Ryukyu independence movement

541:'s theorization about the colonies, according to Tze May Loo, the question of Okinawa's status as a colony is a false choice which ignores the complexity of Okinawa's annexation, in which colonial practices were used to establish the Japanese nation-state. He asserts that Okinawa was both a colony and not, both a part of Japan and not, and that this dual status is the basis of the continued subordination of Okinawa. Despite its incorporation as a prefecture and not a colony, colonial policies of "un-forming" and "re-forming" Ryukyuan communities and the Okinawan's proximity to other Japanese colonial subjects were coupled with persistent mainland discrimination and exploitation which reminded them of their unequal status within the Japanese nation-state. They had no choice but to consider their inclusion in the Japanese nation-state as natural in hopes of attaining legitimacy and better treatment. According to Loo, Okinawa is in a vicious circle where Japan does not admit its discrimination against Okinawa, while Okinawans are forced to accept unfair conditions for membership in the country of Japan, becoming an internal colony without end. 756:, which put the prefecture back under its control. Some consider the 1960s anti-reversionism was different from the 1950s vision of independence because it did not endorse any political option for another nation-state patronage. Arakawa's position was more intellectual rather than political, which criticized Japanese nationalism (in counterposition to Okinawan subjectivity) and fellow Okinawans' delusions about the prospects of full and fair inclusion in Japanese state and nation, which Arakawa believed would only perpetuate further subjugation. In November 1971, information was leaked that the reversion agreement would ignore the Okinawans' demands and that Japan was collaborating with the United States to maintain a military status quo. A violent general strike was organized in Okinawa, and in February 1972 660: 1441:, conducted a telephone poll of Okinawans over 18. He obtained useful replies from 1029 people. Asked whether they considered themselves Okinawan (沖縄人), Japanese (日本人), or both, the answers were 40.6%, 21.3%, and 36.5% respectively. When asked whether Okinawa should become independent if the Japanese government allowed (or did not allow) Okinawa to freely decide its future, 24.9% replied Okinawa should become independent with permission, and 20.5% in case of no permission from the Japanese government. Those who believed Okinawa should not declare independence were 58.7% and 57.4% respectively. 611:

place to fight battles or establish military bases. After the 1972 return to Japan, the government economic plans to narrow the gap between Japanese and Okinawans were opportunistically abused by the Japanese enterprises of construction, tourism, and media which restricted living space on the island, and many Okinawans continue to work as seasonal workers, with low wages while women were overworked and underpaid. Dependent on the development plan, they were threatened with decrease of financial support if they expressed opposition to the military bases (which occurred in 1997 under

7063: 1720:. First, mostly based on Chinese and American sources, asserted: they were not innately part of Japan, there were notable mostly Chinese and less Korean influences and relations, were oppressed minority group that Japanese people perceived as their rustic cousins, no better than other colonial people, dirty, impolite, uncultured, with an Okinawan commoner stating that "the Okinawans have never felt inferior to the Japanese, rather the Japanese felt the Okinawans were inferior to them", others showing inferiority complex, or 585:

heritage. However, the state did valorize and protect some aspects like being "people of the sea", folk art (pottery, textiles) and architecture, although it defined these cultural elements as being Japonic in essence. The Okinawan's use of heritage as a basis for political identity in the post-war period was interesting to the occupying United States forces who decided to support the pre-1879 culture and claims to autonomy in hopes that their military rule would be embraced by the population.

1315: 1475:), newspapers who are subsidiaries of those in Japan, jointly conducted prefectural public opinion surveys for voters in the prefecture. It claimed that 82% of Okinawa citizens chose "I'm glad that Okinawa has returned as a Japanese prefecture". It was 90% for respondents of the ages of 18 to 29, 86% for those in their 30s, 84% for those aged 40–59, whereas in the generation related to the return movement, the response was 72% for respondents in their 60s, 74% for those over the age of 70. 7109: 795: 1226:, gave a lecture titled "Silent Invasion: What Okinawans Want You to Know About China's Gentry Craft" at the Urasoe City Industrial Promotion Center on October 10, 2020, organized by the Japan Okinawa Policy Research Forum. In his lecture, "Silent Invasion: How the CCP is working to make Okinawa Prefecture a dependency of China," Yamaoka stated that the CCP "uses indirect methods that are less visible, such as advertisements, rather than stocks, etc." 957: 33: 593:, the "Okinawa problem" is a problem of culture which produced uncertainty in the relations between Okinawans and mainland Japanese: Okinawans either want to be Japanese or distinct, mainland Japanese either recognize Okinawans as part of their cultural group or reject them, and Okinawa's culture is treated as both foreign and deserving of repression, as well as being formally considered as part of the same racial polity as Japan. 304:, a practice that was started by Chūzan in 1372–1374 and lasted until the downfall of the kingdom in the late 19th century. This tributary relationship was greatly beneficial to the kingdom as the kings received political legitimacy, while the country as a whole gained access to economic, cultural and political opportunities in Southeast Asia without any interference by China in the internal political autonomy of Ryukyu. 550: 1214:(CSIS), a U.S. think tank, summarized that "China uses indirect methods to influence Japan. There are hidden channels, such as influencing Okinawa's movements through fundraising, influencing Okinawan newspapers to promote Okinawa's independence, and eliminating U.S. forces there." In contrast, the Okinawa Times and Ryukyu Shimpo published articles denying Chinese funding. In light of the Okinawan newspaper articles, 818:, located in a densely populated area. According to the agreement, both the Japanese and the U.S. governments agreed that 4,000 hectares of the 7,800-hectare training area are to be returned on condition that six helipads would be relocated to the remaining area. So far, July 2016, only work on two helipads has been completed. In December 2016, U.S. military announced the return of 17% of American-administered areas. 235: 433:. Despite Okinawa having been formally returned to Japan, both Japan and the United States have continued to make agreements securing the maintenance and expansion of the U.S. military bases, despite protests from the local Ryukyuan population. Although Okinawa comprises just 0.6% of Japan's total land mass, currently 75% of all U.S. military installations stationed in Japan are assigned to bases in Okinawa. 577:, both racially/ethnically and linguistically/culturally, going back many centuries, despite the evidence they were a significantly different group of people. The primary institution for assimilation was the state education system, which by 1902 occupied over half of the prefectural revenue, and produced a collective identity as well as training Okinawan teachers and intellectuals who would become a front 740:"Ethnic pride" played a role in public debate as enthusiasm for independence disappeared, and as the majority were in favor of reversion to Japan, which began to be viewed as the "home country" because of a return to the collective perception of Okinawans as part of the Japanese identity, as promulgated in the 19th century education system and repression, effectively silencing the movement for Okinawan 171:. It is highly critical of the abuses of Ryukyuan people and territory, both in the past and in the present day (such as the use of Okinawan land to host large American military bases). Okinawa comprises only 0.6% of all Japanese territory, yet 75% of all United States military forces are stationed in U.S. facilities that take up 10.4% of Okinawa Prefecture i.e. 18.8-20% of Okinawa Island. 744:. According to Moriteru Arasaki (1976), the question of self-determination was too easily and regrettably replaced by the question of preference for U.S. or Japanese dominion, a debate which emphasized Okinawan ethnic connections with the Japanese as opposed to their differences. Throughout the period of formal American rule in Okinawa, there were series of protests (including the 733:(OSMP), formed by Tokyo University graduates and schoolteachers from Okinawa who were against the U.S. military administration and advocated return to Japan. Media editorials in late 1950 and early 1951, under Senaga's control, criticized the OSMP (pro-reversion) and concluded that U.S. rule would be more prosperous than Japanese rule for Ryukyu. In February 1951, at the 1747:, the small Ryukyuan aristocratic class felt pride for not being Japanese and their association with China, the farmers were ignorant of the history and Japan due to lack of education, with the most potential in urban Okinawan population who still remembered and hated the prejudical Japanese behavior. Thus the U.S. during the occupation, instead of the Japanese term 4364: 1019:(A Declaration of Okinawan Independence), and stated that Japan is not the fatherland of Okinawa. The Okinawa Jichiro (Municipal Workers Union) prepared a report about measures for self-government. Some considered the autonomy and independence of Okinawa to be a reaction to Japanese "structural corruption", and made demands for administrative decentralization. 1571:. He favors federalism in Japan but not independence for the Ryukyus, and draws on his experience as a diplomat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to say, "It is possible for a country of about 1.4 million people to survive as an independent nation among three major powers, Japan, the United States, and China, but I think it will entail many difficulties." 534:

spearheaded a movement that supported the alteration of personal name spellings to spare Okinawans from ethnic discrimination. The anxiety about the issue of Okinawa being part of Japan was so extreme that even attempts to discuss it were discredited and denounced from both mainland and Okinawan community itself, as a failure of being national subjects.

679:, because the territory of Ryukyu and its population were too small to make the movement's success attainable. They noted the long relationship between China and Ryukyu Kingdom, saw the Chinese territorial claims as justified, and concluded that the exploitation of the identity gap between Japan and Ryukyu made for good policy for the United States. 3688: 1010:) in which argued for resistance to Japan and Okinawa's independence. Between 1997 and 1998 there was a significant increase in debates about Okinawan independence. Intellectuals held heated discussions, symposiums, while two prominent politicians organized highly visible national forums. In February 1997, a member of the 449:. Nomura Koya in his research argued that the Japanese mainland developed "an unconscious colonialism" in which Japanese people are not aware of how they continue to colonize Okinawa through the mainland's inclination to leave the vast majority of the United States' military presence and burden to Okinawa. 3684: 1487:

In terms of identity, Okinawans have a composite identity. When asked, "What kind of person do you consider yourself to be?", 52% of the respondents said that they are "Okinawan and Japanese". When combining "Miyako" and "Japanese" as well as "Yaeyama" and "Japanese", the composite identity accounted

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with respect to perceptions that Ryukyuan people were backward, primitive, ethnically and racially inferior, and insufficiently Japanese. They did not want to be lumped together with the Japanese colonies, as evidenced by protests against being included with six other "less developed" colonial people

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In 2016, Ryūkyū Shimpō conducted another poll from October to November of Okinawans over 20, with useful replies from 1047 individuals: 2.6% favored full independence, 14% favored a federal framework with domestic authority equal to that of the national government in terms of diplomacy and security,

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Ryukyu independence groups continue to exist, but they have not gained support large enough to lead to independence. The number of seats they were able to take in the local legislatures was either zero or, in rare cases, one. However, there is strong support for a strong local government with strong

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The construction plans moved slowly, and the protesters got more attention when a U.S. helicopter crashed into a classroom building of Okinawa International University. However, the government portrayed the incident as a further argument for the construction of the new base, and began to harm and/or

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racial characteristic (meaning "primitive"), the aboriginal language is backward and so on. Although both represented them as distinctive ethnic minority, the first glorified the idea of U.S. resurrecting formerly independent polity, while the second that the U.S. could succeed, where Japan failed,

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Many protests have been staged, but due to the lack of a united political struggle for national independence, these protests have a limited political horizon, although some consider them to be an extension of the independence and anti-reversionist movement, replacing the previous reversion movement

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trusteeship. Common people also perceived the U.S. troops as liberators. OPP also considered endorsing autonomy, as well as a request for compensation from Japan, and even during the 1948–1949 crisis, the question of reversion to Japanese rule was not a part political discourse. The governor of the

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mostly by former aristocracy or elite. Second, over 95% based on partisan Japanese sources, asserted: with mostly ignored historical aspects, were incorporated as part of Japan, but were innately culturally, socially and racially semi-civilized and inferior people that required structured American

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on the right of their self-determination. In the same month an all-day public forum entitled "Seeking a course: Discussions of Okinawa's right to self-determination" was held, asserting that it was the right time to assume its role as a demilitarized autonomous zone, a place of exchange with China

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is deemed illegal - according to international law, the treaty is limited to Okinawa Prefecture as a political entity, while Japan and U.S. also signed a secret treaty according to which the Japanese state cannot act inside the U.S. military bases. Thus, if the reversion treaty is invalid the term

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According to Matsushima, the Japanese people are not aware of the complexities of the Okinawan situation. The Japanese pretend to understand it and hypocritically sympathize with Okinawans, but until they understand that the U.S. bases as incursions on Japanese soil, and that the lives and land of

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Many Ryukyuan people see themselves as an ethnically separate and different people from the Japanese, with a unique and separate cultural heritage. They see a great difference between themselves and the mainland Japanese people, and many feel a strong connection to Ryukyuan traditional culture and

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in exchange for trading rights with China equal to those granted to Western states, de facto abandoning and divided the island chain for monetary profit. The treaty was rejected as the Chinese court decided to not ratify the agreement. The Ryukyu's aristocratic class resisted annexation for almost

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before the Japanese invasion". However, despite the increase in the number of voices in China, it is generally agreed that this does not represent the viewpoint of the Chinese government, at least not the official position on the surface. However, these mainly private voices have elicited strong

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reported that the Ryukoku University professor Yasukatsu Matsushima and his civil group "Yuimarle Ryukyu no Jichi" ("autonomy of Ryukyu"), which calls for the independence of the Ryukyu Islands as a self-governing republic, are quietly gathering a momentum. Although critics consider that Japanese

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was in a similar position, at least the U.S. admitted illegality and issued an apology in 1992, but Japan has never apologized or considered compensation. Japan and the United States are both responsible for the colonial status of Okinawa - used first as a trade negotiator with China, later as a

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would consider challenging Japan's sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands. The Chinese government has offered no endorsement of such views. Some Chinese consider that it is enough to support their independence, with professor Zhou Yongsheng warning that Ryukyu sovereignty issue will not resolve the

918:. This event is considered as the "third wave of the Okinawa Struggle" movement against the marginalization of Okinawa, the US-Japan security alliance, and the U.S. global military strategy. Beside being anti-US, it also had a markedly anti-Japanese tone. In 2007, 110,000 people protested due to 533:

in 1909 warned the Ryukyuans that if they forget their historical and cultural heritage then "their native place is no different from a country built on a desert or a new colony". Shimabukuro Genichiro in the 1930s described the Okinawa's pre-war position as "colonial-esque", and in the 1920s he

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Only twenty years later, on 15 May 1972, Okinawa and nearby islands were returned to Japan. As the Japanese had post-war political freedom and economic prosperity, the military facilities had a negative economical impact and the people felt cheated, used for the purpose of Japanese and regional

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Maehira Bokei noted that this narrative considered Okinawa a colony and rejected Okinawa's characteristic culture, considering it barbaric and inferior. This resulted in the development of an inferiority complex amongst Okinawans, which motivated them to discriminate against their own cultural

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emphasized that "arguing that a tributary relationship at some point in history is the basis for a sovereignty claim ... many countries had tributary relationships with China" could be diplomatically incendiary. Professor Yasukatsu Matsushima expressed his fear of the possibility that Ryukyu

393:(1894–1895), factions pushing for Chinese and Ryukyuan sovereignty faded as China renounced its claims to the island. In the Meiji period, the government continuously and formally suppressed Ryukyuan ethnic identity, culture, tradition, and language while assimilating them as ethnic Japanese ( 841:

The villagers organized a movement called "Inochi o Mamorukai" ("Society for the protection of life"), and demanded a special election while maintaining a tent city protest on the beach, and a constant presence on the water in kayaks. The governor's race in 1990 saw the emergence of both an

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was an annexation of an independent country over the opposition of its people, thus constituting an act of aggression and not a "natural ethnic unification". Gregory Smits noted that "many other works in Japanese come close to characterizing Ryukyu/Okinawa as Japan's first colony, but never

457:" used in colonial domination produced the perception of a backward "Okinawa" and "Okinawans". Some like Tomiyama Ichiro suggest that for the Ryukyuans, being a member of the modern Japanese nation-state is "nothing other than the start of being on the receiving end of colonial domination". 821:

However, while initially considered as a positive change, in September 1996 the public became aware that the U.S. planned to "give up" Futenma for construction of a new base (first since the 1950s) in the north offshore, Oura Bay, near Henoko (relatively less populated than Ginowan) in the

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and the representative of the civil group "Yuimarle Ryukyu no Jichi" ("autonomy of Ryukyu"), the 1879 annexation was illegal and cannot be justified on either moral grounds or international law, as the Ryukyu government and people did not agree to join Japan and there is no existing treaty

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the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture was part of the Japanese nation-state integration, reassertion of authority and sovereignty over own territory, and that the Japan's colonial empire, dated from 1895, happened after the state integration and thus it can not be considered as colonial

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Since 1972, because of a lack of any anticipated developments in relation to the US-Japan alliance, committed voices have turned once again towards the aim of "Okinawa independence theory", on the basis of cultural heritage and history, at least by poets and activists like Takara Ben and

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claimed that the Chinese government is "forming ties with the Okinawan independence movement through academic exchanges, with the intent of sparking a split within Japan". The report was harshly criticized as baseless by the independence group professors asserting that the conference at

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On May 12, 2022, an Okinawa Times survey on the 50th anniversary of Okinawa's reversion to Japan and the attitudes of Okinawa residents showed that 48% of respondents wanted “a municipality with strong authority,” 42% wanted to “maintain the status quo,” and 3% wanted “independence.”

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Some pre-war Okinawans also resisted the classification of Okinawa as a Japanese colony, as they did not want to consider their experience as colonial. This position originates in the prewar period when the Meiji suppression of Ryukyuan identity, culture and language resulted in

768:, and on a theoretical level in academic journals. Between 1980 and 1981 leading Okinawan intellectuals held symposiums about the independence, with even a drafted constitution and another national flag for Ryukyus, with the collected essays published with the title 626:

the Okinawans have the same value as their own, the discrimination will not end. Also, as long Okinawa is part of Japan, the United States military bases will not leave, because it is Japan's intention to use Okinawa as an island military base, seen from the Emperor

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Since the formation of the prefecture, its relationship with the Japanese nation-state has been continually contested and changed. There were significant movements for Okinawan independence in the period following its annexation, in the period prior to and during

737:, the pro-U.S. conservative Republican Party spoke for independence, Okinawa Socialist Party for a U.S. trusteeship, while the OPP (previously pro-independence) and OSMP advocated for reversion to Japan, and in March the Assembly made a resolution for reversion. 1233:) reported that China is stirring up independence movements in the Ryukyu Islands and French New Caledonia in an attempt to weaken potential enemies. It stated that for China, Okinawa is intended to "sabotage the Self-Defense Forces and U.S. forces in Japan." 488:, its autonomy a temporary aberration, and when was established the Okinawa Prefecture in 1879 the islands were already part of the Japanese political influence and it was only an administrative extension i.e. traced the annexation back to 1609 and not 1879. 3766: 948:" was opposed by Okinawans, who instead considered it a "day of humiliation". In June 2016, after the rape and murder of a Japanese woman, more than 65,000 people gathered in protest of the American military presence and crimes against the residents. 1064:

In May 2013, the Association of Comprehensive Studies for Independence of the Lew Chewans (ACSILs) was established, focusing on demilitarization, decolonization, and aim of self-determined independence. They plan to collaborate with polities such as

813:

In April 1996, a joint US-Japanese governmental commission announced that it would address Okinawan's anger, reducing the U.S. military foot-print and returning part of the occupied land in the center of Okinawa (only around 5%), including the large

987:) have often caused open criticism, protests, and refusals to sing the national anthem. For many years the Emperors avoided visiting Okinawa, since it was assumed that his visits would likely cause uproar, like in July 1975 when then-crown prince 651:"citizens" does not refer to the Japanese, but Okinawans. According to the movement's goals, independence does not mean the revival of the Ryukyu Kingdom, or a reversion to China or Japan, but the establishment of a new and modern Ryukyuan state. 421:

government. During this period, U.S. military forcibly requisitioned private land for the building of many military facilities, with the private owners put into refugee camps, and its personnel committed thousands of crimes against civilians.

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In addition to Korea (1392), Thailand (1409) and other Southeast Asian polities, the kingdom maintained trade relations with Japan (1403), and during this period a unique political and cultural identity emerged. However, in 1609 the Japanese

748:) against U.S. land policy and against the U.S. military administration. In 1956, one-third of the population advocated for independence, another third for being part of the United States, and final third for maintaining ties with Japan. 1057:(Okinawa) began to frequently write on the issue of autonomy, and numerous books about the topic have been published. In 2005, the Ryūkyū Independent Party, formerly active in the 1970s, was reformed and since 2008 has been known as the 1630:

was more like a "symbol of oppression" to the islanders of the outlying islands. Therefore, he said, even if a "Ryukyu Republic" is founded, it may become a country full of discrimination like the Ryukyu Kingdom as it was in the past.

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island of Shikiya Koshin, probably with support by Nakasone, commissioned a creation of Ryukyuan flag, which was presented on 25 January 1950. The only notable Ryukyuan who advocated reversion between 1945 and 1950 was the mayor of

717:, leftist), and smaller Okinawa Socialist Party-OSP (formed by Ogimi Chotoku) welcomed the U.S. military as an opportunity to free Okinawa from Japan, considering independence from Japan as a republic under guardianship of U.S. or 641:

without the consent of the majority of the population in the entity (ignored during the implementation of financial plan from 1972, as well in 1996 legal change of law about the stationing of military bases). The constitution's

409:, approximately 150,000 civilians were killed, consisting roughly 1/3 of the island's population. Many civilians died in mass suicides forced by the Japanese military. After World War II, the Ryukyu Islands were occupied by the 1014:

asked the government what was needed for Okinawan independence, and was told that it is impossible because the constitution does not allow it. Oyama Chojo, former long-term mayor of Koza/Okinawa City, wrote a best-selling book

873:(16 September 2009 – 2 June 2010) opposed the base facility, but his tenure was short and his campaign promise to close the base was not fulfilled. The subsequent ministers acted as clients for the United States, while in 2013 503:

it was created an idea that the Ryukyuan racial incorporation was natural and inevitable. Only recently the scholars like Jun Yonaha begun to see that this idea of unification itself functions as a mean of legitimizing the

1191:'s comment that "The Ryukyus belong to China, never to Japan". However these scholars' considerations do not necessarily represent the views of Chinese government. It sparked a protest among the Japanese politicians, like 885:(who died in 2018), completely opposed the military base's presence. The 2014 poll showed that 80% of population want the facility out of the prefecture. In September 2015, Governor Onaga went to base his arguments to the 1743:'s 1944 report considered the division between Okinawans and Japanese for the use in the conflict. They noted that probably could not find support among the Okinawans who were educated in Japan because of the nationalist 1042:) and held many seminars. It posited three basic paths; 1) leveraging Article 95 and exploring the possibilities of decentralization 2) seeking formal autonomy with the right to diplomatic relations 3) full independence. 1252:

responses from the Japanese political establishment, such as Kan's statement that "Okinawa Prefecture is undoubtedly Japanese territory, both historically and internationally. In 2010, the Preparatory Committee for the

1258: 186:. The U.S. military has failed to follow through on its promise established in 1996 to reduce its presence. Advocates for independence also emphasize the environmental impact of the American bases accepted by Tokyo. 893:

ruled against Okinawa's opposition, a decision which erupted new protests. In February 2017, Governor Onaga went to Washington to represent the local opposition to the administration of newly elected U.S. president

695:'s visit in 1853 the U.S. treated the Ryukyu as independent kingdom, they should re-examine Perry's suggestion about maintaining Ryukyu as an independent nation with international ports for international commerce. 336:

refused to submit to the shogunate. The kingdom was forced to send a tribute to Satsuma, but was allowed to retain and continue its independence and relations and trade with China (a unique privilege, as Japan was

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arrest local villagers and other members of the opposition. By December 2004, several construction workers recklessly wounded non-violent protestors. This caused the arrival of Okinawa fishermen to the Oura Bay.

702:(1945–1950), for the creation of an autonomous or independent Ryukyu Republic. According to David John Obermiller, the initiative for independence was ironically inspired from mainland. In February 1946, the 751:

Despite the desire of many inhabitants of the islands for some form of independence or anti-reversionism, the massive popularity of reversion supported the Japanese government's decision to establish the

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to Henoko (i.e. Oura Bay) would have a devastating impact on the coral reef area, its waters and ecosystem with rare and endangered species, including the smallest and northernmost population of

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for about 60% of the respondents. 24% said they were "Okinawan" and 16% said they were "Japanese". Regarding the promotion of culture in Okinawa, there is a view that it should learn from

1247:, a researcher at the Ministry of Commerce, has claimed that "75% of Ryukyu residents support Ryukyu independence" and that "the culture of the Ryukyu Islands was identical to that of the 6418: 664: 418: 4402: 699: 410: 129: 3344: 846:, who opposed the base's construction, won with 52% of the vote. However, the Japanese government successfully sued Ōta and transferred the power over Okinawan land leases to the 881:

affirmed their commitment to build the new base, regardless of the local protests. The relocation was approved by Okinawa's governor in 2014, but the governor of the prefecture,

1126: 2697: 646:(respect for the sovereignty of the people) is violated by the stationing of American military troops, as well as the lack of protection for civilians' human rights. The 2839: 854:

City citizens' referendum (which had rejected the new base), stopped communication with the local government, and suspended economic support until Okinawans elected the

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There are also some people with official positions who, in their private capacity, openly believe that Japanese rule over the Ryukyus has no legitimacy. For example,

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In 1947, the three newly formed political parties Okinawa Democratic League-ODL (formed by Genwa Nakasone, conservative), Okinawan People's Party-OPP (formed by

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proposed a plan that would maintain an independent, sovereign Okinawa while partitioning other Ryukyuan islands between China and Japan. Japan offered China the

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of the 1970s with anti-base and self-determination struggle. Nomura Koya claims that the protests are finally beginning to confront Okinawans with Japanese and

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was forcibly exiled to Tokyo. Previously in 1875, the kingdom was forced against its wishes to terminate its tribute relations with China, while U.S. President

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for self-determination. His group envisions creating an unarmed, neutral country, with each island in the arc from Amami to Yonaguni deciding whether to join.

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the pre-1609 history of independence. There is strong criticism of the Meiji government's assimilation policies and ideological agenda. According to novelist

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formally presented its proposal. Although the fighter jet and helicopter noise, as well accidents, would be put away from a very to less populated area, the

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sponsored a forum for the discussion of reversion, assimilation to the Japanese polity, as well as the costs and opportunities of Ryukyuan independence.

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said that "the relationship between the Ryukyu and China is historically intertwined, and it is my duty as a Chinese to make Ryukyu free from Japan".

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17.9% favored a framework with increased authority to compile budgets and other domestic authorities, while less than half supported status quo.

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in its message welcomed a separate administration and supported Okinawa's right to liberty and independence, while the Okinawan organization of

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argued that U.S. should not see Ryukyu Islands as Japanese territory. He asserted that the islands were colonized by Japan, and in an echo to

7436: 7375: 6664: 6634: 5736: 4528: 4368: 4325: 4305: 4265: 4184: 4164: 4144: 4124: 1112: 6659: 6584: 5376: 5340: 4508: 1763:), and underestimated the Japan's prewar assimilation program with its Japanese identity and negative connotations for the Ryukyu identity. 807: 4751: 341:

from trading with China at the time). This arrangement was known as a "dual vassalage" status, and continued until the mid-19th century.

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Dietz, Kelly (2016), "Transnationalism and Transition in the Ryūkyūs", in Pedro Iacobelli; Danton Leary; Shinnosuke Takahashi (eds.),

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8% of the surveyed were pro-independence, 21% wanted more self-determination as a region, while the other 2/3 favored the status quo.

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In February of the same year, Uruma-no-Kai group which promotes the solidarity between Ainu and Okinawans, organized a symposium at

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U.S. military personnel have been involved in many crimes committed in Okinawa over the years, one of the most well-known being the

1092:(2006–2014), who approved the government's permit for the construction of military base, was defeated in November 2014 election by 5152: 3403: 3082: 1431: 1133: 1097: 1085: 1027: 1011: 855: 815: 647: 183: 141: 7461: 7446: 7108: 6910: 6765: 6014: 5821: 4896: 710:

leaning intellectuals Okinawajin Renmei Zenkoku Taikai, residing in Japan, also unanimously supported independence from Japan.

3740: 1253: 675:'s in their 1944 report. They considered it as an organization emerging primarily among Okinawan's emigrants, specifically in 659: 6614: 6569: 5826: 5647: 945: 622:'s policies). As a consequence of campaigns to improve soil quality on Okinawa, many surrounding coral reefs were destroyed. 3916:"Was it good to return to Japan? 】 Okinawa 82% is affirmative, as younger generation is higher as a citizen attitude survey" 7030: 7456: 6704: 6699: 6629: 6589: 6574: 6356: 6311: 5931: 5579: 4543: 1671: 1169:

independence would be used as a tool, perceiving Chinese support as "strange" since they deny it to their own minorities.

1107:

campaigned on the prefecture-wide Henoko-referendum, on the premise that if the result was rejected it would be held as a

195: 3798: 3662: 3574: 1324: 1125:

government would never approve independence, according to Matsushima, the Japanese approval is not needed because of U.N

472:

Historians supporting the interpretation that the annexation of Ryukyu did not constitute colonialism make the following

7451: 6870: 6815: 6785: 6694: 6689: 6654: 6579: 6559: 5657: 5345: 5098: 4993: 4921: 4906: 4803: 4767: 1740: 1709: 734: 672: 1301:, giving rise to the phrase “Today’s Hong Kong is Tomorrow’s Taiwan, and the Day After is Okinawa and Japan" in Japan. 1297:

Against this background, the phrase "Today, Hong Kong; tomorrow, Taiwan" was quoted in Hong Kong and Taiwan during the

7302: 6326: 5549: 5499: 5145: 4453: 4011: 753: 726:, Nakayoshi Ryoko, who permanently left Okinawa in 1945 after receiving no public support for his reversion petition. 7265: 7213: 6684: 6564: 5595: 5035: 4606: 4474: 1590:

were subject to a harsh tax system, known as the poll tax. Therefore, it is believed that Yaeyama, Miyakojima, and

980: 915: 803: 175: 125: 3377: 7196: 7080: 6644: 6366: 5858: 5554: 1564: 1468: 1438: 1023: 730: 309: 1504:

in Okinawa, etc., are very similar. The composite identity is another area where Wales and Okinawa are similar.

1267:

as its president. The organization is active in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, with offices in Shenzhen.

7184: 6961: 6619: 6423: 5335: 5108: 1640: 703: 221: 926:) of the Japanese military's ordering of mass suicide for civilians during the Battle of Okinawa. The journal 523: 132:

1945–1950) began, that the Ryukyus should eventually become an independent state instead of being returned to

7015:

are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

5103: 469:

explicitly do so". Alan Christy emphasized that Okinawa must be included in studies of Japanese colonialism.

7441: 7347: 7285: 6981: 6403: 5936: 5875: 5779: 5690: 5605: 5484: 4533: 4380: 1472: 1161: 1146: 941: 847: 414: 390: 3890:"Ryukyu Shimpo survey reveals 35% of Okinawans favor increased autonomy, less than half support status quo" 1621: 6351: 6241: 6019: 5983: 5865: 5710: 5559: 4941: 4916: 4523: 4513: 4411: 4156:

The United States Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945-1955

1219: 1195:

who said that Okinawa Prefecture "is unquestionably Japan's territory, historically and internationally".

979:

due to his involvement in the sacrifice of Okinawa and later military occupation), and the U.S. military (

890: 4211: 3893: 3520: 3257: 3230: 1560: 1449: 928: 782: 7045: 6674: 6639: 6624: 6503: 6331: 6321: 6286: 6281: 6266: 6246: 6210: 5993: 5963: 5953: 5943: 5838: 5617: 5574: 5544: 5522: 5469: 5392: 5303: 4626: 4538: 4503: 4066: 1165: 684: 148:(ANPO) signed in 1952 provides for the continuation of the American military presence in Japan, and the 7342: 1605: 1215: 3596: 1594:

Island introduced modern institutions, taxation system, and freedom to choose an occupation after the

1559:

is introduced in the future under the one state on the Doshu-sei in Japan. Author and former diplomat

7090: 6880: 6679: 6528: 6488: 6463: 6306: 6276: 6261: 6251: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6179: 6140: 6034: 5911: 5906: 5885: 5848: 5816: 5784: 5774: 5753: 5680: 5564: 5479: 5439: 5266: 5213: 5051: 5009: 4956: 4709: 4678: 3407: 908: 182:. The continued presence of the U.S. military remains a source of contention, especially against the 92: 2788:"Okinawa governor approves plan to reclaim Henoko for U.S. base transfer - AJW by The Asahi Shimbun" 967:

The presence of the U.S. military remains a sensitive issue in local politics. Feelings against the

729:

In elections in late 1950, the Democratic League (then titled Republican Party) was defeated by the

7290: 7158: 7138: 6930: 6810: 6604: 6543: 6508: 6413: 6316: 6271: 6236: 6200: 6195: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6104: 6050: 5998: 5988: 5921: 5890: 5843: 5748: 5664: 5637: 5600: 5527: 5494: 5474: 5444: 5330: 5230: 5061: 5014: 4911: 4859: 4714: 4688: 4662: 4641: 4469: 4448: 3710: 3349: 1721: 1616: 1237: 1074: 968: 518: 7352: 7280: 7066: 7016: 6966: 6719: 6599: 6473: 6448: 6256: 6174: 6145: 6094: 6084: 6029: 6024: 5958: 5948: 5926: 5880: 5758: 5726: 5642: 5627: 5622: 5489: 5397: 5355: 5261: 5251: 5246: 5225: 5208: 5168: 4936: 4926: 4864: 4849: 4683: 4657: 4621: 4518: 4479: 4443: 3608:

Foreign influence operations in Japan since the second Abe government Macdonald-Laurier Institute

3541: 3517:"Public Security Intelligence Agency's report claims Ryukyu-China programs aim to divide country" 3465: 3434: 3087: 1610: 1599: 1496:

regarding federalism and language revival. Since Okinawa was a minority in Japan, the history of

1204: 1188: 741: 707: 602: 530: 485: 481: 454: 442: 369: 357: 329: 316: 262: 239: 225: 217: 137: 6609: 1842:"List of Main Crimes Committed and Incidents Concerning the U.S. Military on Okinawa - Excerpts" 794: 7322: 7312: 7243: 7206: 7201: 7128: 6991: 6976: 6770: 6458: 6150: 6099: 6055: 5916: 5853: 5685: 5652: 5457: 5449: 5350: 5287: 5126: 4961: 4818: 4636: 4346: 4321: 4301: 4281: 4261: 4241: 4180: 4160: 4140: 4120: 4100: 3138: 1645: 1595: 1568: 1464: 1298: 1178: 1137:

and surrounding countries, and a cosmopolitan center for Okinawa's economic self-sufficiency.

923: 607: 406: 229: 68: 3810: 1567:), whose mother is from Okinawa, describes the uniqueness of Okinawan culture, including the 995:

at him. The first ever visit in history of a Japanese emperor to Okinawa occurred in 1993 by

7307: 7248: 7233: 7123: 7038: 6905: 6714: 6594: 6109: 6089: 5705: 5700: 5632: 5612: 5506: 5434: 5402: 5282: 5198: 4631: 4611: 4419: 4067:【沖縄が危ない！】首里城復元、沖縄本島の史観に抵抗感　琉球王国へのノスタルジアばかり強調されるが…離島住民にとっては「圧政の象徴」（1/3ページ） - zakzak：夕刊フジ公式サイト 3950: 3929:沖縄が目指すべき姿は「強い権限を持つ自治体」が48%　「現状を維持」が42%　「独立」は3%【復帰50年・県民意識調査】 | 沖縄タイムス＋プラス　プレミアム | 沖縄タイムス＋プラス 1683: 1089: 992: 972: 956: 933: 757: 692: 590: 377: 17: 1002:

The 1995 rape incident stirred a surge of ethnic-nationalism. In 1996, Akira Arakawa wrote

940:

to the present day. The Japanese government designation of 28 April, the date on which the

7362: 7357: 7275: 7270: 7228: 7223: 7189: 7163: 7133: 6885: 6855: 6380: 5789: 5695: 5532: 4788: 4559: 3972: 3848: 3307: 3227:"The Association of Comprehensive Studies for Independence of the Lew Chewans established" 2895: 2869: 2843: 2791: 2701: 2367: 1660: 1655: 1583: 1120: 996: 859: 802:

Though there are pressures in the US and Japan, as well as in Okinawa, for the removal of

714: 385: 349: 325: 254: 246: 201: 121: 116:

The current political manifestation of the movement emerged in 1945, after the end of the

32: 6935: 1287: 1187:

which stated that "Chinese people shall support Ryukyu's independence", soon followed by

843: 615: 4257:

Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000

1331:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

936:, Nishizato Kiko in their essays considered the U.S. bases in Okinawa a continuation of 7415: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7317: 7153: 6840: 6820: 6388: 5537: 5082: 5066: 5019: 4977: 4793: 3838:

Okinawa Times, January 1, 2006. The scan is from the Okinawa Independent Party website.

3495: 3381: 2818: 2727: 1841: 1744: 1665: 1650: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1556: 1493: 1427: 1248: 1242: 1223: 1192: 1084:

The topics of self-determination have since entered mainstream electoral politics. The

1058: 961: 886: 870: 842:

anti-faction and a pro-faction composed of members from construction-based businesses.

765: 723: 718: 680: 637:

of Japanese constitution - a law applicable to one single entity can not be enacted by

549: 514: 473: 381: 313: 282: 250: 205: 168: 160: 153: 106: 102: 37: 7430: 7410: 7253: 6483: 6478: 6433: 6428: 6408: 5731: 5407: 4901: 4374: 4231: 3640: 1460: 1104: 1093: 1078: 882: 874: 688: 638: 619: 500: 461: 394: 365: 258: 149: 4022: 3641:中露海軍日本一周の意図：北海道はロシア領、沖縄を中国領にソ連による終戦後の北方四島侵攻は「米英ソの密約」で行われた 2021.11.9（火）池口恵観 jbpress 1270:

The Chinese Ryukyu Special Autonomous Region has also been in contact with Taiwan's

7400: 7390: 7218: 7012: 6900: 6750: 6513: 6498: 6468: 6438: 6398: 4844: 4194: 4055: 3928: 3889: 3867: 3736: 3563: 3516: 3253: 3226: 1677: 1627: 1501: 1271: 1151: 895: 878: 798:

Map showing the territory covered by military bases of the United States in Okinawa

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visited the organisation's office in Shenzhen, and in the same month, CUPP leader

278: 4315: 4295: 4275: 4255: 4235: 4174: 4154: 4134: 4114: 4094: 4033: 3915: 3815:[What is the Okinawa's identity ~ the second: the past and the future ~] 7238: 6971: 6940: 6920: 6800: 6755: 6709: 6538: 6523: 6518: 6453: 6393: 5870: 5743: 5056: 4854: 4823: 4616: 3837: 1726: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1164:, and that "Chinese involvement would destroy China-Japan relations". Professor 570: 566: 538: 496: 446: 117: 80: 3940:「沖縄人で日本人」5割　明星大熊本教授の県民調査「自身は何人だと思うか」　複合的アイデンティティー6割に - 琉球新報デジタル｜沖縄のニュース速報・情報サイト 1730:

in civilizing and modernizing the Okinawans by liberating them from themselves.

1725:

guidance in imperialistic sense, subservient to authority, men were lazy, have

1555:

There are also different views on whether Okinawa should become a state if the

156:. This set the stage for renewed political activism for Ryukyuan independence. 7395: 6986: 6830: 6760: 5256: 5218: 4880: 4719: 4415: 3983: 3961: 3788:

Today, Hong Kong; tomorrow, Taiwan:' Resistance to China spreads - Nikkei Asia

3652: 3585: 1445: 450: 405:, and after World War II through to the present day. In 1945, during the WWII 373: 361: 333: 4096:

Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics

4077: 4023:

Global Peace and Goodwill Message translated into Uchinaaguchi for first time

3997: 1229:

In October 2021, the French military school Institute for Strategic Studies (

565:, which was annexed at the same time, and an insistence that the non-Japonic 7385: 6890: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6805: 6790: 6079: 5203: 4044: 3799:

Ishigaki on Cutting Edge of Japan’s Relationship with Taiwan | JAPAN Forward

1497: 1286:

went on a sightseeing trip to Okinawa and was received by the cadres of the

1264: 745: 430: 427: 2866:"Protests erupt as work resumes on Futenma air base replacement in Okinawa" 1278:, a political party of the reunification movement. In 2015, CUPP President 1073:

that also seek independence. In September 2015, it held a related forum in

1022:

In 2002, scholars of constitutional law, politics and public policy at the

630:'s "Imperial Message" (1947) and US-Japan Security Treaty valid from 1952. 321: 270: 4363: 4317:

Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization

3564:沖縄タイムス＋プラス沖縄タイムス＋プラスニュース政治「中国が沖縄の新聞に資金提供」報告書の記述撤回米国シンクタンク「戦略国際問題研究所」 159:

The Ryukyu independence movement maintains that both the 1609 invasion by

7405: 7258: 7148: 6915: 6850: 6775: 6649: 6533: 4951: 4828: 4575: 1591: 1448:, while around 60% preferred the political status quo. In a 2015 poll by 1108: 976: 627: 3984:

VOX POPULI: Rich Okinawan language is in danger of soon becoming extinct

3962:

VOX POPULI: Rich Okinawan language is in danger of soon becoming extinct

3849:"Survey on Okinawan resident identities", From the Latest Questionnaires 914:

In September 1995, 85,000 people protested because of the U.S. military

698:

There was pressure after 1945, immediately following the war during the

7295: 6925: 6895: 6845: 6835: 6740: 6493: 6443: 5462: 5371: 4946: 4931: 4590: 4580: 4297:

Transnational Japan as History: Empire, Migration, and Social Movements

3657: 3345:"Japan's claim to Okinawa disputed by influential Chinese commentators" 1444:

In a 2011 poll 4.7% of surveyed were pro-independence, 15% wanted more

1156: 988: 441:

Some philosophers, like Taira Katsuyasu, consider the establishment of

266: 167:

construction of the Okinawa prefecture are colonial annexations of the

671:

The independence movement was already under investigation by the U.S.

633:

Even further, it is claimed that Okinawa Prefecture's status violates

561:

there was a significant reimagining of the histories of Ryukyu and of

368:(1872–1879), in 1879 the kingdom-domain was abolished, established as 6795: 6780: 6745: 6735: 5137: 4798: 3575:

China’s Influence in Japan: Everywhere Yet Nowhere in Particular CSIS

1070: 835: 338: 274: 40:, a political party that seeks the independence of the Ryukyu Islands 3618: 364:

the kingdom into the modern Japanese Empire. Firstly established as

136:. However, the islands were returned to Japan on 15 May 1972 as the 1437:

In 2005, Lim John Chuan-tiong (林泉忠), an associate professor at the

253:, and are ethnically, culturally, and linguistically distinct from 7168: 6945: 4783: 3586:【沖縄の声】主催：日本沖縄政策研究フォーラム!山岡鉄秀氏「サイレント・インベージョン～沖縄県民に知ってほしい中国属国化工作の手口～」 3492:"Japan Sees Chinese Groups Backing Okinawa Independence Activists" 1489: 1230: 793: 658: 548: 480:

that after the invasion in 1609 the Ryukyu kingdom became part of

301: 233: 133: 110: 31: 2724:"U.S. Returns Largest Tract of Okinawa Land to Japan in 44 Years" 889:

human rights body, but in December 2015, the work resumed as the

413:(1945–1950), but the U.S. maintained control even after the 1951 101:) is a political movement advocating for the independence of the 7143: 7098: 7075: 1066: 851: 823: 806:

from Okinawa, there have thus far been only partial and gradual

760:

were hurled the Japanese government office building on Okinawa.

676: 7034: 5141: 4384: 3863:"Okinawa independence movement seeks inspiration from Scotland" 3033:"Sovereignty Anniversary a Day of Celebration, or Humiliation?" 1714:

The Okinawas of the Loo Choo Islands: A Japanese Minority Group

1183:

published another similar article by two Chinese scholars from

1308: 991:

visited Okinawa and communist revolutionary activists threw a

777: 562: 4277:

Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People

2698:"Okinawa protests erupt as U.S. helipad construction resumes" 2815:"Opponent of U.S. Base Wins Okinawa Vote in Setback for Abe" 2461: 2459: 2457: 1939: 1937: 1718:

Civil Affairs Handbook: Ryukyu (Loochoo) Islands OPNAV 13-31

1030:

founded a project "Study Group on Okinawa Self-governance" (

2975: 2973: 2346: 2344: 1990: 1988: 417:, and its former direct administration was replaced by the 4375:

The Unofficial Constitution of the Republic of the Ryukyus

3819:(in Japanese). Archives of Okinawa Prefecture. 2 July 2008 3304:"Ryukyu pro-independence group quietly gathering momentum" 2892:"Onaga looks to Trump for change in U.S. policy on bases" 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 1615:, editor-in-chief of the conservative Okinawan newspaper 3209: 3207: 3205: 3192: 3190: 2746: 2744: 4195:"Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution" 3254:"ACSILs holds forum on Ryukyu independence in New York" 2364:"Tokyo turns up pressure on Okinawa with budget threat" 1873: 1871: 1508:

Self-Identification of those born in Wales and Okinawa

700:

United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands

411:

United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands

3597:仏軍事研究所が「中国の影響力」報告書　沖縄を標的と指摘 2021/10/5 16:30 三井美奈産経新聞 2840:"Onaga takes base argument to U.N. human rights panel" 2813:

Isabel Reynolds; Takashi Hirokawa (17 November 2014).

2512: 2510: 1888: 1886: 1040:

Okinawa as a self-governing region: What do you think?

96: 1690:

Active autonomist and secessionist movements in Japan

1574:

During the Ryukyu Kingdom, the royal family lived in

1008:

Okinawa: Antithesis to the Evil Japanese Nation State

606:

transferring sovereignty to Japan. He notes that the

3461:"In Okinawa, Talk of Break From Japan Turns Serious" 3014: 3012: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1127:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7177: 7116: 7089: 6954: 6728: 6552: 6379: 6344: 6299: 6229: 6188: 6163: 6118: 6068: 6043: 6007: 5972: 5899: 5809: 5802: 5767: 5719: 5673: 5588: 5515: 5427: 5420: 5385: 5364: 5323: 5316: 5296: 5275: 5239: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5119: 5091: 5075: 5044: 5028: 5002: 4986: 4970: 4889: 4873: 4837: 4776: 4760: 4744: 4728: 4702: 4671: 4650: 4599: 4568: 4552: 4493: 4462: 4436: 3404:"Inside China: China vs. Japan and U.S. on Okinawa" 2175: 2173: 2171: 152:continues to maintain a heavy military presence on 3998:The Changing Face of Wales: How Welsh do you feel? 3454: 3452: 3378:"Japan angered by China's claim to all of Okinawa" 3083:"A Still-Bitter Okinawa Greets the Emperor Coolly" 2722:Isabel Reynolds; Emi Nobuhiro (21 December 2016). 4056:「首里城には怨念を感じる」離島から見た首里の姿に記者苦悩　那覇中心の視点問い直す - 沖縄タイムス 4012:沖縄における「ナショナル」・アイデンティティ── その担い手と政治意識との関連の実証分析田辺俊介 3485: 3483: 1751:, promoted the use of the older and Chinese term 1716:(1944) and Navy Civil Affairs Team's publication 1327:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1218:, who supervised the Japanese translation of the 4219:Quarterly for History, Environment, Civilization 3430:"Calls Grow in China to Press Claim for Okinawa" 1174:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 944:returned sovereignty over Okinawa to Japan, as " 601:According to Yasukatsu Matsushima, Professor of 522:in the "Hall of the Peoples" in the 1903 Osaka 495:with the creation of "unified racial society" ( 210:Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom 56: 3553:「沖縄の新聞に中国資金」米シンクタンクのCSIS報告書に誤り細谷雄一慶応大教授の発言引用 1674:(Hawaiian independence from the United States) 1263:was registered in Hong Kong, with businessman 1212:Center for Strategic and International Studies 832:relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma 85: 73: 50: 7046: 5153: 4396: 4136:Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity 3542:「沖縄独立」に中国暗躍！外交、偽情報、投資で工作…米有力シンクタンク“衝撃”報告書の中身 8: 4007: 4005: 4430:List of active separatist movements in Asia 3371: 3369: 3367: 3343:Kathrin Hille; Mure Dickie (23 July 2012). 1759:, wrongly thinking it is indigenous (it is 1172:In May 2013, the official newspaper of the 774:The Challenges Facing Okinawan Independence 7053: 7039: 7031: 7011:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 6655:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 6167: 6072: 5976: 5806: 5424: 5320: 5188: 5181: 5160: 5146: 5138: 4403: 4389: 4381: 3181: 3169: 3108: 3065: 2979: 2683: 2659: 2647: 2552: 2528: 2501: 2489: 2465: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2335: 2323: 2299: 2287: 2227: 2162: 2138: 1955: 1943: 4034:佐藤優「翁長さん最大の功績は、日本を見なくなったこと」　＜佐藤優×津田大介対談＞ 3993: 3991: 3076: 3074: 437:Academic theories of Japanese colonialism 352:(1868–1947) began a process later called 348:(1868–1912), the Meiji government of the 2940: 2612: 2191: 1506: 1347: 1254:Chinese Ryukyu Special Autonomous Region 955: 281:unified them and founded the autonomous 4133:Hook, Glen D.; Siddle, Richard (2003), 1780: 1701: 1469:Ryukyusu Asahi Broadcasting Corporation 1103:, and pro-Okinawan self-determination. 265:was divided into the three polities of 6615:Galician independence movement (Spain) 3711:"赤ペンキ騒動の党、沖縄の「国連認定」反日組織とも接触 - Reuters" 3338: 3336: 3157: 3120: 3053: 2991: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2018: 1877: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1207:in May 2016 had no such connotations. 1096:, who ran on a platform that was anti- 618:, and in 2014 as a result of Governor 249:are indigenous people who live on the 180:Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident 7376:List of mergers in Okinawa Prefecture 6665:Patani United Liberation Organisation 6635:Inner Mongolian independence movement 4225:, translated by Erika Kaneko: 186–195 4210:Matsushima, Yasukatsu (Autumn 2010), 4176:Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa 3769:from the original on 18 December 2021 3327: 3302:Eiichiro Ishiyama (26 January 2015). 3277: 3213: 3196: 3003: 2964: 2952: 2928: 2916: 2671: 2624: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2540: 2516: 2477: 2350: 2078: 2030: 2006: 1994: 1892: 1862: 1828: 1668:(The former Ryukyu Independent Party) 1045:Literary and political journals like 808:movements in the direction of removal 573:and the Japonic Ryukyuan people were 7: 6660:National Liberation Front of Corsica 6585:East Turkestan independence movement 3861:Justin McCurry (15 September 2014). 3665:from the original on 2 November 2020 3490:Isabel Reynolds (26 December 2016). 453:noted that the typical practice of " 332:(1603–1867) because the Ryukyu king 4377:– originally published in June 1981 3289: 3252:Sakae Toiyama (29 September 2015). 3018: 2311: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2215: 2203: 2179: 2150: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2066: 2054: 2042: 1979: 1967: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1686:(Taiwanese independence from Japan) 1410:Haven't decided/difficult to answer 1349:The independence of Okinawa People 1276:Chinese Unification Promotion Party 1200:Public Security Intelligence Agency 319:the kingdom on behalf of the first 214:Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China 4237:Okinawa today: Spotlight on Henoko 1185:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 25: 4345:, Kyōto, Hōritsu Bunkasha, 2012. 3973:「アイム　オキナワン」　海外で芽生えた意識、胸張って - 朝日新聞 3743:from the original on 24 June 2021 3691:from the original on 24 June 2021 3685:"【亞視清盤】又有白武士內地電子商人趙東願注資六千萬 HK01" 3081:David E. Sanger (25 April 1993). 1162:Diaoyudao/Senkaku Islands dispute 285:(1429–1879), with the capital at 7107: 7061: 4362: 4343:琉球独立への道 : 植民地主義に抗う琉球ナショナリズム 3717:from the original on 12 May 2021 3619:OPÉRATIONS D’INFLUENCE CHINOISES 3031:Hiroyuki Kachi (28 April 2013). 1844:. Okinawa Times. 12 October 1995 1680:(Korean independence from Japan) 1313: 1134:Okinawa International University 1028:Okinawa International University 816:Marine Corps Air Station Futenma 648:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 289:. The kingdom continued to have 142:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 6766:Basque Country (greater region) 6625:Guangdong Independence Movement 4193:Rabson, Steve (February 2008), 4153:Obermiller, David John (2006), 2790:. Ajw.asahi.com. Archived from 109:after the largest island) from 6570:Assyrian independence movement 4212:"Okinawa is a Japanese Colony" 4119:, University of Hawaii Press, 4099:, University of Hawaii Press, 3459:Martin Fackler (5 July 2013). 1970:, pp. 2–3, 12, 25, 32–36. 1038:), which published a booklet ( 946:Restoration of Sovereignty Day 581:nationalistic Okinawan elite. 553:Map of the Ryukyuan languages. 277:. In 1429, Chūzan's chieftain 238:Ryukyu Kingdom before Japan's 1: 6705:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 6700:Tibetan independence movement 6630:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 6590:Faroese independence movement 6575:Catalan independence movement 4320:, Columbia University Press, 4280:, Columbia University Press, 3630:「中国は沖縄独立運動を支持せよ」、「同胞」解放せよと有力紙 1672:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 372:, while the last Ryukyu king 196:History of the Ryukyu Islands 7437:Ryukyu independence movement 6786:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 6695:Taiwan independence movement 6670:Ryukyu independence movement 6580:Champa independence movement 6560:Alsace independence movement 4369:Ryukyu independence movement 4314:Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017), 4113:Nakasone, Ronald Y. (2002), 3428:Jane Perlez (13 June 2013). 3376:Julian Ryall (10 May 2013). 1741:Office of Strategic Services 1710:Office of Strategic Services 1708:Similarly considered in the 1598:in Japan as a result of the 804:US troops and military bases 770:Okinawa Jiritsu he no Chosen 735:Okinawa Prefectural Assembly 673:Office of Strategic Services 46:Ryukyu independence movement 18:Ryūkyū independence movement 6650:Mapuche separatist movement 3812:沖縄アイデンティティとは何か～そのII：過去と未来～ 3653:"中華民族琉球特別自治区準備委員会のインタビュー動画" 3135:知念功『ひめゆりの怨念火（いにんび）』インパクト出版会 922:'s textbook revisions (see 754:Okinawa Reversion Agreement 97: 57: 27:Political movement in Japan 7478: 6685:Silesian Autonomy Movement 6565:Assam separatist movements 5720:Northern & Middle Asia 4274:Yoshiaki, Yoshimi (2015), 2696:Ayako Mie (22 July 2016). 2153:, pp. 8–9, 12–13, 21. 1396:Follow resident's decision 1198:In December 2016, Japan's 776:). The Okinawan branch of 389:two decades but after the 199: 193: 176:1995 Okinawa rape incident 7373: 7105: 7073: 7002: 6690:Székely autonomy movement 6170: 6075: 5979: 4427: 3951:島袋純琉球大学教授に聞く「沖縄史からみた地域政党」 3035:. The Wall Street Journal 2009:, pp. XIII–XIV, 4–5. 1439:University of the Ryukyus 1024:University of the Ryukyus 862:as governor (1998–2006). 731:Okinawa Social Mass Party 691:, concluded that because 105:(commonly referred to as 86: 74: 51: 6620:Greenlandic independence 4199:The Asia-Pacific Journal 3811: 3763:"幫琉球獨立？白狼：身為中國人的責任三立新聞網" 3402:Miles Yu (16 May 2013). 3134: 1641:Amami reversion movement 1032:Okinawa jichi kenkyu kai 1017:Okinawa Dokuritsu Sengen 1012:House of Representatives 856:Liberal Democratic Party 704:Japanese Communist Party 222:Ryukyuan missions to Edo 146:US-Japan Security Treaty 4230:Dudden, Alexis (2013), 4093:Smits, Gregory (1999), 4045:【視点】人頭税の歴史と離島差別 - 八重山日報 1473:All-Nippon News Network 1426:authority, such as the 1147:Chinese Communist Party 1113:independence referendum 942:Treaty of San Francisco 415:Treaty of San Francisco 391:First Sino-Japanese War 65:Republic of the Ryukyus 7462:Indigenous nationalism 7447:Independence movements 6645:Māori protest movement 4341:Matsushima Yasukatsu, 4173:Tanji, Miyume (2007), 2648:Hook & Siddle 2003 964: 891:Supreme Court of Japan 799: 668: 554: 242: 41: 6675:Scottish independence 6640:Kashubian Association 6362:Indigenous Australian 4420:stateless nationalism 4254:Loo, Tze May (2014), 3133:知念功 (October 1995). 2266:, pp. 13–15, 23. 2165:, pp. 70, 82–83. 1467:(based in Osaka) and 1432:Federalism such as UK 959: 920:Ministry of Education 797: 662: 552: 519:inferiority complexes 426:security against the 237: 200:Further information: 190:Historical background 58:Ryūkyū Dokuritsu Undō 35: 7457:Nationalism in Japan 6881:Marathi Abhimaangeet 6680:Siberian regionalism 4371:at Wikimedia Commons 3408:The Washington Times 2230:, pp. 3, 23–24. 1210:In August 2020, the 960:Headquarters of the 909:American imperialism 826:. In December 1996, 7452:Separatism in Japan 6972:American Indigenous 6605:Free Papua Movement 6015:Balkar and Karachay 5810:Southeastern Europe 5341:Indigenous Canadian 4897:Balkar and Karachay 4260:, Lexington Books, 4078:【視点】独立論一足飛びの理想郷はない 3350:The Washington Post 3330:, pp. 232–233. 2931:, pp. 212–213. 2846:. 22 September 2015 2765:, pp. 182–183. 2674:, p. 181, 194. 2492:, pp. 211–213. 2415:, pp. 192–194. 2403:, pp. 191–192. 2391:, pp. 189–190. 2353:, pp. 222–223. 2302:, pp. 118–119. 2045:, pp. 6–7, 20. 1997:, pp. XIII–XV. 1802:, p. 177, 181. 1722:superiority complex 1600:Ryukyu dispositions 1509: 1350: 1075:New York University 969:Government of Japan 850:, ignored the 1997 790:U.S. military bases 667:to represent Ryukyu 529:Okinawan historian 291:tributary relations 184:Futenma Air Station 7303:Shimajiri District 7067:Okinawa Prefecture 7017:ethnic nationalism 6720:Welsh independence 6600:Free Aceh Movement 5832:in North Macedonia 5674:South-eastern Asia 5169:Ethnic nationalism 4529:Southern Mongolian 3466:The New York Times 3435:The New York Times 3088:The New York Times 2794:on 5 February 2014 2370:. 21 December 2014 2314:, pp. 12, 22. 1865:, pp. XIV–XV. 1507: 1348: 1205:Beijing University 1166:June Teufel Dreyer 965: 800: 742:self-determination 669: 663:A flag created by 603:Ryukoku University 555: 531:Higashionna Kanjun 482:Tokugawa shogunate 443:Okinawa Prefecture 370:Okinawa Prefecture 358:Ryukyu Disposition 330:Tokugawa shogunate 243: 226:Okinawa Prefecture 218:Invasion of Ryukyu 138:Okinawa Prefecture 42: 7424: 7423: 7266:Nakagami District 7214:Kunigami District 7028: 7027: 6771:Catalan Countries 6375: 6374: 6340: 6339: 6295: 6294: 6159: 6158: 6064: 6063: 5798: 5797: 5416: 5415: 5312: 5311: 5135: 5134: 4694:South Azerbaijani 4367:Media related to 4327:978-0-231-51114-8 4307:978-1-137-56879-3 4267:978-0-7391-8249-9 4186:978-1-134-21760-1 4166:978-0-542-79592-3 4146:978-1-134-42787-1 4126:978-0-8248-2530-0 4116:Okinawan Diaspora 3523:. 18 January 2017 3184:, pp. 14–16. 3123:, pp. 11–13. 3056:, p. 11, 17. 2898:. 3 February 2017 2872:. 6 February 2017 2627:, pp. 97–98. 2591:, pp. 53–54. 2543:, pp. 57–60. 2504:, pp. 71–72. 2439:, pp. 75–76. 2427:, pp. 74–75. 2290:, pp. 72–73. 2242:, pp. 11–13. 2218:, pp. 10–11. 2141:, pp. 60–90. 1958:, pp. 23–24. 1646:Okinawan language 1606:Nakashinjo Makoto 1596:Meiji Restoration 1569:Okinawan language 1553: 1552: 1521:British/Japanese 1423: 1422: 1346: 1345: 1299:Umbrella Movement 1216:Tetsuhide Yamaoka 1141:View by neighbors 1118:In January 2015, 1004:Hankokka no Kyoku 758:Molotov cocktails 608:Kingdom of Hawaii 474:historiographical 407:Battle of Okinawa 230:Battle of Okinawa 140:according to the 126:Allied Occupation 16:(Redirected from 7469: 7382: 7197:Yaeyama District 7111: 7084: 7065: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7021: 6906:Republika Srpska 6715:Walloon Movement 6595:Flemish Movement 6168: 6073: 5977: 5807: 5425: 5321: 5189: 5182: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5139: 5112: 5067:Western Armenian 4752:North Kazakhstan 4454:South Turkestani 4405: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4366: 4330: 4310: 4290: 4270: 4250: 4226: 4216: 4206: 4189: 4169: 4149: 4129: 4109: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4009: 4000: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3896:. 1 January 2017 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3737:"統促黨密會日本黑道自由時報" 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3649: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3006:, p. XXVII. 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2206:, pp. 9–10. 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2105:, p. 7, 11. 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2069:, p. 7, 20. 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1764: 1737: 1731: 1706: 1684:Retrocession Day 1625: 1614: 1510: 1351: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1325:factual accuracy 1317: 1316: 1309: 1262: 1246: 1090:Hirokazu Nakaima 993:Molotov cocktail 934:Tatsuhiro Oshiro 924:MEXT controversy 822:municipality of 693:Matthew C. Perry 591:Tatsuhiro Oshiro 464:argued that the 378:Ulysses S. Grant 100: 98:Ryūkyū Kyōwakoku 90: 89: 88: 78: 77: 76: 62: 60: 54: 53: 21: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7380: 7369: 7185:Miyako District 7173: 7112: 7103: 7085: 7078: 7069: 7059: 7029: 7024: 7006: 6998: 6950: 6886:Northern Epirus 6856:Ketuanan Melayu 6724: 6610:Future of Åland 6548: 6484:Native American 6381:Pan-nationalism 6371: 6336: 6300:Northern Europe 6291: 6225: 6184: 6164:Southern Europe 6155: 6114: 6060: 6039: 6003: 5968: 5895: 5794: 5763: 5715: 5669: 5584: 5511: 5412: 5381: 5360: 5351:Native American 5308: 5297:Southern Africa 5292: 5271: 5235: 5177: 5171: 5166: 5136: 5131: 5115: 5106: 5087: 5071: 5040: 5024: 4998: 4982: 4966: 4885: 4869: 4833: 4772: 4756: 4740: 4724: 4698: 4667: 4646: 4595: 4564: 4560:Turkish Cypriot 4548: 4489: 4458: 4432: 4423: 4409: 4359: 4338: 4336:Further reading 4333: 4328: 4313: 4308: 4293: 4288: 4273: 4268: 4253: 4248: 4229: 4214: 4209: 4192: 4187: 4172: 4167: 4152: 4147: 4132: 4127: 4112: 4107: 4092: 4088: 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3182:Obermiller 2006 3180: 3176: 3170:Obermiller 2006 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3109:Obermiller 2006 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3066:Obermiller 2006 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2980:Obermiller 2006 2978: 2971: 2967:, pp. 5–6. 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2896:The Japan Times 2890: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2870:The Japan Times 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2844:The Japan Times 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2702:The Japan Times 2695: 2694: 2690: 2684:Obermiller 2006 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2660:Obermiller 2006 2658: 2654: 2646: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2553:Obermiller 2006 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2529:Obermiller 2006 2527: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2502:Obermiller 2006 2500: 2496: 2490:Obermiller 2006 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2466:Obermiller 2006 2464: 2455: 2449:Obermiller 2006 2447: 2443: 2437:Obermiller 2006 2435: 2431: 2425:Obermiller 2006 2423: 2419: 2413:Matsushima 2010 2411: 2407: 2401:Matsushima 2010 2399: 2395: 2389:Matsushima 2010 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2368:The Japan Times 2362: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2336:Matsushima 2010 2334: 2330: 2324:Matsushima 2010 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2300:Obermiller 2006 2298: 2294: 2288:Obermiller 2006 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2228:Obermiller 2006 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2169: 2163:Obermiller 2006 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2139:Obermiller 2006 2137: 2133: 2129:, pp. 7–8. 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1956:Obermiller 2006 1954: 1950: 1944:Matsushima 2010 1942: 1935: 1931:, pp. 2–3. 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1738: 1734: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1661:Racism in Japan 1656:Ryukyuan people 1637: 1619: 1608: 1485: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1322:This section's 1318: 1314: 1307: 1256: 1240: 1220:Silent Invasion 1155:suggested that 1143: 1121:The Japan Times 997:emperor Akihito 954: 904: 869:Prime Minister 860:Keiichi Inamine 792: 715:Kamejiro Senaga 657: 599: 547: 439: 386:Yaeyama Islands 360:") to formally 350:Empire of Japan 326:Tokugawa Ieyasu 255:Japanese people 247:Ryukyuan people 232: 202:Ryukyuan people 198: 192: 122:Ryukyuan people 84: 72: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7475: 7473: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442:Ryukyu Islands 7439: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7416:Nakagusuku Bay 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Kitanakagusuku 7283: 7278: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:Karakalpakstan 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6821:East Turkestan 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6119:United Kingdom 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6069:Western Europe 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6008:North Caucasus 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5973:Eastern Europe 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5900:Central Europe 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Romani (Gypsy) 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5768:South Caucasus 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5737:South Mongolia 5729: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4509:East Turkestan 4506: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4358: 4357:External links 4355: 4354: 4353: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4311: 4306: 4291: 4286: 4271: 4266: 4251: 4246: 4227: 4207: 4190: 4185: 4170: 4165: 4150: 4145: 4130: 4125: 4110: 4105: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4059: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4015: 4001: 3987: 3976: 3965: 3954: 3943: 3932: 3921: 3907: 3881: 3853: 3841: 3830: 3802: 3791: 3780: 3754: 3728: 3702: 3676: 3644: 3633: 3622: 3611: 3600: 3589: 3578: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3534: 3508: 3496:Bloomberg News 3479: 3448: 3420: 3394: 3382:Deutsche Welle 3363: 3332: 3320: 3294: 3282: 3280:, p. 235. 3270: 3244: 3218: 3216:, p. 232. 3201: 3199:, p. 231. 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3143: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3023: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2883: 2857: 2831: 2805: 2779: 2777:, p. 183. 2767: 2755: 2753:, p. 181. 2740: 2714: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 302. 2545: 2533: 2531:, p. 338. 2521: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 213. 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2355: 2340: 2338:, p. 189. 2328: 2326:, p. 187. 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2194:, p. 121. 2184: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2081:, p. 196. 2071: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1946:, p. 188. 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1895:, p. 223. 1882: 1880:, p. 180. 1867: 1855: 1833: 1816: 1814:, p. 178. 1804: 1792: 1790:, p. 177. 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1745:indoctrination 1732: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1666:Kariyushi Club 1663: 1658: 1653: 1651:Ryukyu Kingdom 1648: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1580:Okinawa Island 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518:Welsh/Okinawan 1516: 1513: 1494:United Kingdom 1484: 1481: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1344: 1343: 1321: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1249:Mainland China 1224:Clive Hamilton 1193:Yoshihide Suga 1179:People's Daily 1145:In July 2012, 1142: 1139: 1059:Kariyushi Club 962:Kariyushi Club 953: 950: 903: 900: 887:United Nations 871:Yukio Hatoyama 848:Prime Minister 791: 788: 780:and newspaper 766:Shoukichi Kina 719:United Nations 681:George H. Kerr 656: 653: 598: 595: 546: 543: 515:self-criticism 510: 509: 493: 489: 486:bakuhan system 438: 435: 283:Ryukyu Kingdom 251:Ryukyu Islands 206:Ryukyu Kingdom 194:Main article: 191: 188: 169:Ryukyu Kingdom 161:Satsuma Domain 154:Okinawa Island 103:Ryukyu Islands 38:Kariyushi Club 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7474: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7411:Miyako Strait 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7013:ethnic groups 7010: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Local (China) 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6826:Herzeg-Bosnia 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5606:in Bangladesh 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589:Southern Asia 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386:South America 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324:North America 5322: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Eastern Greek 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Crimean Tatar 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351:9784589033949 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4287:9780231538596 4283: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4247:9781135084073 4243: 4240:, Routledge, 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232:Jeff Kingston 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179:, Routledge, 4178: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139:, Routledge, 4138: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106:9780824820374 4102: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3895: 3894:Ryūkyū Shimpō 3891: 3885: 3882: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3521:Ryūkyū Shimpō 3518: 3512: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3292:, p. 20. 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3259: 3258:Ryūkyū Shimpō 3255: 3248: 3245: 3233:. 13 May 2013 3232: 3231:Ryūkyū Shimpō 3228: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3172:, p. 15. 3171: 3166: 3163: 3160:, p. 13. 3159: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3144:9784755400490 3140: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3111:, p. 11. 3110: 3105: 3102: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068:, p. 13. 3067: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3021:, p. 19. 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 14. 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943:, p. 19. 2942: 2941:Nakasone 2002 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2919:, p. 18. 2918: 2913: 2910: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2686:, p. 12. 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2662:, p. 10. 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2615:, p. 25. 2614: 2613:Nakasone 2002 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2579:, p. 72. 2578: 2573: 2570: 2567:, p. 61. 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2519:, p. 76. 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2480:, p. 56. 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2451:, p. 91. 2450: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278:, p. 15. 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254:, p. 13. 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2192:Yoshiaki 2015 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 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During the 256: 252: 248: 241: 236: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 197: 189: 187: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 150:United States 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124:felt, as the 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 99: 94: 82: 70: 66: 59: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7401:Kokuba River 7391:Cape Irizaki 7381:Hydrographic 7008: 7007: 6936:Székely Land 6901:Pashtunistan 6751:Balawaristan 6669: 6524:South Slavic 6514:Scandinavian 6044:Volga Region 5658:in Sri Lanka 5569: 5516:Eastern Asia 5377:Puerto Rican 5192:North Africa 5176:Nationalisms 5127:South Yemeni 4971:Saudi Arabia 4845:Balawaristan 4735: 4534:Shanghainese 4342: 4316: 4300:, Springer, 4296: 4276: 4256: 4236: 4222: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4175: 4155: 4135: 4115: 4095: 4073: 4062: 4051: 4040: 4029: 4018: 3979: 3968: 3957: 3946: 3935: 3924: 3910: 3898:. Retrieved 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3868:The Guardian 3866: 3856: 3844: 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3805: 3794: 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3705: 3693:. Retrieved 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3656: 3647: 3636: 3625: 3614: 3603: 3592: 3581: 3570: 3559: 3548: 3537: 3525:. Retrieved 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3470:. Retrieved 3464: 3439:. Retrieved 3433: 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3397: 3385:. Retrieved 3354:. Retrieved 3348: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261:. Retrieved 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3221: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3137:. インパクト出版会. 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092:. Retrieved 3086: 3061: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3026: 2999: 2994:, p. 1. 2987: 2960: 2955:, p. 1. 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2860: 2848:. Retrieved 2834: 2822:. Retrieved 2808: 2796:. Retrieved 2792:the original 2782: 2770: 2758: 2731:. Retrieved 2717: 2705:. Retrieved 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2620: 2608: 2603:, p. 5. 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2358: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2182:, p. 9. 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2117:, p. 8. 2110: 2098: 2093:, p. 7. 2086: 2074: 2062: 2057:, p. 6. 2050: 2038: 2033:, p. 2. 2026: 2021:, p. 2. 2014: 2002: 1982:, p. 4. 1975: 1963: 1951: 1924: 1919:, p. 2. 1912: 1907:, p. 1. 1900: 1858: 1846:. Retrieved 1836: 1831:, p. 1. 1807: 1795: 1783: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1735: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1678:Gwangbokjeol 1628:Shuri Castle 1626:, said that 1604: 1573: 1554: 1502:Dialect card 1486: 1477: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1436: 1424: 1337:January 2022 1334: 1323: 1296: 1288:Kyokuryū-kai 1272:Bamboo Union 1269: 1235: 1228: 1209: 1197: 1177: 1171: 1152:Global Times 1150: 1144: 1131: 1119: 1117: 1083: 1063: 1055:Uruma neshia 1054: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1007: 1003: 1001: 975:(especially 966: 937: 927: 913: 905: 896:Donald Trump 879:Barack Obama 868: 864: 844:Masahide Ōta 840: 820: 812: 801: 781: 773: 769: 762: 750: 739: 728: 712: 697: 670: 632: 624: 616:Masahide Ōta 600: 587: 583: 578: 574: 559:Meiji period 556: 536: 528: 511: 505: 471: 465: 459: 445:as outright 440: 424: 403:World War II 399: 353: 346:Meiji period 343: 320: 306: 299:Qing dynasty 295:Ming dynasty 287:Shuri Castle 244: 173: 158: 115: 64: 45: 43: 36:Flag of the 29: 7348:Minamidaitō 6941:Tamil Eelam 6921:Saraikistan 6801:Hatay State 6756:Balochistan 6710:Wallmapuwen 6404:Bangladeshi 5876:Montenegrin 5780:Azerbaijani 5744:Pan-Turkism 5485:Palestinian 5428:Middle East 5336:Greenlandic 5240:East Africa 5107: [ 4874:Philippines 4663:West Papuan 4437:Afghanistan 4412:Regionalism 3900:11 February 3874:11 February 3823:14 February 3773:18 December 3527:11 February 3501:11 February 3472:11 February 3441:11 February 3413:11 February 3387:11 February 3356:11 February 3263:11 February 3237:11 February 3158:Rabson 2008 3121:Rabson 2008 3054:Rabson 2008 2992:Rabson 2008 2775:Dudden 2013 2763:Dudden 2013 2751:Dudden 2013 2019:Rabson 2008 1878:Dudden 2013 1848:12 February 1812:Dudden 2013 1800:Dudden 2013 1788:Dudden 2013 1620: [ 1609: [ 1561:Sato Masaru 1515:Both(mixed) 1292:Chang An-lo 1284:Chang An-lo 1280:Chang An-lo 1257: [ 1241: [ 1222:written by 1051:Ke-shi Kaji 557:During the 539:Eugen Weber 497:Nihonjinron 492:imposition. 447:colonialism 344:During the 118:Pacific War 7431:Categories 7396:Henoko Bay 7291:Nakagusuku 7159:Tomigusuku 7139:Miyakojima 6987:Indigenous 6931:Sindhudesh 6911:Santa Cruz 6831:Hutu Power 6761:Bangsamoro 6352:Australian 6327:Lithuanian 6242:Andalusian 6020:Circassian 5984:Belarusian 5932:in Austria 5866:Macedonian 5822:in Albania 5711:Vietnamese 5545:Hongkonger 5538:chauvinist 5219:Pharaonism 5104:Montagnard 5083:Karakalpak 5076:Uzbekistan 4917:Circassian 4881:Bangsamoro 4745:Kazakhstan 4720:Turkmeneli 4463:Azerbaijan 4416:separatism 3328:Dietz 2016 3313:9 February 3278:Dietz 2016 3214:Dietz 2016 3197:Dietz 2016 3094:8 February 3004:Inoue 2017 2965:Tanji 2007 2953:Inoue 2017 2929:Dietz 2016 2917:Tanji 2007 2902:9 February 2876:9 February 2850:9 February 2824:9 February 2733:9 February 2707:9 February 2672:Tanji 2007 2625:Tanji 2007 2601:Tanji 2007 2589:Inoue 2017 2577:Tanji 2007 2565:Tanji 2007 2541:Tanji 2007 2517:Tanji 2007 2478:Tanji 2007 2374:9 February 2351:Dietz 2016 2079:Smits 1999 2031:Inoue 2017 2007:Inoue 2017 1995:Inoue 2017 1893:Dietz 2016 1863:Inoue 2017 1829:Tanji 2007 1771:References 1712:'s report 1588:Miyakojima 1526:Welsh-Born 1446:devolution 1101:relocation 875:Shinzō Abe 838:on Earth. 635:Article 95 476:arguments 451:Eiji Oguma 339:prohibited 240:annexation 7386:Cape Hedo 7353:Tokashiki 7343:Kitadaitō 7281:Nishihara 7178:Districts 7091:Core city 6891:Occitania 6876:Manchukuo 6866:Lezgistan 6861:Kurdistan 6806:Hazarajat 6791:Circassia 6553:Movements 6504:Pakistani 6479:Mongolian 6419:Congolese 6332:Norwegian 6322:Icelandic 6287:Valencian 6282:Navarrese 6267:Castilian 6247:Aragonese 6211:Sardinian 5994:Ukrainian 5964:Slovenian 5944:Hungarian 5859:in Cyprus 5839:Aromanian 5827:in Kosovo 5732:Mongolian 5648:Sinhalese 5618:Dravidian 5575:Taiwanese 5523:Cantonese 5500:in Cyprus 5470:Jordanian 5393:Argentine 5365:Caribbean 5356:Québécois 5304:Afrikaner 4987:Sri Lanka 4651:Indonesia 4622:Khalistan 4586:Javakheti 4576:Abkhazian 4539:Taiwanese 4514:Hong Kong 4504:Cantonese 2819:Bloomberg 2728:Bloomberg 1776:Citations 1739:The U.S. 1557:Doshu-sei 1498:Welsh Not 1459:In 2017, 1265:Zhao Dong 1088:Governor 1049:(Japan), 746:Koza riot 685:Roosevelt 644:Article 9 460:In 1957, 428:communist 279:Shō Hashi 7406:Lake Man 7323:Yonabaru 7313:Kumejima 7244:Kunigami 7207:Yonaguni 7202:Taketomi 7129:Ishigaki 6851:Katarism 6776:Chameria 6729:Projects 6534:Turanian 6529:Tunisian 6499:Oceanian 6489:Nigerian 6439:Hispanic 6434:Germanic 6424:European 6357:Hawaiian 6307:Estonian 6277:Galician 6262:Canarian 6252:Asturian 6221:Venetian 6216:Sicilian 6206:Padanian 6180:Corsican 6141:Scottish 6035:Ossetian 5954:Silesian 5937:Völkisch 5912:Bavarian 5907:Austrian 5886:Romanian 5871:Moldovan 5849:Croatian 5817:Albanian 5785:Georgian 5775:Armenian 5754:Siberian 5681:Filipino 5596:Assamese 5565:Okinawan 5550:Japanese 5480:Lebanese 5458:Diaspora 5440:Assyrian 5408:Peruvian 5317:Americas 5267:Tigrayan 5214:Egyptian 5052:Assyrian 5029:Thailand 5010:Assyrian 4957:Siberian 4947:Ossetian 4932:Karelian 4855:Kashmiri 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Knowledge (XXG)

Ryukyu independence movement

Index