2198:
27:
581:
It used a corrugated metal construction for the cooling jackets, with the lower section of the nozzle lacking an external liner, to save weight. This led to a 9.3% weight reduction even with the increased thrust. This new version was christened as the RD-0109 and entered service on the
December 22, 1960, launch of a (
580:
Between 1959 and 1960 the engine was modified to improve reliability for crewed flight. Thrust was also increased 2%, thanks to improved injection elements. It also introduced an innovation attributed to S.A. Kosbergs in its construction, that has been a staple of Soviet (and later
Russian) engines.
630:
probe, but ended 92 seconds after launch when the rocket broke up from longitudinal vibration, causing the strap-ons to separate from the vehicle, which then crashed downrange. Neither was successful the second flight of a Luna 8K72 (October 11, 1958), which was to launch the
576:
Since the
February 20, 1958 order of development, it took nine months to develop the engine. It was done by using RD-0102 assemblies and combustion chamber. Fifty eight static tests were conducted with 27 engines.
535:
2536:
619:, a third stage was needed. The task of developing the specified engine was entrusted to OKB-154 (KBKhA), which did the job in 9 months. The engine received intra name RO-5.
2531:
635:
probe and ended 104 seconds after launch when the rocket again disintegrated from vibration. The third flight of a Luna 8K72 (December 4, 1958), which was to launch the
554:
691:
Block-E. Regrettably, the gas generator of the rocket third stage suffered a failure and the RD-0109 could not prove itself in flight. That chance came with the second
2335:
550:
rocket and enable it to send useful payloads to those high energy destinations. This fourth stage was called Block-E, and its development started during 1958.
2526:
1153:
2330:
642:
On
January 2, 1959, as part of the Luna 8K72's Block-E stage, the engine RD-0105 finally performed its first successful mission, the launch of
1118:
910:
1184:
1094:"KBKHA LIQUID ROCKET ENGINES, WHICH ENSURED THE SUCCESSFUL REALIZATION OF THE ADVANCED SPACE PROGRAMS (FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD)"
2450:
1010:
981:
943:
2521:
666:
650:
and, while the spacecraft missed the Moon with which it was supposed to crash, it became the first human made object to enter a
1849:
2325:
2320:
2315:
1939:
1049:
1027:
2541:
626:, which included the new Block-E stage propelled by the RD-0105 was on September 23, 1958. It was supposed to launch the
1146:
859:
503:
380:
157:
2470:
1804:
1523:
1485:
796:
745:
Index: 8D714), also known as RD-448 or RO-05. Was the first version but had some reliability issues. Used on the
737:
Improvement and modifications required to comply with the man rating of the RD-0105 led it to have two versions:
312:
77:
639:
probe, also ended 245 seconds after launch when the Block-I core stage shut down from loss of engine lubricant.
1865:
1194:
356:
133:
1131:
2206:
1432:
1425:
1285:
1139:
2290:
2159:
1929:
1919:
1610:
1592:
780:
761:
596:
593:
477:
333:
254:
98:
2480:
2475:
2425:
2345:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2169:
1944:
1894:
1832:
1280:
1093:
665:, and the first man-made object to land on another celestial body. It took with it a pennant with the
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2420:
1854:
1166:
726:
2455:
2275:
1975:
1845:
1530:
1170:
997:
Sutton, George Paul (November 2005). "8.5 KB Khimautomatiki or
Chemical Automatics Design Bureau".
681:
2270:
964:
Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (2013-03-12). "Chapter 3 - The
Council of Chief Designers".
777:- The first launch vehicle that used the RD-0105 and the first to send object beyond Earth orbit.
651:
973:
935:
2350:
1006:
977:
939:
906:
582:
370:
147:
2400:
2380:
1499:
1492:
965:
927:
696:
677:
612:
573:
RD-109 engine. Due to the complication of developing that latter, Kosberg got the contract.
566:
547:
424:
201:
684:
and the first spaceflight to send animals into orbit and return them safely back to Earth.
1799:
1217:
647:
557:
design bureau initially competed two projects for the Block-E propulsion: 8K72, using the
1070:
1774:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1368:
1205:
1173:
926:
Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (2013-03-12). "Chapter 5 - The
Various Versions".
616:
570:
558:
531:
302:
67:
2515:
1779:
1563:
1479:
1405:
1224:
1162:
966:
928:
774:
746:
636:
632:
627:
623:
495:
491:
760:
Index: 8D719). Improved and more reliable version which was used on the rest of the
784:
711:
662:
515:
646:. It was also the first deep space engine ignition, the first spacecraft to reach
863:
1869:
1836:
1769:
1764:
1759:
715:
26:
880:
546:. As part of such plan, a fourth stage was needed to enhance the three stage
1904:
608:
527:
860:"RD0105. Luna (8K72) launch vehicle. RD0109. Vostok (8K72K) launch vehicle"
2365:
2360:
2280:
2265:
2250:
1954:
1658:
903:
Russian
Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects
750:
722:
707:
703:
692:
688:
586:
511:
499:
414:
191:
2495:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
2460:
2285:
2260:
2255:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1924:
1700:
1663:
1653:
1622:
1511:
1398:
1343:
1337:
507:
118:
108:
799:- A space hardware manufacturer company that manufactured the RD-0109.
2415:
2149:
2144:
2113:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
1964:
1914:
1789:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1463:
1456:
1295:
1246:
658:
643:
702:
On April 12, 1961, the RD-0109, as part of the Block-E stage of the
2465:
2405:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2180:
2174:
2118:
2107:
2097:
2047:
1899:
1889:
1841:
1809:
1794:
1784:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1581:
1575:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1418:
1383:
1378:
1355:
1332:
1300:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1236:
790:
562:
543:
298:
63:
968:
The Soyuz Launch
Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph
930:
The Soyuz Launch
Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph
2102:
2092:
1884:
1720:
1559:
1474:
1373:
1362:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1275:
1002:
757:
742:
670:
539:
272:
37:
1135:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2375:
366:
143:
1097:
687:
On December 22, 1960, the RD-0109 had its first flight on a
536:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1028:"O Programa de Lançadores de Satélites do Brasil - Opinião"
1126:
1113:
1071:"Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures"
1050:"Contrato Assinado com a FUNCATE é Sobre o MFPL L75"
695:
launch, where the RD-0109 successfully launched the
611:
satellites could be done with the two stage booster
538:
proposing a bold plan to send robotic spacecraft to
2205:
2134:
1831:
1824:
1555:
1546:
1394:
1213:
1204:
1193:
471:
463:
455:
447:
442:
434:
423:
412:
404:
399:
391:
386:
376:
362:
355:
347:
339:
326:
318:
308:
294:
286:
278:
268:
248:
240:
232:
224:
219:
211:
200:
189:
181:
176:
168:
163:
153:
139:
132:
124:
114:
104:
91:
83:
73:
59:
51:
43:
33:
506:. It has single nozzle and is an evolution of the
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
875:
873:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
661:towards the Moon. It was the first spacecraft
1147:
657:On September 14, 1959, the RD-0105 propelled
615:, to achieve escape velocity required by the
8:
2537:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle
959:
957:
955:
721:On June 16, 1963, the RD-0109 propelled the
263:
19:
1026:Magno Gomes de Paula, Victor (2009-08-30).
999:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
1828:
1552:
1210:
1201:
1154:
1140:
1132:
676:On August 19, 1960, the RD-0105 propelled
25:
2532:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
808:
328:
262:
93:
18:
787:to be the first human to orbit Earth.
706:8K72K rocket, propelled the historic
7:
1185:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
793:- The RD-0105/RD-0109 design bureau.
905:. Springer-Praxis. pp. 24–25.
2527:Rocket engines of the Soviet Union
783:- The launch vehicle that enabled
718:and the first to orbit the Earth.
408:49.4 kilonewtons (11,100 lbf)
185:54.5 kilonewtons (12,300 lbf)
14:
592:The RD-0109 is the basis for the
2196:
729:the first woman to orbit Earth.
663:to reach the surface of the Moon
510:. It was the engine used on the
228:1,555 millimetres (61.2 in)
534:sent series of letters to the
504:gas generator combustion cycle
459:733 millimetres (28.9 in)
451:494 millimetres (19.4 in)
419:4.5 megapascals (650 psi)
236:733 millimetres (28.9 in)
1:
1981:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
607:While the first launches for
565:RD-0105, and the 8K73, using
972:. Springer-Praxis. pp.
934:. Springer-Praxis. pp.
196:5 megapascals (730 psi)
1048:Falcão, Duda (2010-02-26).
467:130 kilograms (290 lb)
244:121 kilograms (267 lb)
2558:
1119:Voronezh Mechanical Plant
680:mission. It was the third
2491:
2194:
1180:
1073:. NASA NSSDC. 2005-01-06.
797:Voronezh Mechanical Plant
714:the first human to go to
476:
313:Voronezh Mechanical Plant
253:
78:Voronezh Mechanical Plant
24:
2522:Rocket engines of Russia
2026:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
1096:. KBKhA. Archived from
862:. KBKhA. Archived from
727:Valentina V. Tereshkova
1127:RSC Progress Home Page
901:Harvey, Brian (2007).
622:The first flight of a
594:Brazilian Space Agency
585:) spacecraft aboard a
514:Block-E that launched
2502:are under development
1890:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
1669:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
526:After the success of
2542:KBKhA rocket engines
1991:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
1654:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
883:. Gunter Space Page
265:
21:
699:mission to orbit.
357:Liquid-fuel engine
134:Liquid-fuel engine
2509:
2508:
2451:Space Shuttle SRB
2192:
2191:
2130:
2129:
1820:
1819:
1542:
1541:
1100:on 24 March 2016.
1052:. Brazilian Space
1030:. Brazilian Space
912:978-0-387-46343-8
866:on 26 March 2016.
682:Vostok spacecraft
484:
483:
269:Country of origin
261:
260:
34:Country of origin
2549:
2200:
2199:
2036:RD-263, 268, 273
1967:along other LREs
1829:
1689:RD-191, 151, 181
1553:
1211:
1202:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1102:
1101:
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961:
950:
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933:
923:
917:
916:
898:
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889:
888:
877:
868:
867:
856:
710:to orbit making
697:Korabl-Sputnik 4
678:Korabl-Sputnik 2
599:engine project.
425:Specific impulse
330:
266:
202:Specific impulse
95:
29:
22:
2557:
2556:
2552:
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2548:
2547:
2546:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2487:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2126:
2016:RD-0255 to 0257
2011:RD-0243 to 0245
1873:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1816:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1402:
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1174:launch vehicles
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1114:KbKhA Home Page
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1105:
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1068:
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1055:
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1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1005:. p. 635.
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995:
991:
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871:
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648:escape velocity
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524:
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2555:
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2018:
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1807:
1802:
1797:
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1787:
1782:
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1775:LR70-NA , S-3D
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1767:
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1757:
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2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:RD-211 to 214
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
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2079:
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2066:
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2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:RD-215 to 219
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:RD-0233, 0234
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:RD-0207, 0214
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:Paektusan LRE
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
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1748:
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1740:
1736:
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1731:
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1724:
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1719:
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1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:RD-0105, 0109
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
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1579:
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1568:
1565:
1561:
1554:
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1545:
1533:
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1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
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1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
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1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
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1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:KVD-1 (RD-56)
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
979:
975:
970:
969:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
941:
937:
932:
931:
922:
919:
914:
908:
904:
897:
894:
882:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
809:
803:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
753:8K72 rockets.
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
738:
732:
730:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
637:Luna E-1 No.3
634:
633:Luna E-1 No.2
629:
628:Luna E-1 No.1
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
598:
595:
590:
588:
584:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:liquid oxygen
493:
492:rocket engine
489:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
387:Configuration
385:
382:
381:Gas Generator
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
332:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
207:323.5 seconds
206:
203:
199:
195:
193:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
164:Configuration
162:
159:
158:Gas Generator
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
16:Rocket engine
2499:
2040:
1961:North Korea
1732:
1725:
1693:
1648:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1580:
1529:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1361:
1354:
1342:
1320:
1263:
1256:
1167:solid motors
1120:
1098:the original
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1021:
998:
992:
967:
929:
921:
902:
896:
885:. Retrieved
864:the original
785:Yuri Gagarin
736:
720:
712:Yuri Gagarin
701:
686:
675:
667:State Emblem
656:
652:heliocentric
641:
621:
606:
591:
579:
575:
559:S.A. Kosberg
552:
525:
516:Yuri Gagarin
487:
485:
309:Manufacturer
303:S.A. Kosberg
279:First flight
74:Manufacturer
68:S.A. Kosberg
44:First flight
2498:Engines in
2145:RD-109, 119
2083:RD-864, 869
2068:RD-854, 861
2031:RD-253, 275
1679:RD-170, 171
716:outer space
522:Development
430:316 seconds
400:Performance
334:Vostok 8K72
327:Associated
322:Upper Stage
319:Application
287:Last flight
177:Performance
105:Predecessor
92:Associated
87:Upper Stage
84:Application
52:Last flight
2516:Categories
1885:YF-1, 2, 3
1833:Hypergolic
1805:Rutherford
1524:Prometheus
1486:Archimedes
1121:(Archived)
1056:2015-06-01
1034:2015-06-01
887:2015-06-01
804:References
553:Korolev's
518:to orbit.
443:Dimensions
363:Propellant
290:1960-12-01
282:1959-01-02
220:Dimensions
140:Propellant
55:1991-08-29
47:1960-12-22
2426:Castor 30
2306:Zefiro 40
2301:Zefiro 23
2242:SpaB-140C
1639:NK-33, 44
1549:cryogenic
1395:Methalox
1214:Hydrolox
1206:Cryogenic
756:RD-0109 (
741:RD-0105 (
624:Luna 8K72
609:Sputnik 1
528:Sputnik 1
435:Burn time
340:Successor
212:Burn time
115:Successor
2441:Orbus-21
2296:Zefiro 9
2059:Ukraine
1837:Aerozine
1825:Storable
1717:Ukraine
1659:RD-0110R
1556:Kerolox
881:"Vostok"
769:See also
751:Vostok-L
733:Versions
725:making
723:Vostok 6
708:Vostok 1
704:Vostok-K
693:Vostok-K
689:Vostok-K
587:Vostok-K
500:kerosene
494:burning
464:Dry mass
456:Diameter
427:, vacuum
415:pressure
413:Chamber
295:Designer
241:Dry mass
233:Diameter
204:, vacuum
192:pressure
190:Chamber
60:Designer
2500:italics
2461:Star 48
2456:Star 37
2436:Orbus-6
2357:Israel
2291:Waxwing
2247:Europe
2239:SpaB-65
2141:Russia
2006:RD-0237
2001:RD-0236
1972:Russia
1951:Israel
1911:Europe
1755:Kestrel
1701:S1.5400
1664:RD-0124
1630:Russia
1623:SCE-200
1519:Europe
1512:RD-0169
1507:Russia
1433:Longyun
1426:Lingyun
1344:RD-0146
1338:RD-0120
1329:Russia
1286:Vulcain
1272:Europe
1195:Liquid
1171:orbital
764:family.
669:of the
654:orbit.
613:Sputnik
603:History
589:8K72K.
571:OKB-456
567:Glushko
563:OKB-154
532:Korolev
508:RD-0105
488:RD-0109
480:Block-E
472:Used in
392:Chamber
351:Retired
343:RD-0109
299:OKB-154
264:RD-0105
257:Block-E
249:Used in
169:Chamber
128:Retired
119:RD-0108
109:RD-0105
64:OKB-154
20:RD-0109
2416:AJ-60A
2381:KM-V2b
2372:Japan
2346:Salman
2312:India
2286:Topaze
2251:Mage 1
2216:China
2207:Solid
2114:TR-201
2078:RD-856
2073:RD-855
2063:RD-843
2053:S5.98M
2042:RD-270
1936:India
1930:Viking
1920:Astris
1915:Aestus
1905:YF-50D
1881:China
1790:RS-27A
1780:Merlin
1770:LR-105
1734:RD-810
1727:RD-801
1711:TEPREL
1707:Spain
1695:RD-193
1684:RD-180
1674:RD-120
1618:India
1611:Welkin
1604:YF-130
1598:YF-115
1593:YF-102
1588:YF-100
1572:China
1500:Aeon R
1493:Aeon 1
1480:Raptor
1464:YF-215
1457:YF-209
1450:TQ-15A
1414:China
1307:Japan
1296:CE-7.5
1292:India
1247:YF-75D
1233:China
1009:
980:
942:
938:–145.
909:
781:Vostok
762:Vostok
659:Luna 2
644:Luna 1
583:Vostok
512:Vostok
478:Vostok
448:Length
348:Status
255:Vostok
225:Length
125:Status
99:Vostok
2481:X-254
2476:X-248
2466:UA120
2446:Orion
2421:Algol
2406:SRB-A
2401:M-34c
2376:KM-V1
2366:RSA-3
2342:Iran
2235:FG-47
2230:FG-46
2225:FG-36
2220:FG-02
2181:XLR81
2175:RS-88
2170:Curie
2160:Gamma
2135:Other
2119:XLR81
2108:RS-88
2103:LR-91
2098:LR-87
2048:S5.92
1976:17D61
1945:Vikas
1925:Vexin
1900:YF-40
1895:YF-23
1868:, or
1848:, or
1842:UH 25
1810:XLR50
1795:RS-56
1785:RS-27
1765:LR-89
1760:LR-79
1644:RD-58
1634:NK-15
1582:TH-12
1576:TH-11
1547:Semi-
1444:TQ-12
1439:TQ-11
1419:BF-20
1384:RS-68
1379:RS-25
1356:BE-3U
1301:CE-20
1281:Vinci
1265:YF-90
1258:YF-79
1252:YF-77
1242:YF-75
1237:YF-73
976:–88.
791:KBKhA
555:OKB-1
544:Venus
502:in a
490:is a
377:Cycle
154:Cycle
2471:SRMU
2396:M-34
2391:M-24
2386:M-14
2361:LK-1
2351:Rafe
2336:S200
2331:S139
2281:P230
2276:P120
2209:fuel
2093:AJ10
1955:LK-4
1850:UDMH
1800:S-3D
1721:RD-8
1560:RP-1
1531:M-10
1475:BE-4
1374:RL10
1363:BE-7
1322:LE-9
1316:LE-7
1311:LE-5
1276:HM7B
1197:fuel
1169:for
1165:and
1007:ISBN
1003:AIAA
978:ISBN
940:ISBN
907:ISBN
775:Luna
758:GRAU
749:and
747:Luna
743:GRAU
671:USSR
542:and
540:Mars
498:and
486:The
438:454s
371:RG-1
273:USSR
215:430s
148:RG-1
38:USSR
2431:GEM
2326:S12
2271:P80
2266:PAP
2261:P-6
2256:P-4
2156:UK
1940:PS4
1870:HNO
1866:MON
1846:MMH
1750:H-1
1745:F-1
1564:LOX
1406:LOX
1369:J-2
1225:LOX
936:140
597:L75
569:'s
561:'s
548:R-7
367:LOX
144:LOX
2518::
2321:S9
2316:S7
1864:,
1853:/
1844:,
1839:,
1562:/
1404:/
1399:CH
1223:/
1218:LH
1079:^
1001:.
974:87
954:^
872:^
811:^
673:.
530:,
369:/
329:LV
301:,
146:/
94:LV
66:,
2183:*
2177:*
2121:*
2110:*
1875:)
1872:3
1861:4
1859:O
1857:2
1855:N
1835:(
1566:)
1558:(
1408:)
1401:4
1397:(
1227:)
1220:2
1216:(
1155:e
1148:t
1141:v
1059:.
1037:.
1015:.
986:.
948:.
915:.
890:.
395:1
172:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
