1236:. The districts, formerly known as communes, are headed by mayors, two vice mayors, and a district council. As of 2006, Kigali has 3 districts, the Northern Province has 5, the Southern Province has 8, and both the Eastern and Western Provinces have 7 districts. Sectors are responsible for implementing and developing programs which deliver services for the social welfare of the population and promote good governance. Sectors are governed by an Executive Secretary and Sector Council. The council includes representatives of cells; members representing persons with disabilities, women, and youth; members representing all primary and secondary schools; members representing health service organizations; and members representing NGOs and cooperative societies. Cells are administrative providers of public services and development. They are governed by an Executive Secretary and Cell Council, whose membership is similar to that of the Sector Council. Villages are governed by A Village Council, an executive committee, and a village head. The Village council is made up of all residents who are at least 18. The executive committee are elected members who provide services to the community, such as information and training, social welfare, and security.
362:
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are appointed by the president. The president has numerous powers that include creating policy in conjunction with the
Cabinet, signing presidential orders, put into effect the prerogative of mercy, negotiating and passing treaties, commanding the armed forces, and declaring war or a state of crisis.
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militia and the
Rwandan Patriotic Army, which is concentrated in the north and south west; and the shift away from crisis to medium- and long-term development planning. The prison population will continue to be an urgent problem for the foreseeable future, having swelled to more than 100,000 in the 3
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the
Chamber of Deputies is composed of eighty Deputies. Among them, fifty-three Deputies are elected by direct universal suffrage in secret, elected from a fixed list of names of candidates proposed by political organizations or independent candidates; twenty-four women elected by specific electoral
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The current
President of Rwanda is Paul Kagame, born in 1957. He is the 6th President of Rwanda and was elected in 2003. In 2007, the former president, Pasteur Bizimungu, was released from prison on a presidential pardon. Kagame was reelected in 2010, receiving 93.1 percent of the votes cast. Since
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Senate is composed of twenty six members. Among them, there are twelve
Senators elected by the specific councils in accordance with the administrative entities; eight Senators appointed by the President of the Republic; four Senators designated by the National Forum of Political organizations; one
1146:
has 26 members elected or appointed for an eight-year term: 12 elected by provincial and sectoral councils, 8 appointed by the president to ensure the representation of historically marginalized communities, 4 by the Forum of political formations and 2 elected by the staff of the universities.
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is the highest judicial power in Rwanda. It and the High
Council of the Judiciary oversee the courts of lower ordinary jurisdictions and courts of the special jurisdictions in Rwanda. The Supreme Court consists of the Court President, Vice President, and 12 judges.
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totaled 0.1 metric tons per capita, which was much lower than similar Sub-Sahara
African countries as well as other low income countries. Rwanda´s school enrollment rate is much higher than similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.
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Judges are nominated by the president of the republic, after consulting with the
Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary. They are then approved by the Senate. The court president and vice president are appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms.
810:. On 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted a new constitution which included elements of the constitution of 18 June 1991 as well as provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding.
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President Kagame received military training in Uganda, Tanzania and the United States. He was a founding member of current
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni's rebel army in 1979 and headed its intelligence wing, helping Mr Museveni take power in 1986.
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with a 5% threshold, 24 (female members) elected by provincial councils, 2 by the
National Youth Council and 1 by the Federation of the Associations of the Disabled. It is the only legislative chamber in the world where women (45) outnumber men (35).
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From 2005 to 2010 the political headcount ration on national poverty lines decreased by more than 10 percent and the life expectancy of about 64 years is higher than that of similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.
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With regard to the legal profession, although the Rwanda Bar Association has been in existence since at least 1997, there is no clear indication as to how certain demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field.
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Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Public Universities and higher learning institutions; and one Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Private Universities and higher learning institutions.
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The government prohibits any form of discrimination by gender, ethnicity, race or religion. The government has passed laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most types of political activity.
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President Paul Kagame and his Rwandan Patriotic Front are the dominant political forces in Rwanda. There is only one registered opposition party and many political opponents have fled into exile.
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in 1992. Called The Broad Based Government of National Unity, its fundamental law is based on a combination of the constitution, the Arusha accords, and political declarations by the parties. The
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colleges in accordance with the national administrative entities; two Deputies elected by the National Youth Council; one Deputy elected by the National Council of Persons with Disabilities.
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As of 2015 Rwanda had made a shift towards economic improvement, centralizing its foreign exchange around coffee and tea production, "helping to reduce poverty and inequality". The
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467:
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Political organizing was banned until 2003. The first post-Genocide of Tutsi, presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003, respectively.
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755:. Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and
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1525:
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978:
As of 2014, Rwanda was still considered a low income country with $ 7.890 billion GDP, based on U.S. dollars, with a total population of 11.34 million people.
2504:
Purdeková, Andrea; Reyntjens, Filip; Wilén, Nina (2018). "Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda".
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The biggest problems facing the government were the reintegration of more than 2 million refugees returning from as long ago as 1959; the end of the
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Stroh, Alexander (2010). "Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda".
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Established in 2001, the Gacaca Court was established by the National Unity Government to try cases of genocide against the Tutsis.
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and capital city, 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,837 villages. The four provinces, headed by a governor include the
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in charge of the East African Community: Prof.
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709:
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taking office, Kagame has raised business, reduced crime and corruption, and has attracted the likes of many foreign investors.
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2545:"Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide"
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Kagame has not groomed anyone to be his successor, so there is nothing that points to who his successor could or should be.
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Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011".
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Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State
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are allowed, and are represented in Parliament, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.
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Rwandan law developed from Belgian and German civil law systems and customary law takes place in a framework of a
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Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda - Directory of Ministries and web addresses
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in Charge of the National Treasury:
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in charge of Economic Planning: Dr.
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1984:
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Justice in Charge of Constitutional and Legal Affairs: Amb.
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340:
237:
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1963:"Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men"
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2016:
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in charge of Primary and Secondary Education:
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2686:
2669:
2556:
2521:
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2002:
Waldorf, Lars (2017). "The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame". In Themnér, Anders (ed.).
1974:
1935:
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44:
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Health in charge of Primary Healthcare: Lt Col Dr.
3000:
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1413:
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664:
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59:
54:
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1662:
Holmes, Georgina (2014). "Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment".
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1988:
1947:
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1683:
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Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in Charge of ICT and TVET Education:
1400:
Minister of State in the Ministry of Local Government in charge of Social Affairs:
1117:
130:
2517:
2103:
17:
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Additional former presidents can request to be member of the senate. Rwanda is a
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has praised Rwanda´s efforts. Kagame has reached out to large companies, such as
2275:"20 Years After Genocide, Rwanda Prospers but Political Freedom Remains Elusive"
1901:
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840:
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137:
110:
1939:
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1879:
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Minister of State of the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources: Prof.
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Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice".
990:
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323:
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is elected for a seven-year term by the people. The Prime Minister and the
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in 2009, making the country one of only two in the Commonwealth without a
919:
organized a coalition government similar to that established by President
766:
93:
71:
1979:
1962:
1887:
1448:
Minister of State of the Ministry of Youth and Culture: Sandrine Umutoni
2005:
Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics
993:, who as of 2015 were the two largest buyers of Rwandan coffee beans.
3076:
2600:
2351:
1729:"Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime"
986:
819:
2183:
1866:
Reyntjens, Filip (2011). "Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections".
2447:"Ms. Sandrine Umutoni Appointed as the Minister of State for Youth"
2569:
1902:"Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations"
749:
924:
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1174:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
2487:
Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda
2373:
COUNTRY PROFILE 2017–18, Commonwealth Local Government Forum.
834:
1244:
1727:
Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019).
1127:
has 80 members, 53 of them elected for a five-year term by
2209:"Rwanda: Constitution and politics | The Commonwealth"
1464:
Chief Executive Officer of Rwanda Development Board:
1387:
Minister of National Unity and Civic Engagement: Dr.
2184:"Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame - BBC News"
2154:"Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development"
3420:
3395:
3114:
2986:
2919:
2858:
2758:
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2611:
2300:"Revealed: The best and worst places to be a woman"
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1851:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2467:. 29 November 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
2423:. Kigali, Rwanda: Government of Rwanda. 2020.
2129:"Rwanda country profile - Overview - BBC News"
3092:
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915:After its military victory in July 1994, the
710:
8:
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612:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
2401:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1868:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
1823:. University of Chicago Press. p. 87.
869:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2482:Official website of the Republic of Rwanda
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703:
347:
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1978:
1703:Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace
1664:Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding
889:Learn how and when to remove this message
1472:International organization participation
1309:Foreign affairs & co-operation: Dr.
1267:Agriculture & animal resources: Dr.
1125:(Umutwe w'Abadepite/Chambre des Députés)
1006:
802:and the two chambers of parliament, the
2375:"THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN RWANDA"
1654:
350:
2394:
1844:
1706:. Yale University Press. p. 185.
28:
2323:"Rwanda Judicial branch - Government"
2317:
2315:
2313:
2236:
2234:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2067:
2065:
2034:
2032:
7:
867:adding citations to reliable sources
188:, Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies
2040:"Politics in Rwanda | About Rwanda"
1172:List of political parties in Rwanda
2427:from the original on 27 March 2023
2350:. rwandabar.org.rw. Archived from
1928:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1357:Public service & labour: Prof
1347:Amb. Dr. Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya
25:
2465:"Rwanda admitted to Commonwealth"
1303:Finance & economic planning:
1170:For other political parties, see
3407:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3177:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2543:McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2022).
1371:Utumatwishima Jean Nepo Abdallah
839:
360:
53:
1755:Handbook of Restorative Justice
1166:Political parties and elections
388:International Criminal Tribunal
2626:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1831:(inactive 12 September 2024).
1333:Justice/attorney-general: Dr.
1285:Emergency Management: Maj Gen
1:
2518:10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036
1638:; the other being the former
1369:Minister of Youth : Dr.
1081:Current Presidential Overview
2421:Ministry of Local Government
1796:10.1080/01436597.2011.610593
1676:10.1080/17502977.2014.964449
1453:Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze
1377:Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze
1375:Trade & industry: Prof.
2978:Water supply and sanitation
1129:proportional representation
3527:
2417:"Administrative Structure"
1247:
1212:Decentralization in Rwanda
1209:
1169:
1000:
958:Political-economical focus
900:
3043:
2928:
2867:
2767:
2716:
2527:10067/1479870151162165141
1940:10.1080/17531050903550066
1829:10.7208/9780226276663-004
1110:Inteko Ishinga Amategeko
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
329:
271:
236:
199:
164:
136:
52:
3162:Central African Republic
2011:. Bloomsbury Academic /
1961:Matfess, Hilary (2015).
1817:Bowman, Warigia (2015).
1365:Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju
1297:Family & gender: Dr
1216:Rwanda is composed of 4
1149:one party dominant state
1038:Rwandese Patriotic Front
917:Rwandese Patriotic Front
783:Prime Minister of Rwanda
505:Administrative divisions
2497:4 December 2008 at the
2013:Nordic Africa Institute
1632:Commonwealth of Nations
1389:Jean-Damascène Bizimana
1341:Jean Claude Musabyimana
1206:Decentralization system
1188:Supreme Court of Rwanda
1058:Social Democratic Party
748:against members of the
738:Rwandan Patriotic Front
331:Supreme Court of Rwanda
160:, Speaker of the Senate
1967:African Studies Review
1305:Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana
1153:Rwanda Patriotic Front
941:among ex-military and
798:is vested in both the
630:Diplomatic missions of
104:Constitution of Rwanda
3322:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3182:Republic of the Congo
2562:10.1093/afraf/adac031
2506:Third World Quarterly
1784:Third World Quarterly
1757:. Routledge. p.
1636:British colonial past
1459:Other Cabinet Members
1335:Emmanuel Ugirashebuja
1001:Further information:
831:Historical background
744:since the end of the
37:Politique en Rwanda (
1476:Rwanda is member of
1408:Solina Nyirahabimana
1381:ICT and Innovation:
1351:President's office:
1321:Infrastructure: Dr.
1261:Prime minister: Dr.
1074:Council of Ministers
1008:Main office-holders
927:party was outlawed.
863:improve this section
814:National legislature
472:Donatille Mukabalisa
186:Donatille Mukabalisa
3397:States with limited
3108:Politics of Africa
2819:Chamber of Deputies
2213:thecommonwealth.org
2102:World Bank (2015).
2044:www.aboutrwanda.com
1980:10.1017/asr.2015.43
1426:Gaspard Twagirayezu
1359:Jeannette Bayisenge
1345:Natural resources:
1327:Internal security:
1299:Valentine Uwamariya
1293:Gaspard Twagirayezu
1281:Juvenal Marizamunda
1269:Ildephonse Musafiri
1176:Elections in Rwanda
1122:Chamber of Deputies
1070:President of Rwanda
1009:
921:Juvénal Habyarimana
808:Chamber of Deputies
771:President of Rwanda
463:Chamber of Deputies
231:Direct popular vote
211:President of Rwanda
176:Chamber of Deputies
158:Augustin Iyamuremye
3511:Politics of Rwanda
2897:Telecommunications
2665:Rwandan Revolution
2653:Colonial residents
2643:German East Africa
2354:on 6 November 2017
2327:www.indexmundi.com
2219:on 7 December 2015
2108:data.worldbank.org
2073:"EIUCountry Login"
1630:Rwanda joined the
1572: (observer),
1395:Ministers of State
1339:Local government:
1100:Legislative branch
1007:
966:In 2011, Rwanda's
939:counter-insurgency
907:German East Africa
790:head of government
353:Politics of Rwanda
341:Faustin Ntezilyayo
238:Head of government
111:Legislative branch
33:Politics of Rwanda
18:Rwandan government
3498:
3497:
3424:other territories
3197:Equatorial Guinea
3074:
3073:
3039:
3038:
2963:Human trafficking
2915:
2914:
2854:
2853:
2831:Political parties
2782:Foreign relations
2754:
2753:
2682:Rwandan Civil War
2677:Bugesera invasion
2658:Ruzagayura famine
2631:Kingdom of Rwanda
2451:Ministry of Youth
2304:independent.co.uk
2022:978-1-78360-248-3
1838:978-0-226-27666-3
1790:(10): 1911–1930.
1768:978-0-203-34682-2
1713:978-0-300-23591-3
1640:Portuguese colony
1402:Assumpta Ingabire
1273:Cabinet affairs:
1250:Cabinet of Rwanda
1234:Western Provinces
1066:
1065:
1003:Cabinet of Rwanda
903:History of Rwanda
899:
898:
891:
796:Legislative power
777:with significant
764:semi-presidential
727:
726:
647:Visa requirements
606:Foreign relations
593:Political parties
536:Recent elections
346:
345:
293:Kagame government
283:Cabinet of Rwanda
182:Presiding officer
154:Presiding officer
88:semi-presidential
43:Siasa ya Rwanda (
16:(Redirected from
3518:
3485:
3484:(United Kingdom)
3480:Tristan da Cunha
3476:Ascension Island
3468:
3455:
3446:
3422:Dependencies and
3115:Sovereign states
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3059:
3052:
2926:
2880:
2865:
2826:Decentralization
2765:
2714:
2699:Second Congo War
2687:Rwandan genocide
2670:Coup of Gitarama
2594:
2587:
2580:
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2566:
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2555:(485): 535–567.
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2382:www.clgf.org.uk/
2379:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:. Archived from
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2036:
2027:
2026:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1733:The Conversation
1724:
1718:
1717:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1659:
1438:Tharcisse Mpunga
1317:Sabin Nsanzimana
1263:Edouard Ngirente
1140:(Umutwe wa Sena
1053:Édouard Ngirente
1010:
997:Executive branch
946:years after the
894:
887:
883:
880:
874:
843:
835:
719:
712:
705:
620:Richard Sezibera
423:Édouard Ngirente
364:
348:
258:Édouard Ngirente
194:Executive branch
57:
29:
21:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3466:
3453:
3444:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3110:
3105:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3035:
3026:Public holidays
2982:
2948:Gender equality
2911:
2878:
2850:
2799:Law enforcement
2750:
2703:
2607:
2598:
2549:African Affairs
2542:
2503:
2499:Wayback Machine
2478:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2306:. 4 March 2012.
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2104:"Rwanda | Data"
2101:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2077:country.eiu.com
2071:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2050:on 5 March 2016
2038:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1474:
1461:
1444:Manasseh Nshuti
1432:Irere Claudette
1397:
1287:Albert Murasira
1252:
1242:
1214:
1208:
1184:
1182:Judicial branch
1179:
1168:
1102:
1083:
1062:30 August 2017
1005:
999:
971:
960:
913:
901:Main articles:
895:
884:
878:
875:
860:
844:
833:
816:
779:executive power
757:electoral fraud
740:and its leader
734:one-party state
723:
694:
693:
690:
668:
657:
656:
638:
626:
608:
598:
597:
587:
570:
553:
532:
522:
521:
507:
497:
496:
487:
479:
478:
445:
435:
434:
401:
393:
392:
378:
355:
324:Judicial branch
289:Current cabinet
79:
77:one-party state
62:
48:
42:
35:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:Western Sahara
3486:
3469:
3456:
3447:
3433:Canary Islands
3429:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Stock Exchange
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2846:Prime Minister
2843:
2841:Vice President
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:National parks
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2692:Initial events
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2540:
2512:(1): 158–174.
2501:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2476:External links
2474:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2438:
2408:
2365:
2339:
2309:
2291:
2266:
2230:
2200:
2170:
2145:
2120:
2089:
2061:
2028:
2021:
1994:
1973:(2): 181–204.
1953:
1918:
1893:
1858:
1837:
1809:
1774:
1767:
1745:
1719:
1712:
1698:Thomson, Susan
1689:
1670:(4): 321–333.
1653:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1466:Francis Gatare
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1420:Richard Tusabe
1416:
1414:Claudine Uwera
1410:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1383:Paula Ingabire
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1353:Judith Uwizeye
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:Vincent Biruta
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1248:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1101:
1098:
1082:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Prime Minister
1044:
1043:
1042:24 March 2000
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
998:
995:
969:
959:
956:
897:
896:
847:
845:
838:
832:
829:
815:
812:
787:constitutional
769:, whereby the
725:
724:
722:
721:
714:
707:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
678:
672:
669:
665:United Nations
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
637:
636:
625:
624:
623:
622:
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
586:
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580:
573:
571:
569:
568:
563:
556:
554:
552:
551:
546:
539:
533:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
508:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
460:
459:
458:
456:Bernard Makuza
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:
425:
418:Prime Minister
415:
414:
413:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
379:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
357:
356:
351:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
310:Prime Minister
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
248:Prime Minister
245:
241:
240:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
162:
161:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:constitutional
85:dominant-party
68:
64:
63:
60:Seal of Rwanda
58:
50:
49:
36:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3523:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Guinea-Bissau
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Ethnic groups
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:National Bank
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:Ruanda-Urundi
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:The Economist
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:Alfred Gasana
1326:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:Ines Mpambara
1272:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:Key ministers
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1078:
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2242:"King Paul"
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1257:Paul Kagame
1255:President:
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652:Visa policy
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337:Chief judge
221:Paul Kagame
166:Lower house
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3297:Mozambique
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3267:Madagascar
3222:The Gambia
3157:Cape Verde
3011:Literature
2958:Healthcare
2879:(currency)
2809:Parliament
2726:Ecoregions
2358:6 November
1911:12 October
1906:www.un.org
1649:References
1643:Mozambique
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1948:154910536
1880:1526-0054
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2425:Archived
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2188:BBC News
2133:BBC News
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