
660:
420:, and spent time researching at London's Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory from 1972 to 1973, where she met her future husband,
254:. Since she enjoyed her science classes the most, Sager switched her major to biology, aiming to attend medical school. She earned her
1244:
227:
in March 1919. Her widowed father married Hannah
Shulman and had two more daughters, Esther and Naomi. At age 16, Ruth graduated from
1289:
916:
861:
223:
on
February 7, 1918, the only child of Leon B. Sager, an advertising executive, and Deborah Borovik Sager. Her mother died from the
429:
160:
386:
with strains that were streptomycin-sensitive. Unlike what would be expected if the trait were passed down following traditional
207:
in the 1970s. Her second career began in the early 1970s and was in cancer genetics; she proposed and investigated the roles of
1254:
1019:
966:
747:
1234:
270:
Aiming to give their three daughters a wide-ranging education, Sager’s parents took them on a trip through Europe and the
314:
in
October 1944 with a thesis on the mineral nutrition of tomato plants. She spent the next academic year working on the
1131:
569:
545:
487:
406:
432:. Her research there focused on the genetic and molecular causes of cancer, including investigation of the roles of
428:
as a professor of cellular genetics, where she served as chief of the
Division of Cancer Genetics at the affiliated
1057:
940:
565:
495:
112:
739:
The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century
559:
378:
526:
134:
74:
1033:
441:
729:
509:(1961), co-written by Francis Ryan and considered by some to be the first molecular biology textbook; and
433:
425:
365:
239:
156:
144:
579:
538:
387:
235:
228:
208:
172:
86:
1199:
1155:
1070:
989:
633:
1224:
1219:
342:
247:
204:
196:
1108:
398:
326:
275:
255:
148:
94:
1051:
934:
879:
338:
303:
90:
1025:
1015:
972:
962:
922:
912:
867:
857:
753:
743:
307:
291:
668:
311:
283:
167:
437:
416:
Sager changed her research focus to cancer biology in the 1970s, with a specific focus on
200:
192:
959:
Beyond the gene : cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics
737:
522:
410:
334:
259:
188:
152:
1213:
906:
851:
421:
417:
401:'s zoology department as a research associate in 1955, supported by funding from the
349:
294:. While doing so, she became interested in the scientific aspects of desert farming.
383:
315:
37:
373:
369:
271:
224:
20:
733:
424:. In 1975 she joined the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at
243:
976:
1029:
926:
871:
757:
319:
195:
and cancer researcher. In the 1950s and 1960s she pioneered the field of
130:
55:
287:
279:
251:
220:
51:
446:
853:
American women scientists : 23 inspiring biographies, 1900-2000
341:, who served as a reader of Sager’s dissertation. Sager earned her
330:
329:, where they began their graduate studies in 1945. Sager studied
1173:
Members of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 1780-2017
1088:
Members of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 1780-2017
1014:. Hendrix, Mary. Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience. 2002.
348:
Sager and Melman divorced in 1960. In 1973, Sager married
911:. Proffitt, Pamela, 1966-. Detroit: Gale Group. 1999.
199:
by discovering transmission of genetic traits through
1275:
Fellows of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
364:
in 1949, and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the
187:(February 7, 1918 – March 29, 1997) was an American
661:"Ruth Sager: Faculty of Medicine - Memorial Minute"
166:
140:
126:
108:
100:
82:
63:
44:
28:
655:
653:
651:
1265:Deaths from bladder cancer in the United States
469:
1107:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
694:International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists
360:Sager was awarded a Merck Fellowship from the
1200:“Ruth Sager 1918–1997: A Biographical Memoir”
1156:“Ruth Sager 1918–1997: A Biographical Memoir”
1071:“Ruth Sager 1918–1997: A Biographical Memoir”
990:“Ruth Sager 1918–1997: A Biographical Memoir”
8:
884:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1295:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1194:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
901:
899:
897:
895:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
823:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
807:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
791:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
775:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
710:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
575:Princess Takamatso Lecturer in Japan, 1990.
1202:by Arthur Pardee. National Academy Press,
1158:by Arthur Pardee. National Academy Press,
1073:by Arthur Pardee. National Academy Press,
992:by Arthur Pardee. National Academy Press,
413:invited her to be a professor of biology.
36:
25:
1196:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
1099:
1097:
825:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
809:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
793:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
777:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
724:
722:
720:
718:
712:, updated May 21, 2018, Encyclopedia.com.
1230:Scientists from Brookline, Massachusetts
952:
950:
617:
505:Sager published two classic textbooks:
494:in 1979. In 1988 Sagar was awarded the
372:from 1949 to 1951 in the laboratory of
1049:
932:
877:
593:Sager, Ruth; Ryan, Francis J. (1961).
961:. New York: Oxford University Press.
553:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
492:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
688:
686:
274:from February to May 1938. While in
1280:American women molecular biologists
1270:Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
403:United States Public Health Service
850:Davison., Reynolds, Moira (2004).
667:. November 4, 2004. Archived from
626:"Ruth Sager, HMS Geneticist, Dies"
258:degree in 1938 and was elected to
14:
632:. April 10, 1997. Archived from
604:Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles
558:Outstanding Investigator Award,
511:Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles
486:She was elected a fellow of the
337:, sometimes doing fieldwork for
1162:, vol. 80, 2001, pp. 5 & 6.
1077:, vol. 80, 2001, pp. 5 & 6.
104:Pioneering cytoplasmic genetics
1260:Harvard Medical School faculty
856:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
1:
1137:. National Academy of Science
302:Attending graduate school at
1240:University of Chicago alumni
1105:"Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal"
570:National Academy of Sciences
546:National Academy of Sciences
500:National Academy of Sciences
488:National Academy of Sciences
430:Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
161:Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
1285:20th-century American women
407:National Science Foundation
1311:
1250:Columbia University alumni
1206:, vol. 80, 2001, pp. 3-15.
566:Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal
533:Selected honors and awards
496:Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal
113:Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal
18:
1245:Rutgers University alumni
560:National Cancer Institute
379:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
362:National Research Council
250:awakened her interest in
234:She then enrolled at the
178:
119:
35:
1290:American women academics
908:Notable women scientists
527:Brookline, Massachusetts
242:and major in English. A
215:Early life and education
135:extranuclear inheritance
75:Brookline, Massachusetts
19:Not to be confused with
742:. New York: Routledge.
730:Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey
477:Mary J.C. Hendrix,
442:chromosomal instability
318:department farm at the
219:Ruth Sager was born in
205:second wave of feminism
1255:Hunter College faculty
1132:"Ruth Sager 1918-1997"
1056:: CS1 maint: others (
996:, vol. 80, 2001, p. 9.
939:: CS1 maint: others (
696:. 2002. Facts on File.
551:Elected fellow of the
544:Elected fellow of the
474:
434:tumor suppressor genes
426:Harvard Medical School
320:University of Maryland
266:Middle East connection
209:tumor suppressor genes
157:Harvard Medical School
587:Selected publications
580:University of Chicago
539:Guggenheim Fellowship
388:Mendelian inheritance
366:Rockefeller Institute
236:University of Chicago
229:New Trier High School
173:Marcus Morton Rhoades
145:Rockefeller Institute
87:University of Chicago
1235:American geneticists
1204:Biographical Memoirs
1192:by Gail K. Schmitt,
1160:Biographical Memoirs
1075:Biographical Memoirs
994:Biographical Memoirs
821:by Gail K. Schmitt,
805:by Gail K. Schmitt,
789:by Gail K. Schmitt,
773:by Gail K. Schmitt,
708:by Gail K. Schmitt,
602:Sager, Ruth (1972).
578:Alumna of the Year,
238:with plans to study
197:cytoplasmic genetics
1111:on 10 February 2011
957:Jan., Sapp (1987).
734:Harvey, Joy Dorothy
671:on February 8, 2012
636:on February 5, 2012
399:Columbia University
356:Research and career
327:Columbia University
290:movement for young
256:Bachelor of Science
149:Columbia University
95:Columbia University
16:American geneticist
692:Oakes, Elizabeth.
597:. New York: Wiley.
339:Barbara McClintock
304:Rutgers University
278:, Sager visited a
225:influenza epidemic
91:Rutgers University
606:. Academic Press.
490:in 1977, and the
246:course taught by
193:cell physiologist
182:
181:
121:Scientific career
1302:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1130:Pardee, Arthur.
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1032:. Archived from
1013:
1003:
997:
987:
981:
980:
954:
945:
944:
938:
930:
903:
890:
889:
883:
875:
847:
826:
816:
810:
800:
794:
784:
778:
768:
762:
761:
726:
713:
703:
697:
690:
681:
680:
678:
676:
657:
646:
645:
643:
641:
622:
607:
598:
482:
312:plant physiology
298:Graduate studies
284:Hashomer Hatzair
189:plant geneticist
168:Doctoral advisor
70:
48:February 7, 1918
40:
26:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1210:
1209:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
988:
984:
969:
956:
955:
948:
931:
919:
905:
904:
893:
876:
864:
849:
848:
829:
817:
813:
801:
797:
785:
781:
769:
765:
750:
736:, eds. (2000).
728:
727:
716:
704:
700:
691:
684:
674:
672:
665:Harvard Gazette
659:
658:
649:
639:
637:
630:Harvard Gazette
624:
623:
619:
614:
612:Reference Notes
601:
592:
589:
535:
519:
484:
476:
438:DNA methylation
358:
333:genetics under
300:
268:
217:
201:chloroplast DNA
93:
89:
83:Alma mater
78:
72:
68:
59:
49:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1185:
1184:External links
1182:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1148:
1122:
1093:
1079:
1063:
1020:
998:
982:
967:
946:
917:
891:
862:
827:
811:
795:
779:
763:
748:
714:
698:
682:
647:
616:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
599:
588:
585:
584:
583:
576:
573:
563:
556:
549:
542:
534:
531:
523:bladder cancer
521:Sager died of
518:
515:
468:
411:Hunter College
357:
354:
335:Marcus Rhoades
299:
296:
267:
264:
260:Phi Beta Kappa
216:
213:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
153:Hunter College
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
84:
80:
79:
73:
71:(aged 79)
67:March 29, 1997
65:
61:
60:
50:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1307:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:“Sager, Ruth”
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1039:on 2018-04-05
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
986:
983:
978:
974:
970:
964:
960:
953:
951:
947:
942:
936:
928:
924:
920:
918:9780787639006
914:
910:
909:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
887:
881:
873:
869:
865:
863:9780786421619
859:
855:
854:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:“Sager, Ruth”
815:
812:
808:
804:
803:“Sager, Ruth”
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:“Sager, Ruth”
783:
780:
776:
772:
771:“Sager, Ruth”
767:
764:
759:
755:
751:
745:
741:
740:
735:
731:
725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:“Sager, Ruth”
702:
699:
695:
689:
687:
683:
670:
666:
662:
656:
654:
652:
648:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
611:
605:
600:
596:
595:Cell Heredity
591:
590:
586:
581:
577:
574:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
528:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:Cell Heredity
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
480:
473:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Arthur Pardee
419:
418:breast cancer
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
392:Chlamydomonas
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
350:Arthur Pardee
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Anton Carlson
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
66:
62:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1203:
1193:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:the original
1087:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1041:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1007:
1001:
993:
985:
958:
907:
852:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
738:
709:
701:
693:
675:February 21,
673:. Retrieved
669:the original
664:
640:February 21,
638:. Retrieved
634:the original
629:
620:
603:
594:
520:
510:
506:
504:
485:
478:
475:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
415:
396:
391:
384:streptomycin
377:
359:
347:
331:maize (corn)
324:
316:horticulture
301:
292:secular Jews
269:
240:liberal arts
233:
218:
184:
183:
141:Institutions
120:
69:(1997-03-29)
1225:1997 deaths
1220:1918 births
1115:16 February
397:She joined
374:Sam Granick
370:chloroplast
272:Middle East
21:Ruth Sanger
1214:Categories
1043:2018-04-04
1021:1587060973
968:0195042069
749:0415920388
345:in 1948.
244:physiology
185:Ruth Sager
30:Ruth Sager
1176:, p. 519.
1091:, p. 519.
1052:cite book
977:236342637
935:cite book
880:cite book
529:in 1997.
498:from the
276:Palestine
1030:47790803
927:41628188
872:60686608
758:40776839
513:(1972).
461:rotease
405:and the
131:Genetics
56:Illinois
582:, 1994.
572:, 1988.
562:, 1985.
555:, 1979.
548:, 1977.
541:, 1972.
453:ammary
368:on the
288:Zionist
280:kibbutz
252:biology
221:Chicago
52:Chicago
1141:27 Mar
1028:
1018:
1008:Maspin
975:
965:
925:
915:
870:
860:
756:
746:
481:, 2002
479:Mapsin
457:erine
447:maspin
440:, and
127:Fields
115:(1988)
109:Awards
77:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
1135:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
517:Death
1143:2014
1117:2011
1058:link
1026:OCLC
1016:ISBN
973:OCLC
963:ISBN
941:link
923:OCLC
913:ISBN
886:link
868:OCLC
858:ISBN
754:OCLC
744:ISBN
677:2012
642:2012
308:M.S.
286:, a
64:Died
45:Born
525:in
343:PhD
310:in
1216::
1096:^
1054:}}
1050:{{
1024:.
971:.
949:^
937:}}
933:{{
921:.
894:^
882:}}
878:{{
866:.
830:^
752:.
732:;
717:^
685:^
663:.
650:^
628:.
568:,
502:.
436:,
352:.
322:.
262:.
231:.
211:.
191:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
133:,
54:,
1145:.
1119:.
1060:)
1046:.
979:.
943:)
929:.
888:)
874:.
760:.
679:.
644:.
463:i
459:p
455:s
451:m
449:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
