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74:
177:. They are historically thought to inherit maternally, but paternal inheritance in many species is increasingly being identified. The mechanisms of uniparental inheritance from species to species differ greatly and are quite complicated. For instance, chloroplasts have been found to exhibit maternal, paternal and biparental modes even within the same species. In tobacco (
172:
via the egg. The father's mitochondrial genes are not transmitted to the offspring via the sperm. Very rare cases which require further investigation have been reported of paternal mitochondrial inheritance in humans, in which the father's mitochondrial genome is found in offspring. Chloroplast genes
157:
results from random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions and results in daughter cells that contain a random sample of the parent cell's organelles. An example of vegetative segregation is with mitochondria
116:
Mitochondrial diseases are inherited from the mother, not from the father. Mitochondria with their mitochondrial DNA are already present in the egg cell before it gets fertilized by a sperm. In many cases of fertilization, the head of the sperm enters the egg cell; leaving its middle part, with its
105:
and other extranuclear types of DNA replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell
133:
transmission. This occurs from mother to fetus during the perinatal period, which begins before birth and ends about 1 month after birth. During this time viral material may be passed from mother to child in the bloodstream or breastmilk. This is of particular concern with mothers carrying
187:
occurs in extranuclear genes when both parents contribute organellar DNA to the offspring. It may be less common than uniparental extranuclear inheritance, and usually occurs in a permissible species only a fraction of the time. An example of biparental mitochondrial inheritance is in the
106:
division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. Since they replicate independently, genomic recombination of these genomes is rarely found in offspring, contrary to nuclear genomes in which recombination is common.
829:
433:
C. William Birky, Jr.; Robert L. Strausberg; Jean L. Forster; Philip S. Perlman (1978). "Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast: estimating parameters using a random model".
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mutants were among the first to establish an extranuclear mitochondrial basis for inheritance of a particular genotype. It was initially found, using genetic crosses, that
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occurs in extranuclear genes when only one parent contributes organellar DNA to the offspring. A classic example of uniparental gene transmission is the
830:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080521093531/http://www.tamu.edu/classes/magill/gene603/Lecture%20outlines/cytoplasmic%20inh/CYTOPLASMIC_INHERITANCE.html
670:"The mitochondrial beta-cytochromes of the wild type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa. Evidence for a component reduced only by dithionite"
181:), the mode of chloroplast inheritance is affected by the temperature and the enzymatic activity of an exonuclease during male gametogenesis.
129:
Extranuclear transmission of viral genomes and symbiotic bacteria is also possible. An example of viral genome transmission is
770:"The [poky] mutant of Neurospora contains a 4-base-pair deletion at the 5' end of the mitochondrial small rRNA"
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332:
Sangeeta Jain; Nima
Goharkhay; George Saade; Gary D. Hankins; Garland D. Anderson (2007). "Hepatitis C in pregnancy".
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193:
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C. W. Birky, Jr. (1994). "Relaxed and stringent genomes: why cytoplasmic genes don't obey Mendel's laws".
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Chung, Kin Pan; Gonzalez-Duran, Enrique; Ruf, Stephanie; Endries, Pierre; Bock, Ralph (16 January 2023).
572:; Robert K. Jansen (2007). "Paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in
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viruses. Symbiotic cytoplasmic bacteria are also inherited in organisms such as insects and protists.
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Marianne
Schwartz; John Vissing (2003). "New patterns of inheritance in mitochondrial disease".
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cells of opposite mating type fuse they can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting
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of human mitochondria. The mother's mitochondria are transmitted to the offspring at
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mitochondria, behind. The mitochondrial DNA of the sperm often remains outside the
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81:. They are passed on by mothers to their children via the cytoplasm of the egg.
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Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of
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Jan Sapp (2004). "The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview".
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and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function. The
613:"Control of plastid inheritance by environmental and genetic factors"
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89:. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via
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is maternally inherited. Subsequently, the primary defect in the
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DNA sequence encoding the small subunit of mitochondrial
576:(Passifloraceae): implications for phylogenic studies".
711:"A Case of "Maternal" Inheritance in Neurospora Crassa"
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Three general types of extranuclear inheritance exist.
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is the transmission of genes that occur outside the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA
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Transmission of genes occurring outside the nucleus
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372:Patrick Duff (1996). "HIV infection in women".
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45:and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic
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173:can also inherit uniparentally during
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316:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111480
231:assembly and deficiencies in several
158:of asexually replicating yeast cells.
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768:Akins RA, Lambowitz AM (June 1984).
668:Lambowitz AM, Bonner WD (May 1974).
121:and gets excluded from inheritance.
568:A. Katie Hansen; Linda K. Escobar;
223:that has extranuclear inheritance.
25:
335:American Journal of Perinatology
57:or from cellular parasites like
375:Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS
247:mutants was determined to be a
77:Mitochondria contain their own
436:Molecular and General Genetics
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687:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42713-0
388:10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N
774:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
715:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
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629:10.1038/s41477-022-01323-7
578:American Journal of Botany
486:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.037
404:Canadian Journal of Botany
217:is a mutant of the fungus
507:C. W. Birky, Jr. (1995).
93:in plants and algae. The
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194:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
31:Extranuclear inheritance
795:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3791
162:Uniparental inheritance
35:cytoplasmic inheritance
229:mitochondrial ribosome
185:Biparental inheritance
155:Vegetative segregation
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41:. It is found in most
736:10.1073/pnas.38.5.442
348:10.1055/s-2007-970181
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166:maternal inheritance
87:cellular respiration
18:Cytoplasmic genetics
786:1984PNAS...81.3791A
727:1952PNAS...38..442M
590:10.3732/ajb.94.1.42
570:Lawrence E. Gilbert
527:1995PNAS...9211331B
521:(25): 11331–11338.
303:Journal of Heredity
210:Mutant mitochondria
175:sexual reproduction
449:10.1007/BF00267196
235:. The studies of
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69:Organelles
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131:perinatal
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263:See also
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