Radio-frequency identification

1356:, which reduces staff time. This can all be done by the borrowers themselves, reducing the need for library staff assistance. With portable readers, inventories could be done on a whole shelf of materials within seconds. However, as of 2008 this technology remained too costly for many smaller libraries, and the conversion period has been estimated at 11 months for an average-size library. A 2004 Dutch estimate was that a library which lends 100,000 books per year should plan on a cost of €50,000 (borrow- and return-stations: 12,500 each, detection porches 10,000 each; tags 0.36 each). RFID taking a large burden off staff could also mean that fewer staff will be needed, resulting in some of them getting laid off, but that has so far not happened in North America where recent surveys have not returned a single library that cut staff because of adding RFID. In fact, library budgets are being reduced for personnel and increased for infrastructure, making it necessary for libraries to add automation to compensate for the reduced staff size. Also, the tasks that RFID takes over are largely not the primary tasks of librarians. A finding in the Netherlands is that borrowers are pleased with the fact that staff are now more available for answering questions. 1171: 1360:

information, and the tags used in the majority of libraries use a frequency only readable from approximately 10 feet (3.0 m). Another concern is that a non-library agency could potentially record the RFID tags of every person leaving the library without the library administrator's knowledge or consent. One simple option is to let the book transmit a code that has meaning only in conjunction with the library's database. Another possible enhancement would be to give each book a new code every time it is returned. In future, should readers become ubiquitous (and possibly networked), then stolen books could be traced even outside the library. Tag removal could be made difficult if the tags are so small that they fit invisibly inside a (random) page, possibly put there by the publisher.

2014:(GSA) issued a set of test procedures for evaluating electromagnetically opaque sleeves. For shielding products to be in compliance with FIPS-201 guidelines, they must meet or exceed this published standard; compliant products are listed on the website of the U.S. CIO's FIPS-201 Evaluation Program. The United States government requires that when new ID cards are issued, they must be delivered with an approved shielding sleeve or holder. Although many wallets and passport holders are advertised to protect personal information, there is little evidence that RFID skimming is a serious threat; data encryption and use of 1417: 657:(EPC) is one common type of data stored in a tag. When written into the tag by an RFID printer, the tag contains a 96-bit string of data. The first eight bits are a header which identifies the version of the protocol. The next 28 bits identify the organization that manages the data for this tag; the organization number is assigned by the EPCGlobal consortium. The next 24 bits are an object class, identifying the kind of product. The last 36 bits are a unique serial number for a particular tag. These last two fields are set by the organization that issued the tag. Rather like a 1609:

RFID tags means that a product may be tracked as it moves from location to location while being delivered to a person. This may help to combat theft and other forms of product loss. The tracing of products is an important feature that is well supported with RFID tags containing a unique identity of the tag and the serial number of the object. This may help companies cope with quality deficiencies and resulting recall campaigns, but also contributes to concern about tracking and profiling of persons after the sale.

693:"Bulk reading" is a strategy for interrogating multiple tags at the same time, but lacks sufficient precision for inventory control. A group of objects, all of them RFID tagged, are read completely from one single reader position at one time. However, as tags respond strictly sequentially, the time needed for bulk reading grows linearly with the number of labels to be read. This means it takes at least twice as long to read twice as many labels. Due to collision effects, the time required is greater. 865: 987: 1937:. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in general-use products. This is mostly as a result of the fact that RFID tags can be read, and legitimate transactions with readers can be eavesdropped on, from non-trivial distances. RFID used in access control, payment and eID (e-passport) systems operate at a shorter range than EPC RFID systems but are also vulnerable to 1376:. A visitor entering the museum received an RF tag that could be carried as a card. The eXspot system enabled the visitor to receive information about specific exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the visitor could take photographs of themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the visitor to take data for later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from a "personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag. 2059: 1439: 1408:, England, uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the Philippines, during 2012, some schools already use RFID in IDs for borrowing books. Gates in those particular schools also have RFID scanners for buying items at school shops and canteens. RFID is also used in school libraries, and to sign in and out for student and teacher attendance. 764:. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time; barcodes can only be read one at a time using current devices. Some RFID tags, such as battery-assisted passive tags, are also able to monitor temperature and humidity. 1522: 921: 678: 2104: 1489:. Skiers do not have to take their passes out of their pockets. Ski jackets have a left pocket into which the chip+card fits. This nearly contacts the sensor unit on the left of the turnstile as the skier pushes through to the lift. These systems were based on high frequency (HF) at 13.56 megahertz. The bulk of ski areas in Europe, from Verbier to Chamonix, use these systems. 6753: 850: 1321: 2148:, then it would be possible to indirectly deduce the identity of the purchaser by reading the globally unique ID of that item contained in the RFID tag. This is a possibility if the person watching also had access to the loyalty card and credit card data, and the person with the equipment knows where the purchaser is going to be. 1590:(EAN) barcodes. They may never completely replace barcodes, due in part to their higher cost and the advantage of multiple data sources on the same object. Also, unlike RFID labels, barcodes can be generated and distributed electronically by e-mail or mobile phone, for printing or display by the recipient. An example is airline 2263:, one is encouraged to "imagine a world of no privacy. Where your every purchase is monitored and recorded in a database and your every belonging is numbered. Where someone many states away or perhaps in another country has a record of everything you have ever bought. What's more, they can be tracked and monitored remotely". 880:), etc. without manual data entry. Manufactured products such as automobiles or garments can be tracked through the factory and through shipping to the customer. Automatic identification with RFID can be used for inventory systems. Many organisations require that their vendors place RFID tags on all shipments to improve 775: 633: 1952:(CRA) are commonly used to foil monitor-repetition of the messages between the tag and reader, as any messages that have been recorded would prove to be unsuccessful on repeat transmission. Rolling codes rely upon the tag's ID being changed after each interrogation, while CRA uses software to ask for a 1975:

Unauthorized reading of RFID tags presents a risk to privacy and to business secrecy. Unauthorized readers can potentially use RFID information to identify or track packages, persons, carriers, or the contents of a package. Several prototype systems are being developed to combat unauthorized reading,

1898:

Not every successful reading of a tag (an observation) is useful for business purposes. A large amount of data may be generated that is not useful for managing inventory or other applications. For example, a customer moving a product from one shelf to another, or a pallet load of articles that passes

1434:

In races using RFID, racers wear tags that are read by antennas placed alongside the track or on mats across the track. UHF tags provide accurate readings with specially designed antennas. Rush error, lap count errors and accidents at race start are avoided, as anyone can start and finish at any time

1062:

countries (around 2006), Singapore (2006), Australia, Hong Kong, the United States (2007), the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (2006), India (June 2008), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008), Taiwan (December 2008), Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009), Republic of

329:

The RFID tag receives the message and then responds with its identification and other information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. Since tags have individual

2175:

and Guenter Karjoth. After the point of sale, a person may tear off a portion of the tag. This allows the transformation of a long-range tag into a proximity tag that still may be read, but only at short range – less than a few inches or centimeters. The modification of the tag may be confirmed

1872:

One of the missions of EPCglobal was to simplify the Babel of protocols prevalent in the RFID world in the 1990s. Two tag air interfaces (the protocol for exchanging information between a tag and a reader) were defined (but not ratified) by EPCglobal prior to 2003. These protocols, commonly known as

1740:

current research. The North American UHF standard is not accepted in France as it interferes with its military bands. On July 25, 2012, Japan changed its UHF band to 920 MHz, more closely matching the United States' 915 MHz band, establishing an international standard environment for RFID.

704:

Under operational conditions, bulk reading is not reliable. Bulk reading can be a rough guide for logistics decisions, but due to a high proportion of reading failures, it is not (yet) suitable for inventory management. However, when a single RFID tag might be seen as not guaranteeing a proper read,

696:

A group of tags has to be illuminated by the interrogating signal just like a single tag. This is not a challenge concerning energy, but with respect to visibility; if any of the tags are shielded by other tags, they might not be sufficiently illuminated to return a sufficient response. The response

645:

region, the tag is closely coupled electrically with the transmitter in the reader. The tag can modulate the field produced by the reader by changing the electrical loading the tag represents. By switching between lower and higher relative loads, the tag produces a change that the reader can detect.

2276:

tags), may catch fire if subjected to this process for too long (as would any metallic item inside a microwave oven). This simple method cannot safely be used to deactivate RFID features in electronic devices, or those implanted in living tissue, because of the risk of damage to the "host". However

1608:

The unique identity is a mandatory requirement for RFID tags, despite special choice of the numbering scheme. RFID tag data capacity is large enough that each individual tag will have a unique code, while current barcodes are limited to a single type code for a particular product. The uniqueness of

1242:

There is controversy regarding human applications of implantable RFID technology including concerns that individuals could potentially be tracked by carrying an identifier unique to them. Privacy advocates have protested against implantable RFID chips, warning of potential abuse. Some are concerned

767:

In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$ 0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, could cost up to US$ 5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers started at US$ 50 and could be

325:

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may be written with an

2159:

The RFID Network responded to these fears in the first episode of their syndicated cable TV series, saying that they are unfounded, and let RF engineers demonstrate how RFID works. They provided images of RF engineers driving an RFID-enabled van around a building and trying to take an inventory of

2044:

Ultra-HighFID tags (pallets and cartons) are difficult to read when placed within a few millimetres of a metal surface, although their read range is actually increased when they are spaced 2–4 cm from a metal surface due to positive reinforcement of the reflected wave and the incident wave at

1298:

In October 2004, the FDA approved the USA's first RFID chips that can be implanted in humans. The 134 kHz RFID chips, from VeriChip Corp. can incorporate personal medical information and could save lives and limit injuries from errors in medical treatments, according to the company. Anti-RFID

904:

process for customers. Tags of different types can be physically removed with a special tool or deactivated electronically once items have been paid for. On leaving the shop, customers have to pass near an RFID detector; if they have items with active RFID tags, an alarm sounds, both indicating an

748:

frequency identification (TFID) tag that is barely 1 square millimeter in size. The devices are essentially a piece of silicon that are inexpensive, small, and function like larger RFID tags. Because of the small size, manufacturers could tag any product and track logistics information for minimal

209:

are still used by most powered aircraft. An early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, who predicted that "Considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of

1328:

Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can contain identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID system may replace or supplement bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management and self-service checkout by patrons. It can

1081:

store the same information that is printed within the passport, and include a digital picture of the owner. The United States Department of State initially stated the chips could only be read from a distance of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but after widespread criticism and a clear demonstration

673:

system, the reader broadcasts an initialization command and a parameter that the tags individually use to pseudo-randomly delay their responses. When using an "adaptive binary tree" protocol, the reader sends an initialization symbol and then transmits one bit of ID data at a time; only tags with

2179:

However, read range is a function of both the reader and the tag itself. Improvements in technology may increase read ranges for tags. Tags may be read at longer ranges than they are designed for by increasing reader power. The limit on read distance then becomes the signal-to-noise ratio of the

1739:

recommendation 70 03, allowing RFID operation with somewhat complex band restrictions from 865–868 MHz. Readers are required to monitor a channel before transmitting ("Listen Before Talk"); this requirement has led to some restrictions on performance, the resolution of which is a subject of

1621:

industry. RFID tags are installed on waste collection carts, linking carts to the owner's account for easy billing and service verification. The tag is embedded into a garbage and recycle container, and the RFID reader is affixed to the garbage and recycle trucks. RFID also measures a customer's

640:

Signaling between the reader and the tag is done in several different incompatible ways, depending on the frequency band used by the tag. Tags operating on LF and HF bands are, in terms of radio wavelength, very close to the reader antenna because they are only a small percentage of a wavelength

828:

In 2010, three factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99.9%, and a stable international standard around HF and UHF passive RFID. The adoption of these standards were driven by EPCglobal, a joint venture

321:

RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted passive tag has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of an RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and

1359:

Privacy concerns have been raised surrounding library use of RFID. Because some RFID tags can be read up to 100 metres (330 ft) away, there is some concern over whether sensitive information could be collected from an unwilling source. However, library RFID tags do not contain any patron

936:

cards. These badges need only be held within a certain distance of the reader to authenticate the holder. Tags can also be placed on vehicles, which can be read at a distance, to allow entrance to controlled areas without having to stop the vehicle and present a card or enter an access code.

1275:

Adoption of RFID in the medical industry has been widespread and very effective. Hospitals are among the first users to combine both active and passive RFID. Active tags track high-value, or frequently moved items, and passive tags track smaller, lower cost items that only need room-level

350:) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals from active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT system reader can be adjusted from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m), allowing flexibility in applications such as asset protection and supervision. 1876:

In 2004, the Hardware Action Group created a new protocol, the Class 1 Generation 2 interface, which addressed a number of problems that had been experienced with Class 0 and Class 1 tags. The EPC Gen2 standard was approved in December 2004. This was approved after a contention from

3859: 2191:

contained RFID tags with customer IDs, a fact that was disclosed neither to customers receiving the cards, nor to this group of privacy advocates. This happened despite assurances by METRO that no customer identification data was tracked and all RFID usage was clearly disclosed.

1459:. The chips must be about 400 mm from the mat, therefore giving very good temporal resolution. Alternatively, a chip plus a very large (125mm square) antenna can be incorporated into the bib number worn on the athlete's chest at a height of about 1.25 m (4.10 ft). 138:, up from US$ 7.77 billion in 2013 and US$ 6.96 billion in 2012. This figure includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The market value is expected to rise from US$ 12.08 billion in 2020 to US$ 16.23 billion by 2029. 2284:

UHF RFID tags that comply with the EPC2 Gen 2 Class 1 standard usually support this mechanism, while protecting the chip from being killed with a password. Guessing or cracking this needed 32-bit password for killing a tag would not be difficult for a determined attacker.

976:

industry, RFID tags mounted on locomotives and rolling stock identify the owner, identification number and type of equipment and its characteristics. This can be used with a database to identify the type, origin, destination, etc. of the commodities being carried.

1250:

On July 22, 2006, Reuters reported that two hackers, Newitz and Westhues, at a conference in New York City demonstrated that they could clone the RFID signal from a human implanted RFID chip, indicating that the device was not as secure as was previously claimed.

372:) system uses active tags activated with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tag's return reporting signal. 2769: 1881:

that the standard may infringe a number of their RFID-related patents. It was decided that the standard itself does not infringe their patents, making the standard royalty free. The EPC Gen2 standard was adopted with minor modifications as ISO 18000-6C in 2006.

664:

Often more than one tag will respond to a tag reader. For example, many individual products with tags may be shipped in a common box or on a common pallet. Collision detection is important to allow reading of data. Two different types of protocols are used to

376:

Fixed readers are set up to create a specific interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled. This allows a highly defined reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile readers may be handheld or mounted on carts or vehicles.

2229:) and triggered a large press debate. Topics included electronic passports, Mifare cryptography and the tickets for the FIFA World Cup 2006. Talks showed how the first real-world mass application of RFID at the 2006 FIFA Football World Cup worked. The group 228:. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of radio frequency (RF), sound and light as transmission carriers. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, 1477:

RFID is being adapted by many recruitment agencies which have a PET (physical endurance test) as their qualifying procedure, especially in cases where the candidate volumes may run into millions (Indian Railway recruitment cells, police and power sector).

322:

smaller because it has no battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level roughly a thousand times stronger than an active tag for signal transmission.

6000: 2180:

signal reflected from the tag back to the reader. Researchers at two security conferences have demonstrated that passive Ultra-HighFID tags normally read at ranges of up to 30 feet can be read at ranges of 50 to 69 feet using suitable equipment.

1967:

While a variety of secure protocols have been suggested for RFID tags, in order to support long read range at low cost, many RFID tags have barely enough power available to support very low-power and therefore simple security protocols such as

1311:

that spelled out health risks. According to the FDA, these include "adverse tissue reaction", "migration of the implanted transponder", "failure of implanted transponder", "electrical hazards" and "magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility."

232:, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic chequebook, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history). 1094:(PIN) in the form of characters printed on the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip and interrogator. 216:'s device, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, as it was a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the 1722:

In North America, UHF can be used unlicensed for 902–928 MHz (±13 MHz from the 915 MHz center frequency), but restrictions exist for transmission power. In Europe, RFID and other low-power radio applications are regulated by

3863: 1928:

A primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the

1500:; however, numerous plays are happening simultaneously on the field. The RFID chip will provide new insight into these simultaneous plays. The chip triangulates the player's position within six inches and will be used to digitally 2280:

Some RFID tags implement a "kill command" mechanism to permanently and irreversibly disable them. This mechanism can be applied if the chip itself is trusted or the mechanism is known by the person that wants to "kill" the tag.

2271:

According to an RSA laboratories FAQ, RFID tags can be destroyed by a standard microwave oven; however, some types of RFID tags, particularly those constructed to radiate using large metallic antennas (in particular RF tags and

1746:

As of 31 October 2014, regulations are in place in 78 countries representing approximately 96.5% of the world's GDP, and work on regulations was in progress in three countries representing approximately 1% of the world's GDP.

1656:

It is possible that active or battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID tags could broadcast a signal to an in-store receiver to determine whether the RFID tag – and by extension, the product it is attached to – is in the store.

963:

To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply chain at fully discounted prices.

1351:

Since RFID tags can be read through an item, there is no need to open a book cover or DVD case to scan an item, and a stack of books can be read simultaneously. Book tags can be read while books are in motion on a

1227:

had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand and subsequently demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.

1605:. Filtering and categorizing RFID data is needed to create useful information. It is likely that goods will be tracked by the pallet using RFID tags, and at package level with UPC or EAN from unique barcodes. 1976:

including RFID signal interruption, as well as the possibility of legislation, and 700 scientific papers have been published on this matter since 2002. There are also concerns that the database structure of

1054:

in 1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entry into and exit out of the country.

2140:

As the owner of an item may not necessarily be aware of the presence of an RFID tag and the tag can be read at a distance without the knowledge of the individual, sensitive data may be acquired without

1082:

that special equipment can read the test passports from 10 metres (33 ft) away, the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to

1283:

Since 2004 a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and using RFID systems, usually for workflow and inventory management. The use of RFID to prevent mix-ups between

1276:

identification. Medical facility rooms can collect data from transmissions of RFID badges worn by patients and employees, as well as from tags assigned to items such as mobile medical devices. The

3653: 1688:

Several specific industries have also set guidelines, including the Financial Services Technology Consortium (FSTC) for tracking IT Assets with RFID, the Computer Technology Industry Association

5465: 1109:

are operated with RFID cards assigned to individual users. A prepaid card is required to open or enter a facility or locker and is used to track and charge based on how long the bike is parked.

3217:

Soltanaghaei, E., Prabhakara, A., Balanuta, A., Anderson, M., Rabaey, J. M., Kumar, S., & Rowe, A. (2021). "Millimetro: MmWave retro-reflective tags for accurate, long range localization".

4312: 1474:

racing. Riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is connected to a computer and log their lap time.

728:

Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0.05 mm × 0.05 mm. This is 1/64th the size of the previous record holder, the mu-chip. Manufacture is enabled by using the

1718:

Ultra-high-frequency (UHF: 865–928 MHz) (Ultra-HighFID or UHFID) tags cannot be used globally as there is no single global standard, and regulations differ from country to country.

2277:

the time required is extremely short (a second or two of radiation) and the method works in many other non-electronic and inanimate items, long before heat or fire become of concern.

2558: 1170: 123:

Since RFID tags can be attached to physical money, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without

4558: 3162:

Hester, Jimmy GD, and Manos M. Tentzeris. (2017). "A Mm-wave ultra-long-range energy-autonomous printed RFID-enabled van-atta wireless sensor: At the crossroads of 5G and IoT".

318:

The tag information is stored in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes either fixed or programmable logic for processing the transmission and sensor data, respectively.

2152:

Most concerns revolve around the fact that RFID tags affixed to products remain functional even after the products have been purchased and taken home and thus can be used for

650:

a signal. Active tags may contain functionally separated transmitters and receivers, and the tag need not respond on a frequency related to the reader's interrogation signal.

1916:

The frequencies used for UHF RFID in the USA are as of 2007 incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no emerging standard has yet become as universal as the

1902:

Event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as

1504:

replays. The RFID chip will make individual player information accessible to the public. The data will be available via the NFL 2015 app. The RFID chips are manufactured by

1496:

in the United States equips players with RFID chips that measures speed, distance and direction traveled by each player in real-time. Currently cameras stay focused on the

1453:

The design of the chip and of the antenna controls the range from which it can be read. Short range compact chips are twist tied to the shoe, or strapped to the ankle with

1074:

RFID chips in e-passports as "contactless integrated circuits". ICAO standards provide for e-passports to be identifiable by a standard e-passport logo on the front cover.

1013:

Where ship, rail, or highway tanks are being loaded, a fixed RFID antenna contained in a transfer hose can read an RFID tag affixed to the tank, positively identifying it.

6850: 3833: 1715:

Low-frequency (LF: 125–134.2 kHz and 140–148.5 kHz) (LowFID) tags and high-frequency (HF: 13.56 MHz) (HighFID) tags can be used globally without a license.

884:. Warehouse Management System incorporate this technology to speed up the receiving and delivery of the products and reduce the cost of labor needed in their warehouses. 4286: 191:, rather than an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID because it was passive, being energised and activated by waves from an outside source. 6048: 4988: 4932: 4614: 4071: 3260: 3203: 3148: 2622: 980:

In commercial aviation, RFID is used to support maintenance on commercial aircraft. RFID tags are used to identify baggage and cargo at several airports and airlines.

253:

In 1996, the first patent for a batteryless RFID passive tag with limited interference was granted to David Everett, John Frech, Theodore Wright, and Kelly Rodriguez.

6317: 2025:, does work. Others claim that simply wrapping an RFID card in aluminum foil only makes transmission more difficult and is not completely effective at preventing it. 4868: 1828:

D7580, Standard Test Method for Rotary Stretch Wrapper Method for Determining the Readability of Passive RFID Transponders on Homogenous Palletized or Unitized Loads

4132: 3571:"D3.7 A Structured Collection on Information and Literature on Technological and Usability Aspects of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), FIDIS deliverable 3(7)" 3445: 1543: 1431:

in Germany. RFID can provide race start and end timings for individuals in large races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant.

1368:

RFID technologies are now also implemented in end-user applications in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, "eXspot", at the

709:

method for process support. From the perspective of cost and effect, bulk reading is not reported as an economical approach to secure process control in logistics.

2032:

LowFID tags, like those used in implantable devices for humans and pets, are relatively resistant to shielding, although thick metal foil will prevent most reads.

1400:, England, starting in 2008, uses an RFID card system to check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent unauthorized entrance. Similarly, 3652:

Vivaldi, F.; Melai, B.; Bonini, A.; Poma, N.; Salvo, P.; Kirchhain, A.; Tintori, S.; Bigongiari, A.; Bertuccelli, F.; Isola, G.; Di Francesco, F. (October 2020).

1666: 5257: 5210:"How do libraries manage the ethical and privacy issues of RFID implementation? A qualitative investigation into the decision-making processes of ten libraries" 1393: 896:

in retail stores. In addition to inventory control, this provides both protection against theft by customers (shoplifting) and employees ("shrinkage") by using

1006:

tags as a means for monitoring the traffic flow. The data is fed through the broadband wireless infrastructure to the traffic management center to be used in

6293: 2021:

There are contradictory opinions as to whether aluminum can prevent reading of RFID chips. Some people claim that aluminum shielding, essentially creating a

1650: 1277: 1885:

In 2007, the lowest cost of Gen2 EPC inlay was offered by the now-defunct company SmartCode, at a price of $ 0.05 apiece in volumes of 100 million or more.

5912:

S. A. E., Elshrief; R. A. Sadek; A. Ghalwash (March 2014). "Comparative analysis of authentication techniques to Secure Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP)".

2187:

were invited to the METRO Future Store in Germany, where an RFID pilot project was implemented. It was uncovered by accident that METRO "Payback" customer

705:

multiple RFID tags, where at least one will respond, may be a safer approach for detecting a known grouping of objects. In this respect, bulk reading is a

330:

serial numbers, the RFID system design can discriminate among several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader and read them simultaneously.

108:

RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the

1816:

D7434, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads

3689: 951:

Automotive brands have adopted RFID for social media product placement more quickly than other industries. Mercedes was an early adopter in 2011 at the

701:

RFID tags and coil antennas in magnetic fields appear better than for UHF or SHF dipole fields, but then distance limits apply and may prevent success.

5462: 1772:: This standard is a popular HF (13.56 MHz) standard for HighFIDs which is being used as the basis of RFID-enabled passports under ICAO 9303. The 4178: 1670: 1665:

To avoid injuries to humans and animals, RF transmission needs to be controlled. A number of organizations have set standards for RFID, including the

1067: 243:. The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags. 217: 102: 31: 2767:, Cardullo, Mario W. & Parks, William L., "Transponder apparatus and system", published May 21, 1970, issued Jan 23, 1973 6571: 5381: 4729:

Rosenbaum, Benjamin P. (28 February 2014). "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Health Care: Privacy and Security Concerns Limiting Adoption".

1804:: This is the industry standard for electronic seals or "e-seals" for tracking cargo containers using the 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. 6257: 5437: 6845: 2196: 1693: 1156: 5735:"ISO 28560-2:2011 – Information and documentation – RFID in libraries – Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962" 3761: 6804: 3107:

Kaleja, M. M., Herb, A. J., Rasshofer, R. H., Friedsam, G., & Biebl, E. M. (1999). "Imaging RFID system at 24 GHZ for object localization".

2251:

According to ZDNet, critics believe that RFID will lead to tracking individuals' every movement and will be an invasion of privacy. In the book

1188:

that use RFID technology are being routinely implanted in humans. The first-ever human to receive an RFID microchip implant was American artist

1920:. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to use a tag that is operational within all of the international frequency domains. 1810:

Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol −2 (NFCIP-2)

1622:

set-out rate and provides insight as to the number of carts serviced by each waste collection vehicle. This RFID process replaces traditional "

5191:

Conference: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2004, Washington, DC, USA, October 25–29, 2004

4629: 4541: 4157: 1949: 1822:

D7435, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Loaded Containers

1143:

can also be used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "

6636: 6183: 5598: 5508: 4793: 4486: 3282: 3179: 3045: 2662: 1798:

Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication—Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)

1127:

RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of

153: 6456: 6226: 646:

At UHF and higher frequencies, the tag is more than one radio wavelength away from the reader, requiring a different approach. The tag can

4022: 2597: 1899:

several readers while being moved in a warehouse, are events that do not produce data that are meaningful to an inventory control system.

6722: 5333: 2432: 6870: 5826: 4208: 2083: 1930: 1736: 239:(modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle and Robert Frayman at the 75:. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data, usually an 837:, which were responsible for driving global adoption of the barcode in the 1970s and 1980s. The EPCglobal Network was developed by the 5043: 4654: 4589: 2464: 6439: 5944: 2636: 2072: 6012: 5859: 3324: 3303: 3236: 3124: 2784: 2248:

by using only $ 250 worth of equipment. This suggests that with the information captured, it would be possible to clone such cards.

1569: 1102:

In many countries, RFID tags can be used to pay for mass transit fares on bus, trains, or subways, or to collect tolls on highways.

995: 798: 6166:

Albrecht, Katherine (2010). "Microchip-induced tumors in laboratory rodents and dogs: A review of the literature 1990–2006".

1388:

made a decision to start chipping children's clothing, backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school. Later, in 2007, a school in

725:

in order to study their behavior. This trend towards increasingly miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances.

4415: 2167:. The Clipped Tag is an RFID tag designed to increase privacy for the purchaser of an item. The Clipped Tag has been suggested by 661:, the total electronic product code number can be used as a key into a global database to uniquely identify a particular product. 6776: 6098: 2506: 2481: 5759: 1223:

offered implanted chips to identify their VIP customers, who could in turn use it to pay for service. In 2009 British scientist

4050:"The use of the RFID in rail freight transport in the world as one of the new technologies of identification and communication" 3837: 2011: 1334: 897: 361:) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags. 90:. Active tags are powered by a battery and thus can be read at a greater range from the RFID reader, up to hundreds of meters. 56: 5800: 5703: 4290: 3544: 116:

in livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals. Tags can also be used in shops to expedite checkout, and to

5622: 3716: 2739: 1547: 1091: 240: 6596: 6341: 4227: 2941: 1416: 6810:

Hardgrave, Bill C.; Aloysius, John; Goyal, Sandeep (2009). "Does RFID improve inventory accuracy? A preliminary analysis".

6208: 3947: 6860: 6652: 5774: 4876: 3628: 2040:

and access badges) are sensitive to shielding and are difficult to read when within a few centimetres of a metal surface.

564: 434: 6473: 6401: 4136: 3449: 2857:

David F. Everett, John W. Frech, Theodore Wright, Kelly M. Rodriguez "Identification system and method with passive tag"

1743:

In some countries, a site license is needed, which needs to be applied for at the local authorities, and can be revoked.

757:

An RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track tools, equipment, inventory, assets, people, or other objects.

5734: 3972: 2507:"USDA Announces Intent to Pursue Rulemaking on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Use in Animal Disease Traceability" 2218: 1708: 1232: 195: 5890: 983:

Some countries are using RFID for vehicle registration and enforcement. RFID can help detect and retrieve stolen cars.

6697: 4107: 2366: 2245: 1643: 1471: 1243:

this could lead to abuse by an authoritarian government, to removal of freedoms, and to the emergence of an "ultimate

1192:

in 1997. Kac implanted the microchip live on television (and also live on the Internet) in the context of his artwork

6397: 6075:"Business risks from naive use of RFID in tracking, tracing and logistics - Conference papers - VDE Publishing House" 4846: 4085: 3734: 1532: 4817: 3997: 2136:

are two prominent critics of the "spychip" technology. The two main privacy concerns regarding RFID are as follows:

948:

Facebook is using RFID cards at most of their live events to allow guests to automatically capture and post photos.

5416: 3884: 1957: 1835:

In order to ensure global interoperability of products, several organizations have set up additional standards for

1144: 1136: 225: 160: 113: 6626: 5482: 3423: 3337: 1551: 1536: 1392:, England, piloted a monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by tracking radio chips in their uniforms. 2335: 1373: 1236: 1185: 1070:(ICAO), and are contained in ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volumes 1 and 2 (6th edition, 2006). ICAO refers to the 247: 131:

concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development addressing privacy and security issues.

98: 4339: 2214:

staff conducted a workshop and review of RFID privacy concerns and issued a report recommending best practices.

2345: 2211: 1981: 1773: 1007: 658: 229: 172: 5072: 2925:

Bays, Barbara; McGowan, Mike (2016). "Use of RFID for Tracking Government Property - Proof of Concept/Pilot".

6398:

Identification and Tracking of Individuals and Social Networks using the Electronic Product Code on RFID Tags

4679: 3909: 2244:

By early 2007, Chris Paget of San Francisco, California, showed that RFID information could be pulled from a

1642:

back to a base station. Applications of tagometry data could include sensing of road conditions by implanted

3011: 2900: 2273: 1961: 1934: 1862: 1757: 1595: 1587: 1401: 881: 854: 654: 188: 6545: 4186: 2533: 5956: 5565: 4254: 3998:"Mexico's Electronic Vehicle Registration system opens with Sirit open road toll technology, Dec 29, 2009" 3066: 2204: 1703:

for RFID tags, and not all radio bands are available in all countries. These frequencies are known as the

1583: 1455: 1340:

It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID tags, including some in the

1078: 1021:

At least one company has introduced RFID to identify and locate underground infrastructure assets such as

955:, and by the 2013 Geneva Motor Show many of the larger brands were using RFID for social media marketing. 206: 38: 6575: 6145: 3615:

Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages?

2079: 2067: 1653:

is a passive tag that reports temperature, acceleration and capacitance to commercial Gen2 RFID readers.

990:

RFID E-ZPass reader attached to the pole and mast arm (right) used in traffic monitoring in New York City

6268: 5441: 5389: 5280: 4982: 4926: 4608: 4065: 2982: 2678: 2616: 2260: 2133: 1977: 1627: 1304: 1132: 864: 180: 52: 5539: 5002: 3931: 1247:", a society where all citizens behave in a socially accepted manner because others might be watching. 5872: 5359: 4179:"Face and fingerprints swiped in Dutch biometric passport crack: Chip skimmed, then security breached" 3614: 2764: 1280:

recently announced plans to deploy RFID in hospitals across America to improve care and reduce costs.

986: 736:(ROM). A major challenge is the attachment of antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters. 3665: 2041: 1700: 1204: 1162:

RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as well.

1087: 929: 869: 729: 6781: 5961: 5647: 4947: 4891: 3071: 1446: 5298:

Hsi, Sherry; Fait, Holly (2005). "RFID enhances visitors' museum experience at the Exploratorium".

4633: 4537: 2222: 1783: 1428: 793: 5516: 1776:

standard that lets mobile devices act as RFID readers/transponders is also based on ISO/IEC 14443.

1116:

car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for member identification.

618:

Requires semi-passive tags. Uses retrodirective backscatter approaches to achieve extended ranges

179:

which retransmitted incident radio waves with the added audio information. Sound waves vibrated a

6795: 6189: 6029: 5925: 5604: 5315: 5239: 4799: 4754: 4581: 4492: 3681: 3254: 3242: 3197: 3185: 3142: 3130: 2960: 2719: 2589: 2325: 2256: 2129: 1750: 1674: 1505: 1424: 1308: 1300: 1259: 1058:

Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005), Japan (March 1, 2006), most

1047: 1041: 1025: 893: 816: 718: 717:

RFID tags are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at

642: 290: 6454: 6380: 5635: 4511: 3570: 3496: 1732: 1728: 1801: 1782:: This is also a popular HF (13.56 MHz) standard for HighFIDs widely used for non-contact 6865: 6762: 6726: 6632: 6179: 6008: 5855: 5685: 5594: 5337: 5084: 4970: 4914: 4789: 4746: 4482: 3860:"Keeping Track of Promotion Progress: How Marketing Will Become the Greatest Advocate of RFID" 3381: 3320: 3299: 3278: 3232: 3175: 3120: 3041: 2658: 2581: 2440: 2356: 2330: 706: 117: 6061: 5830: 5704:"Regulatory status for using RFID in the EPC Gen 2 band (860 to 960 MHz) of the UHF spectrum" 4390: 2819: 1861:

and GS1 US, is working on international standards for the use of mostly passive RFID and the

1445:

8-channel receiver next to timing mat. The athlete wears a chip on a strap around his ankle.

1258:

is notorious online for their vocal opposition to human RFID chipping, which they claim is a

6855: 6819: 6171: 5966: 5917: 5584: 5576: 5307: 5229: 5221: 5114: 4962: 4906: 4781: 4738: 4573: 4474: 4463: 3673: 3222: 3167: 3112: 2952: 2711: 2573: 2200: 2121: 1623: 1618: 952: 745: 733: 147: 128: 5047: 4658: 2461: 1442: 685:

Both methods have drawbacks when used with many tags or with multiple overlapping readers.

6460: 6443: 6437: 6074: 6041: 5974: 5469: 5402: 5164:"Implementation Of RFID Technology In Library – Book Exhausting and Retrieval For Readers" 4545: 3935: 3219:

Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

3085: 2997: 2468: 2411: 2391: 2376: 1908:

performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data.

1638:

Active RFID tags have the potential to function as low-cost remote sensors that broadcast

1591: 1341: 1255: 1208: 1128: 933: 462: 308: 301: 60: 4274: 4212: 3811: 3398: 2795: 1508:. Zebra Technologies tested the RFID chip in 18 stadiums last year to track vector data. 1151:

began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently CCIA tags are used in

972:

Yard management, shipping and freight and distribution centers use RFID tracking. In the

876:

RFID provides a way for organizations to identify and manage stock, tools and equipment (

6758: 3669: 1707:(Industrial Scientific and Medical bands). The return signal of the tag may still cause 677: 6628:

Spychips: how major corporations and government plan to track your every move with RFID

4705: 3590: 2361: 2241:

Some individuals have grown to fear the loss of rights due to RFID human implantation.

2184: 2172: 2108: 2033: 2001: 1059: 973: 877: 698: 669:

a particular tag, allowing its data to be read in the midst of many similar tags. In a

213: 68: 6243: 6102: 1324:

RFID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular VHS tag

6839: 6790: 6258:"FIPS-201, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors" 5673: 5589: 5209: 5186: 5163: 5003:

Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals

4049: 3685: 3471: 3246: 2386: 2315: 2029: 2007: 1953: 1938: 1831:

ISO 28560-2— specifies encoding standards and data model to be used within libraries.

1807: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1369: 1353: 1200: 1182: 1083: 1071: 1063:

Macedonia (2010), Argentina (2012), Canada (2013), Uruguay (2015) and Israel (2017).

999: 901: 472: 468: 403: 269:

attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called

246:

In 1983, the first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to

168: 109: 5929: 5608: 5243: 5019: 4803: 4758: 4585: 4437: 3786: 3189: 3134: 2873: 2723: 2207:, protested the use of RFID security cards by covering his card with aluminum foil. 6520: 6499: 6193: 5804: 5483:"How a pair of microchips could transform football into an intricate dance of data" 5319: 4966: 4910: 4516: 4496: 3717:"Crucial Factors for Implementing Warehouse Management System - SIPMM Publications" 3548: 2593: 2381: 2188: 2153: 2145: 2022: 1969: 1945: 1866: 1836: 1463: 1284: 1262:

attempt to enslave the human race; one of their web domains is "dont-get-chipped".

1212: 838: 768:

over US$ 100 each. Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags were in the US$ 3–10 range.

674:

matching bits respond, and eventually only one tag matches the complete ID string.

298: 202: 176: 152: 5710: 2964: 2743: 1438: 101:

of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of

6604: 6572:"Hacker clones passports in drive-by RFID heist – V3.co.uk – formerly vnunet.com" 6345: 4231: 2652: 338:

RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. There are 3 types:

4854: 3765: 3654:"A Temperature-Sensitive RFID Tag for the Identification of Cold Chain Failures" 2396: 2340: 2310: 2164: 1521: 1497: 1405: 1224: 1197: 1189: 1175: 1140: 1106: 1022: 920: 666: 647: 198: 72: 64: 6175: 5778: 5580: 4478: 3951: 3171: 2715: 1839:. These standards include conformance, performance and interoperability tests. 1617:

Since around 2007 there been increasing development in the use of RFID in the

732:(SOI) process. These dust-sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit 187:, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a 6823: 6698:"EPC™ Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID, Version 2.0.0" 6477: 6366: 5921: 4742: 4369: 3677: 3613:

Silva, S., Lowry, M., Macaya-Solis, C., Byatt, B., & Lucas, M. C. (2017).

3116: 2859: 2844: 2351: 2176:

visually. The tag may still be used later for returns, recalls, or recycling.

2037: 1904: 1482: 1244: 909: 294: 87: 76: 6521:"Radio Frequency Identification: Applications and Implications for Consumers" 5689: 5225: 5088: 3976: 2702:

Stockman, Harry (October 1948), "Communication by Means of Reflected Power",

2585: 2253:

SpyChips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move

1873:

Class 0 and Class 1, saw significant commercial implementation in 2002–2005.

5945:"Practical eavesdropping and skimming attacks on high-frequency RFID tokens" 5898: 5311: 5187:"Privacy and Security in Library RFID: Issues, Practices, and Architectures" 5119: 5106: 5007:

Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life

4577: 3227: 3109:

1999 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.99CH36282)

2577: 2401: 2230: 2183:

In January 2004 privacy advocates from CASPIAN and the German privacy group

2160:

items inside. They also discussed satellite tracking of a passive RFID tag.

2144:

If a tagged item is paid for by credit card or in conjunction with use of a

1984:, after the EPCglobal Network ONS root servers were shown to be vulnerable. 1854: 1792:: Information technology—Radio frequency identification for item management: 1763: 1682: 1639: 1598:, along with several other schemes, is widely available at reasonable cost. 1501: 1389: 1220: 1216: 1152: 1086:

information when the passport is closed. The department will also implement

803: 549: 184: 80: 5073:"Radio Frequency Identification: An Introduction for Library Professionals" 4974: 4918: 4778:

2009 Fourth International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications

4750: 4111: 2103: 5970: 4785: 849: 534: 507: 4825: 4001: 1878: 1704: 1602: 1486: 1330: 1051: 1029: 868:

Sewn-in RFID label in garment manufactured by the French sports supplier

670: 603: 450: 6786: 5573:

2007 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference

5382:"Using rfid technology to develop an attendance system and avoid traff…" 4347: 3948:"Bermuda's RFID Vehicle Registration System Could Save $ 2 Million/Year" 3888: 3595:"A World Of Smart Objects: The Role Of Auto Identification Technologies" 3345: 2956: 2156:

and other purposes unrelated to their supply chain inventory functions.

2078:

Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections

86:

Passive tags are powered by energy from the RFID reader's interrogating

6673: 6414: 4374: 3762:"RFID-Tagged Gaming Chips Render Hotel Bellagio Robbery Haul Worthless" 2406: 2305: 2125: 1917: 1689: 1427:

began in the early 1990s with pigeon racing, introduced by the company

1003: 858: 761: 156: 135: 124: 94: 37:

For the practice of identifying frequencies of broadcast stations, see

5417:"Epic Mix – Skiiers [sic] and Snowboarders Social Media Dream" 5234: 1320: 945:

In 2010 Vail Resorts began using UHF Passive RFID tags in ski passes.

6799: 5674:"Radio frequency identification (RFID) projects for computer science" 4892:"Evaluation of Real-time Location Systems in their Hospital Contexts" 4680:"EN - TALKS WITH TEACHINGS FROM MY COSMIC FRIENDS - space-people.org" 4464:"Human Enhancement: Could you become infected with a computer virus?" 2371: 2320: 2300: 2295: 2226: 1601:

The storage of data associated with tracking items will require many

1467: 1397: 1113: 834: 807: 482: 478: 112:, RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses, and 6005:

RFID handbook : applications, technology, security, and privacy

5020:"Electronic tags for eggs, sperm and embryos – life – 30 March 2005" 4538:

Somatic Surveillance: Corporeal Control through Information Networks

4391:"CNN – Is human chip implant wave of the future? – January 14, 1999" 4370:"1º implante de chip ao vivo - Jornal das 10 - Canal 21 - SP - 1997" 1462:

Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such as

17: 6812:

International Journal of RF Technologies: Research and Applications

6318:"There Are Plenty Of RFID-Blocking Products, But Do You Need Them?" 4158:"Contactless inlays from SMARTRAC ordered for US ePassport project" 6600: 4773: 4683: 3497:"Cryptographic "tag of everything" could protect the supply chain" 3086:"RFID and Rail: Advanced Tracking Technology – Railway Technology" 3063:

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Principles and Applications

2102: 1956:

coded response from the tag. The protocols used during CRA can be

1766:– Radiofrequency identification of animals – Advanced transponders 1678: 1437: 1415: 1385: 1319: 1169: 985: 919: 863: 848: 773: 676: 631: 512:

Defense applications, Underground Miner Tracking with active tags

151: 63:

tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio

2842:

Charles A. Walton "Portable radio frequency emitting identifier"

2120:

The use of RFID has engendered considerable controversy and some

220:

and other potential users. It consisted of a transponder with 16

30:"RFID" redirects here. For restrictive food intake disorder, see 6549: 6264: 6227:"Electromagnetically Opaque Sleeve Test Procedure version 3.0.0" 5914:

2014 31st National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Cairo, Egypt

4048:

Rosová, Balog, and Šimeková., Andrea, Michal, and Žofia (2013).

3368:

RFID at ultra and super high frequencies: theory and application

2974: 2657:(third ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. 2008. p. 298. 1992:

Microchip–induced tumours have been noted during animal trials.

1825: 1819: 1813: 1724: 1649:

Passive RFID tags can also report sensor data. For example, the

1345: 1288: 774: 632: 5168:

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities

1119:

In Singapore, RFID replaces paper Season Parking Ticket (SPT).

912:, and can selectively invalidate any chips known to be stolen. 4869:"Veterans Affairs to Install RFID in Hospitals across America" 3834:"Social Media Winner's Circle at Geneva Motor Show [Video" 3812:"Mercedes Provides RFID Facebook Checkins at PGA Championship" 2489:

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research

2168: 2052: 2015: 1858: 1515: 1493: 1485:

have adopted RFID tags to provide skiers hands-free access to

1292: 830: 722: 221: 6830: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 4948:"Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems in Hospitals" 3520: 2654:

Hacking Exposed Linux: Linux Security Secrets & Solutions

2028:

Shielding effectiveness depends on the frequency being used.

681:

An example of a binary tree method of identifying an RFID tag

1582:

RFID tags are often a complement, but not a substitute, for

6168:

2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society

4471:

2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society

3929: 3617:

A test with lampreys. Ecological engineering, 102, 291–302.

3521:"EPTLS - The Electronic Product Tag & Labelling Scheme" 2163:

The concerns raised may be addressed in part by use of the

1148: 6244:"FIPS 201 Evaluation Program Approved Products List (APL)" 6123: 5623:"RFID Still In Early Stages of Adoption by Waste Industry" 5463:

Vail shows that Consumer RFID delivers a better experience

5438:"Vail Resorts Launches Epic Mix | SNOWBOARD MAGAZINE" 5564:

Chowdhury, Belal; Chowdhury, Morshed (December 2, 2007).

5134:

Wadham, Rachel (2003). "Radio Frequency Identification".

4133:"Uruguay a la vanguardia con nuevo pasaporte electrónico" 3594: 1178:

in his left hand with an RFID microchip (March 16, 2009).

5208:

Ferguson, Stuart; Thornley, Clare; Gibb, Forbes (2015),

4289:. Meat & Livestock Australia Limited. Archived from 3545:"Barcoding Inc. - FAQ - How much does an RFID tag cost?" 2482:"Wildlife Animal Tracking Using RFID and GSM Technology" 1944:

A second method of prevention is by using cryptography.

771:

RFID can be used in a variety of applications, such as:

487:

ISO-compatible microprocessor cards (Desfire EV1, Seos)

5174:(2). ISSN: 2321 – 788X: 25–32 – via ResearchGate. 4774:"A Short Overview of the RFID Technology in Healthcare" 3164:

2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS)

2107:

Logo of the anti-RFID campaign by German privacy group

1155:

and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis. The

79:, back to the reader. This number can be used to track 5077:

Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services

2018:

chips rather than RFID makes this sort of theft rare.

1002:, RFID readers are deployed at intersections to track 5472:. Blog.odintechnologies.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. 4135:. Ministerio del Interior. 2015-10-15. Archived from 3629:"EU considers overhauling rules for lost air luggage" 3036:

Sen, Dipankar; Sen, Prosenjit; Das, Anand M. (2009),

760:

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of

5566:"RFID-based real-time smart waste management system" 5540:"All NFL Players Are Getting RFID Chips This Season" 2638:

RFID Forecasts, Players and Opportunities 2019-2029b

1384:

In 2004, school authorities in the Japanese city of

456:

0.1–1 m (4 in – 3 ft 3 in)

6782:

What is RFID? Educational video by The RFID Network

3735:"Benefits of RFID in Theft Protection – CONTROLTEK" 2901:"Construction of RFID Tags - RFID chip and antenna" 2462:

Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC)

1066:Standards for RFID passports are determined by the 721:successfully glued RFID micro-transponders to live 4438:"Technology | Barcelona clubbers get chipped" 4416:"Professor has world's first silicon chip implant" 2267:Deliberate destruction in clothing and other items 201:, was routinely used by the Allies and Germany in 134:In 2014, the world RFID market was worth US$ 8.89 6007:( ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 478. 4023:"New York's award-winning traffic control system" 1865:(EPC) in the identification of many items in the 1333:device, taking the place of the more traditional 824:Monitoring the physical state of perishable goods 6725:. Smart Card Alliance. July 2006. Archived from 5672:Yang, Kuo-pao; Beaubouef, Theresa (2011-04-01). 5214:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 1941:and eavesdropping, albeit at shorter distances. 1032:, electrical cables, communication cables, etc. 277:send a signal to the tag and read its response. 6777:An open source RFID library used as door opener 5162:Chellappandi, P; Sivankalai, S (October 2013). 4847:"Group Health Reinvents Patient Care With RTLS" 2742:. RFID Journal. 10 October 2012. Archived from 2734: 2732: 2010:" of RFID-enabled cards or passports, the U.S. 2002:Aluminium foil § Electromagnetic shielding 1980:may be susceptible to infiltration, similar to 1646:, weather reports, and noise level monitoring. 439:Animal identification, factory data collection 6146:"Putting RFID Network Security in Perspective" 5999:Ilyas, edited by Syed Ahson, Mohammad (2008). 5994: 5992: 5105:Sing, Jay; Brar, Navjit; Fong, Carmen (2013). 3424:"Hitachi's RFID powder freaks us the heck out" 1667:International Organization for Standardization 744:In early 2020, MIT researchers demonstrated a 6294:"Do You Really Need an RFID-Blocking Wallet?" 5801:"Gen 2 EPC Protocol Approved as ISO 18000-6C" 5185:Molnar, David; Wagner, David (June 8, 2004). 5107:"The State of RFID Applications in Libraries" 3975:. Rfidjournal.com. 2002-10-11. Archived from 3950:. Rfidjournal.com. 2007-05-18. Archived from 3446:"Hitachi Develops World's Smallest RFID Chip" 1760:– Animal identification. Uses 134.2 kHz. 1203:had an RFID chip implanted in his arm by his 905:unpaid-for item, and identifying what it is. 261:A radio-frequency identification system uses 205:to identify aircraft as friendly or hostile. 8: 5281:"RFID Technology in use at the Otago Museum" 4987:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4955:International Journal of Medical Informatics 4931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4899:International Journal of Medical Informatics 4613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4540:. Surveillance & Society 4 (3): 154–173 4070:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3275:The RF in RFID: Passive UHF RFID In Practice 3259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3202:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3147:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2534:"Then and Now: RFID, Self-Checkout, and IoT" 2217:RFID was one of the main topics of the 2006 1753:that have been made regarding RFID include: 1651:Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform 5509:"The NFL has a (RFID) Chip on its shoulder" 4311:Carvalho, Mario Cesar (November 11, 1997). 4255:"HDB Introduces RFID Season Parking Ticket" 3862:. Consumer Goods Technology. Archived from 3787:"RFID use raises on-slope privacy concerns" 3472:"Pushing the limits of electronic circuits" 1550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 293:which stores and processes information and 6674:"Declara - Your Personal Knowledge Engine" 5258:"RFID Poses No Problem for Patron Privacy" 5066: 5064: 4287:"National Livestock Identification System" 4226:Mary Catherine O'Connor (7 January 2008). 3296:Computer and information security handbook 539:EAN, various standards; used by railroads 6851:Automatic identification and data capture 6625:Katherine Albrecht; Liz McIntyre (2005). 6474:"The METRO "Future Store" Special Report" 6047:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5960: 5678:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 5588: 5233: 5118: 4209:"United States sets date for E-passports" 3226: 3070: 2895: 2893: 2891: 1671:International Electrotechnical Commission 1570:Learn how and when to remove this message 1235:in the United States approved the use of 1159:is currently developing its own program. 1068:International Civil Aviation Organization 924:RFID antenna for vehicular access control 778:Electronic key for RFID based lock system 740:TFID (Terahertz Frequency Identification) 311:for receiving and transmitting the signal 285:RFID tags are made out of three pieces: 103:automatic identification and data capture 97:, the tag does not need to be within the 32:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder 6246:. U.S. CIO and the Federal CIO Councils. 5100: 5098: 4946:Fisher, Jill A., Monahan, Torin (2008). 4890:Fisher, Jill A., Monahan, Torin (2012). 4655:"Stop Chipping image by Universe People" 3858:James P. Farrell & Ralf Saykiewicz. 1699:Every country can set its own rules for 1278:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 1174:A surgeon implants British scientist Dr 1017:Infrastructure management and protection 384: 183:which slightly altered the shape of the 6209:"Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors" 5799:Catherine O'Connor, Mary (2004-07-12). 4346:(in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from 4275:USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program 2424: 2197:World Summit on the Information Society 1694:International Air Transport Association 1692:for certifying RFID engineers, and the 6400:, IFIP Summer School, Karlstad, 2007, 6037: 6027: 5398: 5387: 5360:"Schoolkid chipping trial 'a success'" 5336:. Networks.silicon.com. Archived from 4980: 4924: 4606: 4108:"Datatilsynet misfornøyd med nye pass" 4063: 3252: 3195: 3140: 3038:RFID For Energy and Utility Industries 2992: 2991: 2980: 2785:"Shrouds of Time: The history of RFID" 2614: 1077:Since 2006, RFID tags included in new 5895:Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 5709:. GS1.org. 2014-10-31. Archived from 4536:Monahan, Torin and Tyler Wall. 2007. 4313:"Artista implanta hoje chip no corpo" 3760:Rohrlich, Justin (15 December 2010). 2006:In an effort to prevent the passive " 1196:. A year later, British professor of 1149:Canadian Cattle Identification Agency 908:Casinos can use RFID to authenticate 872:. Front, back, and transparency scan. 326:electronic product code by the user. 7: 6805:What is RFID? – animated explanation 5358:Williams, Christopher (2007-10-22). 5111:Information Technology and Libraries 3836:. Social Media Today. Archived from 2942:"An Introduction to RFID Technology" 2068:"criticism" or "controversy" section 1933:'s recent adoption of RFID tags for 1548:adding citations to reliable sources 592:Requires semi-active or active tags 6415:"How to read data from rfid reader" 6396:Markus Hansen, Sebastian Meissner: 5775:"EPCglobal Ratifies Gen 2 Standard" 5334:"Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped" 4632:. Blogs.reuters.com. Archived from 4228:"RFID Is Key to Car Clubs' Success" 4000:. Tollroadsnews.com. Archived from 3399:"Ants' home search habit uncovered" 3111:. Vol. 4. pp. 1497–1500. 2740:"Genesis of the Versatile RFID Tag" 2439:. February 28, 2014. Archived from 1931:United States Department of Defense 697:conditions for inductively coupled 235:In 1973, an early demonstration of 6472:Katherine Albrecht; Liz McIntyre. 6367:"Aluminum Foil Does Not Stop RFID" 6124:"RFID Security and Privacy Lounge" 6101:. RSA Laboratories. Archived from 5611:– via Deakin University DRO. 4557:Kietzmann, J., Angell, I. (2010). 4512:"Feds approve human RFID implants" 2557:Angell, I., Kietzmann, J. (2006). 2480:Bhise, Kshama S. (February 2016). 1849:EPCglobal UHF Class 1 Generation 2 1295:clinics is also being considered. 996:intelligent transportation systems 210:useful applications is explored." 25: 6597:"Human chips more than skin-deep" 6342:"Can Aluminum Shield RFID Chips?" 5575:. Vol. 1. pp. 175–180. 5009:(pp. 77–88). New York: Routledge. 4818:"RFID Frequently Asked Questions" 4338:Esnal, Luis (December 15, 1997). 4177:Lettice, John (30 January 2006). 3973:"Smart License May Cut Car Theft" 3910:"Qantas Next Generation Check-in" 2124:advocates have initiated product 1950:challenge–response authentication 799:Machine readable travel documents 569:802.11 WLAN, Bluetooth standards 522:902–928 MHz (North America) 6751: 6207:Lewan, Todd (8 September 2007). 6144:Tedjasaputra, Adi (2006-12-11). 5197:: 1–20 – via ResearchGate. 4853:. 22 August 2012. Archived from 4344:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 3012:"How Does RFID Technology Work?" 2940:Want, Roy (January–March 2006). 2057: 1696:(IATA) for luggage in airports. 1520: 477:ISO-non-compliant memory cards ( 194:Similar technology, such as the 6764:radio-frequency identification 6570:Iain Thomson in San Francisco. 5279:Rowe, Paul (November 9, 2011). 5256:Dorman, David (December 2003). 5071:Butters, Alan (December 2006). 4086:"Locating and Marking Products" 2951:. January - March 2006: 25–33. 2012:General Services Administration 1435:without being in a batch mode. 898:electronic article surveillance 789:Tracking of persons and animals 609:10–200 m (30–700 ft) 583:up to 200 m (700 ft) 173:the "Thing", a listening device 6846:Radio-frequency identification 6653:"FAQ on RFID and RFID privacy" 5897:. 4 April 2007. Archived from 5829:. RFID Journal. Archived from 5803:. RFID Journal. Archived from 5777:. RFID Journal. Archived from 5046:. spychips.com. Archived from 4967:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.010 4911:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.07.001 4875:. 14 June 2013. Archived from 4230:. RFID Journal. Archived from 4211:. 19 June 2015. Archived from 3832:Patrick Sweeney (2013-03-26). 2532:D'Onofrio, Tony (2022-05-01). 1661:Regulation and standardization 1335:electromagnetic security strip 1207:, George Boulos. In 2004 the ' 1092:personal identification number 821:Tracking and billing processes 520:UHF: 865–868 MHz (Europe) 241:Los Alamos National Laboratory 45:Radio-frequency identification 27:Electronic tracking technology 1: 6344:. RFID Shield. Archived from 5854:, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2006 5850:Bill Glover, Himanshu Bhatt, 5760:"RFID Standards and Mandates" 5461:Kinsella, Bret. (2010-09-07) 5380:Baghya Lakshmi (2012-09-16). 4340:"Un hombre llamado 026109532" 3658:Sensors Actuators A: Physical 3319:, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2006 2975:https://home.cs.colorado.edu/ 2071:may compromise the article's 2036:HighFID tags (13.56 MHz— 1394:St Charles Sixth Form College 1131:, RFID has become crucial in 928:RFID tags are widely used in 813:Locating lost airport baggage 501:1–100 m (3–300 ft) 5949:Journal of Computer Security 5825:Roberti, Mark (2006-05-06). 5773:Roberti, Mark (2004-12-16). 5538:Moynihan, Tim (2015-08-07). 4682:. 2020-11-26. Archived from 4657:. 2015-06-07. Archived from 3627:Pete Harrison (2009-07-28). 3569:Martein Meints (June 2007). 3547:. 2011-10-07. Archived from 3495:Matheson, Rob (2020-02-20). 3426:. Engadget. 15 February 2007 3338:"Frequently Asked Questions" 3315:Bill Glover, Himanshu Bhatt, 2927:Sandia National Laboratories 2863:issue date February 13, 1996 2820:"Real Time Location Systems" 2679:"What are IFF Technologies?" 2219:Chaos Communication Congress 1233:Food and Drug Administration 1090:(BAC), which functions as a 968:Transportation and logistics 196:Identification friend or foe 120:by customers and employees. 77:identifying inventory number 6442:September 28, 2011, at the 6292:Oremus, Will (2015-08-25). 6099:"RFID Privacy and Security" 6062:"RFID: Social Implications" 3766:Minyanville Financial Media 2683:BAE Systems - United States 2559:"RFID and the end of cash?" 2367:Resonant inductive coupling 2233:staged a "Hack RFID" song. 2128:. Consumer privacy experts 1046:The first RFID passports (" 806:(for massively distributed 577:microwave: 3.1–10 GHz 528:1–12 m (3–40 ft) 6887: 6871:Radio frequency interfaces 6574:. V3.co.uk. Archived from 6476:. Spychips. Archived from 6176:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514622 6170:. IEEE. pp. 337–349. 5943:Hancke, Gerhard P (2011). 5581:10.1109/ATNAC.2007.4665232 4731:Journal of Medical Systems 4628:Fulton, Nic (2006-07-22). 4510:Greene, Thomas C. (2004). 4479:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514651 3887:. Softrail. Archived from 3814:. Mashable.com. 2011-08-11 3172:10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058927 2716:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.226245 1999: 1857:, a joint venture between 1039: 600:mm-wave: 24.125 GHz 161:electronic toll collection 145: 114:implanting RFID microchips 36: 29: 6824:10.1080/17545730802338333 6459:February 7, 2009, at the 5922:10.1109/NRSC.2014.6835063 5300:Communications of the ACM 5044:"Verichip Special Report" 4743:10.1007/s10916-014-0019-z 4566:Communications of the ACM 4110:. Digi.no. Archived from 4054:Acta Montanistica Slovaca 3678:10.1016/j.sna.2020.112182 3470:Zewe, Adam (2021-11-18). 3117:10.1109/MWSYM.1999.780237 3061:Weis, Stephen A. (2007), 2929:. Sandia Corporation: 24. 2566:Communications of the ACM 2433:"RFID Inventory Tracking" 2336:Microchip implant (human) 2199:(WSIS) in November 2005, 1982:denial-of-service attacks 1869:for companies worldwide. 1374:San Francisco, California 558:1–2 m (3–7 ft) 355:Active Reader Passive Tag 344:Passive Reader Active Tag 6703:. GS1.org. November 2013 5226:10.1177/0961000613518572 3912:. Qantas Airways Limited 3721:publication.sipmm.edu.sg 3298:, Morgan Kaufmann, 2009 2495:: 1–2 – via IJSER. 2346:Near Field Communication 2212:Federal Trade Commission 1774:Near Field Communication 1380:Schools and universities 1271:Hospitals and healthcare 1008:adaptive traffic control 481:Classic, iCLASS, Legic, 366:Active Reader Active Tag 230:electronic license plate 6369:. Omniscience is Bliss. 5827:"A 5-Cent Breakthrough" 5312:10.1145/1081992.1082021 5120:10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326 4772:Lahtela, Antti (2009). 4710:New Religious Movements 4578:10.1145/1743546.1743582 4253:Tay, Lay (2007-11-01). 4029:. January–February 2013 3934:August 1, 2015, at the 3228:10.1145/3447993.3448627 2848:issue date May 17, 1983 2641:. IDTechEx. 2020-02-27. 2578:10.1145/1183236.1183237 1962:public key cryptography 1935:supply chain management 1863:Electronic Product Code 1711:for other radio users. 1588:European Article Number 1456:hook-and-loop fasteners 1402:Whitcliffe Mount School 1098:Transportation payments 1079:United States passports 1010:of the traffic lights. 882:supply chain management 655:Electronic Product Code 428:10 cm (4 in) 218:New York Port Authority 189:covert listening device 159:, an RFID tag used for 5397:Cite journal requires 5005:. In T. Monahan (Ed), 5001:Fisher, Jill A. 2006. 4559:"Panopticon revisited" 4462:Gasson, M. N. (2010). 3166:. pp. 1557–1560. 2704:Proceedings of the IRE 2205:free software movement 2112: 1912:Global standardization 1847:EPC Gen2 is short for 1630:usage-pricing models. 1584:Universal Product Code 1450: 1421: 1372:, a science museum in 1325: 1179: 991: 953:PGA Golf Championships 925: 873: 861: 817:Timing sporting events 779: 682: 637: 164: 53:electromagnetic fields 39:Station identification 6631:. Thomas Nelson Inc. 6526:. Ftc.gov. March 2005 6419:0y3v.errandrunner.org 5971:10.3233/JCS-2010-0407 5590:10536/DRO/DU:30008105 4786:10.1109/ICSNC.2009.77 2860:U.S. patent 5,491,468 2845:U.S. patent 4,384,288 2783:Landt, Jerry (2001). 2538:Loss Prevention Media 2203:, the founder of the 2106: 2000:Further information: 1978:Object Naming Service 1889:Problems and concerns 1628:municipal solid waste 1512:Complement to barcode 1441: 1425:RFID for timing races 1419: 1323: 1173: 1133:animal identification 1123:Animal identification 989: 930:identification badges 923: 867: 852: 777: 680: 635: 572:US$ 25 (active tags) 552:: 2450–5800 MHz 422:LF: 120–150 kHz 386:RFID frequency bands 155: 6861:Ubiquitous computing 6831:IEEE Council on RFID 6498:Richard M Stallman. 5901:on 28 February 2006. 5781:on November 22, 2008 4780:. pp. 165–169. 4704:admin (2024-02-09). 2876:. Behance. July 2018 2467:May 5, 2016, at the 1701:frequency allocation 1544:improve this section 1237:RFID chips in humans 1205:general practitioner 1137:implantable RFID tag 1088:Basic Access Control 932:, replacing earlier 792:Toll collection and 730:silicon-on-insulator 542:US$ 0.04 to US$ 1.00 498:Short range devices 224:memory for use as a 6500:"The WSIS in Tunis" 5807:on January 28, 2008 5362:. Theregister.co.uk 3979:on October 18, 2003 3670:2020SeAcA.31312182V 3342:www.rfidjournal.com 2957:10.1109/MPRV.2006.2 2949:Pervasive Computing 2223:Chaos Computer Club 1429:Deister Electronics 794:contactless payment 447:HF: 13.56 MHz 387: 127:has raised serious 6761:has a profile for 6381:"A Primer on RFID" 6040:has generic name ( 5833:on August 19, 2006 5648:"RFID Regulations" 5468:2010-11-06 at the 5262:American Libraries 4544:2016-06-15 at the 4473:. pp. 61–68. 4378:. 16 January 2019. 4350:on 1 February 2017 4189:on 31 January 2006 3741:. 14 February 2014 3366:Paret, Dominique. 3273:Daniel M. Dobkin, 3221:. pp. 69–82. 2326:Internet of Things 2257:Katherine Albrecht 2237:Government control 2221:(organized by the 2130:Katherine Albrecht 2113: 2080:through discussion 1675:ASTM International 1506:Zebra Technologies 1451: 1449:2007 in Frankfurt. 1422: 1326: 1309:FDA Warning Letter 1301:Katherine Albrecht 1186:microchip implants 1180: 1166:Human implantation 1147:" on animals. The 1050:") were issued by 1042:Biometric passport 992: 959:Promotion tracking 926: 894:item level tagging 874: 862: 780: 719:Bristol University 683: 638: 495:UHF: 433 MHz 490:US$ 0.05 to US$ 5 385: 291:integrated circuit 165: 6767: 6638:978-1-59555-020-0 6185:978-1-4244-7777-7 6079:www.vde-verlag.de 5600:978-1-4244-1557-1 5340:on April 27, 2012 4879:on 19 March 2014. 4857:on June 30, 2013. 4795:978-1-4244-4772-5 4706:"Universe People" 4488:978-1-4244-7777-7 4234:on March 22, 2012 4215:on April 9, 2006. 4027:ITS International 3551:on 7 October 2011 3348:on March 28, 2013 3283:978-0-7506-8209-1 3181:978-1-5090-6360-4 3047:978-1-59370-105-5 2990:External link in 2710:(10): 1196–1204, 2664:978-0-07-226257-5 2357:Privacy by design 2331:Mass surveillance 2210:In 2004–2005 the 2111:(formerly FoeBuD) 2101: 2100: 1954:cryptographically 1924:Security concerns 1786:and credit cards. 1580: 1579: 1572: 1254:The UFO religion 892:RFID is used for 857:RFID tag used by 786:Tracking of goods 783:Access management 625: 624: 621:US$ 10 projected 589:Not defined 531:Moderate to high 289:a micro chip (an 55:to automatically 16:(Redirected from 6878: 6827: 6765: 6755: 6754: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6603:. Archived from 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6548:. Archived from 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6525: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6469: 6463: 6452: 6446: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6411: 6405: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6273: 6267:. Archived from 6262: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6033: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5996: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5973:. Archived from 5964: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5869: 5863: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5592: 5570: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5515:. Archived from 5513:News Surgo Group 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5479: 5473: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5440:. Archived from 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5237: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5159: 5144: 5143: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5016: 5010: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4824:. Archived from 4814: 4808: 4807: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4588:. Archived from 4563: 4554: 4548: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4418:. 26 August 1998 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4317:Folha de S.Paulo 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4185:. Archived from 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3885:"AEI technology" 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3688:. Archived from 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3448:. Archived from 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3344:. Archived from 3334: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3230: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3193: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2946: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2794:. Archived from 2789: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2746:on March 7, 2009 2736: 2727: 2726: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2596:. Archived from 2563: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2513:. March 23, 2021 2503: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2429: 2246:US passport card 2201:Richard Stallman 2122:consumer privacy 2096: 2093: 2087: 2061: 2060: 2053: 1727:recommendations 1624:pay as you throw 1619:waste management 1613:Waste management 1575: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1524: 1516: 1458: 994:RFID is used in 734:Read Only Memory 595:US$ 5 projected 580:Ultra wide band 459:Low to moderate 388: 148:History of radar 67:called a tag, a 21: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6836: 6835: 6809: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6730: 6723:"EPC Gen 2 FAQ" 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6608: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6581: 6579: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6461:Wayback Machine 6453: 6449: 6444:Wayback Machine 6436: 6432: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6213:Washington Post 6206: 6205: 6201: 6186: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6151: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6036: 6026: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5962:10.1.1.169.9341 5942: 5941: 5937: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5873:"Radio Silence" 5871: 5870: 5866: 5852:RFID Essentials 5849: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5810: 5808: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5601: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5470:Wayback Machine 5460: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5396: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5161: 5160: 5147: 5136:Library Mosaics 5133: 5132: 5128: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5000: 4996: 4979: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4923: 4905:(10): 705–712. 4894: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4829: 4828:on May 23, 2013 4822:RFIDJournal.com 4816: 4815: 4811: 4796: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4546:Wayback Machine 4535: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4489: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4395:edition.cnn.com 4388: 4387: 4383: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4319:(in Portuguese) 4310: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4062: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3954:on May 23, 2007 3946: 3945: 3941: 3936:Wayback Machine 3928: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3867: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3317:RFID essentials 3314: 3310: 3293: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3251: 3239: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3194: 3182: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3139: 3127: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3088:. 16 March 2008 3084: 3083: 3079: 3072:10.1.1.182.5224 3060: 3059: 3055: 3051:, pp. 1-48 3048: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2989: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2469:Wayback Machine 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2443:on May 16, 2021 2431: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412:Tracking system 2392:RSA blocker tag 2377:RFID in schools 2291: 2269: 2239: 2118: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2066:This article's 2062: 2058: 2051: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1926: 1914: 1896: 1891: 1845: 1758:ISO 11784/11785 1663: 1636: 1615: 1592:boarding passes 1576: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1541: 1525: 1514: 1472:Hare and Hounds 1454: 1447:Ironman Germany 1414: 1382: 1366: 1342:Vatican Library 1318: 1273: 1268: 1256:Universe People 1209:Baja Beach Club 1168: 1135:management. An 1129:mad-cow disease 1125: 1100: 1044: 1038: 1019: 970: 961: 943: 934:magnetic stripe 918: 890: 847: 755: 742: 715: 713:Miniaturization 691: 630: 544:(passive tags) 543: 521: 486: 476: 416: 414: 413:Approximate tag 406: 383: 336: 302:radio-frequency 283: 259: 237:reflected power 150: 144: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6807: 6802: 6793: 6787:How RFID Works 6784: 6779: 6757: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745:External links 6743: 6740: 6739: 6714: 6689: 6665: 6644: 6637: 6617: 6588: 6562: 6536: 6512: 6490: 6464: 6447: 6430: 6406: 6389: 6372: 6358: 6333: 6309: 6298:Slate Magazine 6284: 6249: 6235: 6218: 6199: 6184: 6158: 6136: 6115: 6090: 6066: 6054: 6013: 5988: 5977:on 27 May 2016 5955:(2): 259–288. 5935: 5904: 5882: 5879:. 7 June 2007. 5864: 5843: 5817: 5791: 5765: 5751: 5726: 5695: 5664: 5639: 5628: 5614: 5599: 5556: 5530: 5500: 5474: 5454: 5429: 5408: 5399:|journal= 5372: 5350: 5325: 5290: 5285:Vernon Systems 5271: 5248: 5220:(2): 117–130, 5200: 5177: 5145: 5126: 5094: 5060: 5035: 5011: 4994: 4961:(3): 176–183. 4938: 4882: 4860: 4838: 4809: 4794: 4764: 4721: 4696: 4671: 4646: 4620: 4572:(6): 135–138. 4549: 4529: 4502: 4487: 4454: 4429: 4407: 4381: 4361: 4330: 4303: 4278: 4267: 4245: 4218: 4200: 4169: 4149: 4124: 4099: 4077: 4040: 4014: 3989: 3964: 3939: 3922: 3901: 3876: 3850: 3824: 3803: 3778: 3752: 3726: 3708: 3702: 3644: 3619: 3606: 3591:Paolo Magrassi 3582: 3561: 3536: 3512: 3487: 3462: 3436: 3415: 3390: 3373: 3358: 3329: 3308: 3294:John R. Vacca 3287: 3277:, Newnes 2008 3266: 3237: 3209: 3180: 3154: 3125: 3099: 3077: 3053: 3046: 3028: 3003: 2932: 2917: 2887: 2865: 2850: 2835: 2811: 2775: 2756: 2728: 2694: 2670: 2663: 2644: 2628: 2549: 2524: 2498: 2472: 2454: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362:Proximity card 2359: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2268: 2265: 2238: 2235: 2195:During the UN 2173:Paul Moskowitz 2150: 2149: 2142: 2117: 2114: 2109:digitalcourage 2099: 2098: 2065: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2034:High frequency 1997: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1925: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1844: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1777: 1767: 1761: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1662: 1659: 1635: 1632: 1614: 1611: 1578: 1577: 1528: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1413: 1410: 1381: 1378: 1365: 1362: 1329:also act as a 1317: 1314: 1307:discovered an 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1211:' operated by 1167: 1164: 1124: 1121: 1099: 1096: 1037: 1034: 1018: 1015: 969: 966: 960: 957: 942: 939: 917: 916:Access control 914: 889: 886: 878:asset tracking 846: 843: 839:Auto-ID Center 826: 825: 822: 819: 814: 811: 801: 796: 790: 787: 784: 754: 751: 741: 738: 714: 711: 690: 687: 641:away. In this 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 601: 597: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 574: 573: 570: 567: 562: 559: 556: 553: 546: 545: 540: 537: 532: 529: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 510: 505: 502: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 465: 460: 457: 454: 448: 444: 443: 440: 437: 432: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415:cost in volume 411: 408: 401: 398: 395: 392: 382: 379: 374: 373: 362: 351: 335: 332: 316: 315: 312: 305: 282: 279: 258: 255: 248:Charles Walton 214:Mario Cardullo 143: 140: 69:radio receiver 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6883: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:HowStuffWorks 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6744: 6729:on 2015-03-20 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6699: 6693: 6690: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6618: 6607:on 2010-03-24 6606: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6578:on 2010-03-24 6577: 6573: 6566: 6563: 6552:on 2010-02-20 6551: 6547: 6540: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6501: 6494: 6491: 6480:on 2005-05-08 6479: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6348:on 2014-03-30 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6285: 6274:on 2010-12-26 6270: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6147: 6140: 6137: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6105:on 2006-12-18 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6031: 6016: 6014:9781420054996 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5877:The Economist 5874: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5860:0-596-00944-5 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5818: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5792: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5716:on 2017-11-21 5712: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5625:. 2016-08-10. 5624: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5557: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5519:on 2015-09-06 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5444:on 2010-09-04 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5404: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5373: 5361: 5354: 5351: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5116: 5113:. 25–32: 24. 5112: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5083:(4): 164–74. 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5050:on 2012-03-23 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5025: 5024:New Scientist 5021: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4686:on 2020-11-26 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4661:on 2015-06-07 4660: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4636:on 2017-02-02 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4595:on 2014-02-24 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4293:on 2013-08-20 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4139:on 2021-02-23 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4114:on 2008-04-05 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4004:on 2013-07-03 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3891:on 2008-04-06 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3866:on 2008-04-11 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3840:on 2013-09-27 3839: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3723:. 2021-12-19. 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3692:on 2020-12-02 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3452:on 2009-04-16 3451: 3447: 3444:TFOT (2007). 3440: 3437: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3383: 3382:"STGF Report" 3377: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3327:, pages 88–89 3326: 3325:0-596-00944-5 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304:0-12-374354-0 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3238:9781450383424 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3126:0-7803-5135-5 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3065:, MIT CSAIL, 3064: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2984: 2976: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2801:on 2009-03-27 2797: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2603:on 2014-02-24 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572:(12): 90–96. 2571: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2387:RFID on metal 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2316:Chipless RFID 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2189:loyalty cards 2186: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2095: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2049:Controversies 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Low-frequency 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1960:, or may use 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Rolling codes 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1894:Data flooding 1893: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808:ISO/IEC 21481 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796:ISO/IEC 18092 1794: 1791: 1790:ISO/IEC 18000 1788: 1785: 1784:smart payment 1781: 1780:ISO/IEC 15693 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770:ISO/IEC 14443 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1681:Alliance and 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1574: 1571: 1563: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1529:This section 1527: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370:Exploratorium 1363: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1354:conveyor belt 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201:Kevin Warwick 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183:Biocompatible 1177: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072:ISO/IEC 14443 1069: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:New York City 997: 988: 984: 981: 978: 975: 967: 965: 958: 956: 954: 949: 946: 940: 938: 935: 931: 922: 915: 913: 911: 906: 903: 902:self checkout 900:(EAS), and a 899: 895: 887: 885: 883: 879: 871: 866: 860: 856: 851: 844: 842: 840: 836: 832: 823: 820: 818: 815: 812: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781: 776: 772: 769: 765: 763: 758: 752: 750: 747: 739: 737: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 712: 710: 708: 702: 700: 694: 688: 686: 679: 675: 672: 671:slotted Aloha 668: 662: 660: 656: 651: 649: 644: 636:RFID hard tag 634: 627: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 598: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 547: 541: 538: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 519: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 493: 489: 484: 480: 474: 473:ISO/IEC 14443 470: 469:ISO/IEC 15693 467:Smart cards ( 466: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 412: 409: 405: 404:ISO/IEC 18000 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 389: 380: 378: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 352: 349: 345: 341: 340: 339: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 313: 310: 306: 304:(RF) signals) 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 286: 280: 278: 276: 272: 271:interrogators 268: 264: 256: 254: 251: 249: 244: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169:Leon Theremin 163:in California 162: 158: 154: 149: 141: 139: 137: 132: 130: 126: 121: 119: 118:prevent theft 115: 111: 110:assembly line 106: 104: 100: 99:line of sight 96: 91: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 33: 19: 6818:(1): 45–56. 6815: 6811: 6763: 6731:. Retrieved 6727:the original 6717: 6705:. Retrieved 6692: 6681:. Retrieved 6677: 6668: 6657:. Retrieved 6647: 6627: 6620: 6609:. Retrieved 6605:the original 6591: 6580:. Retrieved 6576:the original 6565: 6554:. Retrieved 6550:the original 6539: 6528:. Retrieved 6515: 6504:. Retrieved 6493: 6482:. Retrieved 6478:the original 6467: 6450: 6433: 6422:. Retrieved 6418: 6409: 6392: 6375: 6361: 6350:. Retrieved 6346:the original 6336: 6325:. Retrieved 6321: 6312: 6301:. Retrieved 6297: 6287: 6276:. Retrieved 6269:the original 6252: 6238: 6221: 6212: 6202: 6167: 6161: 6150:. Retrieved 6139: 6128:. Retrieved 6126:. Avoine.net 6118: 6107:. Retrieved 6103:the original 6093: 6082:. Retrieved 6078: 6069: 6057: 6038:|first= 6018:. Retrieved 6004: 5979:. Retrieved 5975:the original 5952: 5948: 5938: 5913: 5907: 5899:the original 5894: 5891:"What's New" 5885: 5876: 5867: 5851: 5846: 5835:. Retrieved 5831:the original 5820: 5809:. Retrieved 5805:the original 5794: 5783:. Retrieved 5779:the original 5768: 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5738: 5729: 5718:. Retrieved 5711:the original 5698: 5684:(4): 78–84. 5681: 5677: 5667: 5656:. Retrieved 5651: 5642: 5631: 5617: 5572: 5559: 5547:. Retrieved 5543: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5517:the original 5512: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5489:. 2015-08-12 5486: 5477: 5457: 5446:. Retrieved 5442:the original 5432: 5421:. Retrieved 5419:. 2010-09-07 5411: 5390:cite journal 5375: 5364:. Retrieved 5353: 5342:. Retrieved 5338:the original 5328: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5171: 5167: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5110: 5080: 5076: 5052:. Retrieved 5048:the original 5038: 5027:. Retrieved 5023: 5014: 5006: 4997: 4983:cite journal 4958: 4954: 4941: 4927:cite journal 4902: 4898: 4885: 4877:the original 4872: 4863: 4855:the original 4851:RFID Journal 4850: 4841: 4830:. Retrieved 4826:the original 4821: 4812: 4777: 4767: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4713:. Retrieved 4709: 4699: 4688:. Retrieved 4684:the original 4674: 4663:. Retrieved 4659:the original 4649: 4638:. Retrieved 4634:the original 4623: 4609:cite journal 4597:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4569: 4565: 4552: 4532: 4521:. Retrieved 4517:The Register 4515: 4505: 4470: 4457: 4446:. Retrieved 4444:. 2004-09-29 4441: 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4410: 4398:. Retrieved 4394: 4384: 4373: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4348:the original 4343: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4316: 4306: 4295:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4281: 4270: 4259:. Retrieved 4248: 4236:. Retrieved 4232:the original 4221: 4213:the original 4203: 4191:. Retrieved 4187:the original 4183:The Register 4182: 4172: 4161:. Retrieved 4152: 4141:. Retrieved 4137:the original 4127: 4116:. Retrieved 4112:the original 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4088:. 3M Company 4080: 4066:cite journal 4057: 4053: 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4026: 4017: 4006:. Retrieved 4002:the original 3992: 3981:. Retrieved 3977:the original 3967: 3956:. Retrieved 3952:the original 3942: 3925: 3914:. Retrieved 3904: 3893:. Retrieved 3889:the original 3879: 3868:. Retrieved 3864:the original 3853: 3842:. Retrieved 3838:the original 3827: 3816:. Retrieved 3806: 3795:. Retrieved 3793:. 2010-11-15 3790: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3694:. Retrieved 3690:the original 3661: 3657: 3647: 3636:. Retrieved 3632: 3622: 3609: 3598:. Retrieved 3585: 3574:. Retrieved 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3539: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3504:. Retrieved 3500: 3490: 3479:. Retrieved 3475: 3465: 3454:. Retrieved 3450:the original 3439: 3428:. Retrieved 3418: 3407:. Retrieved 3405:. 2009-04-22 3402: 3393: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3350:. Retrieved 3346:the original 3341: 3332: 3316: 3311: 3295: 3290: 3274: 3269: 3218: 3212: 3163: 3157: 3108: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3080: 3062: 3056: 3040:, PennWell, 3037: 3031: 3020:. Retrieved 3015: 3006: 2983:cite journal 2973:– via 2968:. Retrieved 2948: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2909:. Retrieved 2904: 2878:. Retrieved 2868: 2853: 2838: 2827:. Retrieved 2814: 2803:. Retrieved 2796:the original 2791: 2778: 2759: 2748:. Retrieved 2744:the original 2707: 2703: 2697: 2686:. Retrieved 2682: 2673: 2653: 2647: 2637: 2631: 2617:cite journal 2605:. Retrieved 2598:the original 2569: 2565: 2552: 2541:. Retrieved 2537: 2527: 2515:. Retrieved 2510: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2475: 2457: 2445:. Retrieved 2441:the original 2436: 2427: 2382:RFID Journal 2283: 2279: 2270: 2261:Liz McIntyre 2252: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2216: 2209: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2171:researchers 2162: 2158: 2154:surveillance 2151: 2146:loyalty card 2134:Liz McIntyre 2119: 2089: 2070: 2027: 2023:Faraday cage 2020: 2005: 1991: 1974: 1970:cover-coding 1966: 1943: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1867:supply chain 1853: 1848: 1846: 1837:RFID testing 1834: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1721: 1709:interference 1698: 1687: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1637: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1581: 1566: 1560:January 2021 1557: 1542:Please help 1530: 1491: 1481:A number of 1480: 1476: 1464:Orienteering 1461: 1452: 1433: 1423: 1420:ChampionChip 1383: 1367: 1358: 1350: 1339: 1327: 1305:Liz McIntyre 1297: 1282: 1274: 1266:Institutions 1253: 1249: 1241: 1230: 1213:Conrad Chase 1194:Time Capsule 1193: 1181: 1161: 1126: 1118: 1111: 1107:bike lockers 1104: 1101: 1076: 1065: 1057: 1045: 1020: 1012: 993: 982: 979: 971: 962: 950: 947: 944: 927: 907: 891: 875: 827: 770: 766: 759: 756: 743: 727: 716: 703: 695: 692: 689:Bulk reading 684: 663: 652: 639: 615:Not defined 425:Unregulated 394:Regulations 375: 369: 365: 358: 354: 347: 343: 337: 328: 324: 320: 317: 284: 274: 270: 266: 262: 260: 252: 245: 236: 234: 212: 207:Transponders 203:World War II 193: 177:Soviet Union 166: 133: 122: 107: 92: 85: 48: 44: 43: 6678:declara.com 6544:monochrom. 6148:. RFID Asia 5739:www.iso.org 5549:1 September 5523:1 September 5493:1 September 5306:(9): 60–5. 4389:Witt, Sam. 4257:. RFID Asia 4193:9 September 4060:(1): 26–32. 3771:16 December 3285:, chapter 8 3018:. June 2017 2397:Smart label 2341:Mobile RFID 2311:Campus card 2165:Clipped Tag 2038:smart cards 1669:(ISO), the 1498:quarterback 1483:ski resorts 1406:Cleckheaton 1225:Mark Gasson 1198:cybernetics 1190:Eduardo Kac 1176:Mark Gasson 1141:transponder 1030:sewer lines 941:Advertising 910:poker chips 667:"singulate" 648:backscatter 400:Data speed 381:Frequencies 314:a substrate 299:demodulates 226:toll device 199:transponder 88:radio waves 73:transmitter 65:transponder 6840:Categories 6733:2015-03-25 6683:2019-04-22 6659:2015-03-23 6611:2010-04-24 6582:2010-04-24 6556:2007-01-04 6530:2013-09-22 6506:2013-09-22 6484:2005-05-05 6424:2019-04-22 6352:2007-03-27 6327:2019-11-10 6303:2019-11-10 6278:2019-01-10 6152:2007-08-03 6130:2013-09-22 6109:2013-09-22 6084:2019-12-09 5837:2007-01-26 5811:2011-07-07 5785:2011-07-07 5720:2015-03-23 5658:2020-03-01 5448:2020-03-01 5423:2013-09-22 5366:2013-09-03 5344:2013-09-03 5235:10197/5242 5054:2013-09-22 5029:2010-04-24 4832:2013-05-20 4715:2024-08-01 4690:2024-08-01 4665:2024-08-01 4640:2013-09-03 4599:9 November 4523:2007-03-01 4448:2013-09-22 4297:2013-09-03 4261:2009-10-17 4163:2009-03-25 4143:2021-02-23 4118:2013-09-22 4008:2013-09-03 3983:2013-09-03 3958:2013-09-03 3916:2010-12-27 3895:2008-10-12 3870:2008-04-10 3844:2013-09-22 3818:2013-09-22 3797:2021-03-23 3745:11 October 3739:Controltek 3696:2020-09-27 3664:: 112182. 3638:2009-09-09 3600:2007-06-24 3576:2013-09-22 3555:2022-03-06 3530:2019-04-22 3506:2021-11-18 3481:2021-11-18 3456:2009-03-27 3430:2010-04-24 3409:2013-09-03 3352:2019-04-22 3306:, page 208 3022:2019-04-22 2993:|via= 2970:2021-04-09 2911:2020-03-01 2874:"RFID-Tag" 2829:2010-08-04 2825:. clarinox 2805:2006-05-31 2765:US 3713148 2750:2013-09-22 2688:2021-03-29 2607:9 November 2543:2022-05-12 2511:USDA APHIS 2437:CONTROLTEK 2419:References 2352:PositiveID 2073:neutrality 1905:middleware 1733:EN 302 208 1729:EN 300 220 1594:. The new 1299:activists 1245:panopticon 1048:E-passport 1040:See also: 643:near field 606:worldwide 453:worldwide 146:See also: 6766:(Q104954) 6655:. rsa.com 6546:"R F I D" 6502:. Fsf.org 6030:cite book 5981:10 August 5957:CiteSeerX 5916:: 73–81. 5690:1937-4771 5636:0001-0782 5268:(11): 86. 5089:1030-5033 4737:(3): 19. 4630:"Reuters" 3686:224856329 3525:eptls.org 3255:cite book 3247:231833014 3198:cite book 3143:cite book 3067:CiteSeerX 3016:MakeUseOf 2586:0001-0782 2402:Speedpass 2231:monochrom 2092:June 2012 2084:talk page 2045:the tag. 1996:Shielding 1958:symmetric 1855:EPCglobal 1802:ISO 18185 1764:ISO 14223 1751:Standards 1705:ISM bands 1683:EPCglobal 1640:telemetry 1634:Telemetry 1626:" (PAYT) 1603:terabytes 1586:(UPC) or 1531:does not 1502:broadcast 1487:ski lifts 1390:Doncaster 1316:Libraries 1239:in 2004. 1221:Rotterdam 1217:Barcelona 1153:Wisconsin 1036:Passports 1026:pipelines 870:Decathlon 810:networks) 804:Smartdust 746:terahertz 628:Signaling 555:ISM band 550:microwave 525:ISM band 504:Moderate 295:modulates 185:resonator 181:diaphragm 171:invented 167:In 1945, 93:Unlike a 81:inventory 6866:Wireless 6707:23 March 6457:Archived 6440:Archived 6020:7 August 5930:21520509 5744:14 March 5609:18506491 5487:DailyDot 5466:Archived 5244:28009426 5142:(5): 22. 4975:17544841 4919:22857790 4804:16524713 4759:11368940 4751:24578170 4586:10487109 4542:Archived 4442:BBC News 4422:14 March 4400:14 March 3932:Archived 3791:ESPN.com 3593:(2001). 3501:MIT News 3476:MIT News 3403:BBC News 3190:20439390 3135:22463766 3092:14 March 2792:AIM, Inc 2724:51643576 2465:Archived 2289:See also 2141:consent. 2126:boycotts 2008:skimming 1939:skimming 1879:Intermec 1843:EPC Gen2 1396:in west 1331:security 1052:Malaysia 974:railroad 845:Commerce 829:between 762:barcodes 604:ISM band 451:ISM band 410:Remarks 407:section 175:for the 105:(AIDC). 71:, and a 57:identify 6856:Privacy 6759:Scholia 6322:NPR.org 6194:2813360 5862:page 43 5320:8334725 4497:3098538 4375:YouTube 4354:14 June 4323:14 June 4092:25 June 3666:Bibcode 3633:Reuters 2880:15 July 2594:3559353 2517:May 12, 2447:May 12, 2407:TecTile 2306:Bin bug 2116:Privacy 2082:on the 1918:barcode 1690:CompTIA 1673:(IEC), 1644:beacons 1552:removed 1537:sources 1364:Museums 1260:saurian 1004:E-ZPass 859:Walmart 417:(2006) 334:Readers 309:antenna 275:readers 157:FasTrak 142:History 136:billion 129:privacy 125:consent 95:barcode 83:goods. 51:) uses 6800:Curlie 6635: 6402:Slides 6232:. GSA. 6192: 6182: 6011: 6001:"26.5" 5959: 5928: 5858: 5688: 5652:RFID4U 5607: 5597: 5318: 5242: 5087: 4973: 4917: 4873:Impinj 4802: 4792: 4757: 4749: 4584: 4495: 4485: 3684: 3323: 3302: 3281: 3245: 3235: 3188: 3178: 3133: 3123: 3069: 3044: 2965:130729 2963: 2905:RFID4U 2771: 2722: 2661: 2592: 2584: 2372:RFdump 2321:FASTag 2301:Balise 2296:AS5678 2227:Berlin 2185:FoeBuD 1988:Health 1735:, and 1677:, the 1468:Enduro 1443:J-Chip 1412:Sports 1398:London 1114:Zipcar 888:Retail 835:GS1 US 808:sensor 749:cost. 565:Part 4 535:Part 6 515:US$ 5 508:Part 7 483:FeliCa 479:Mifare 475:A, B), 463:Part 3 442:US$ 1 435:Part 2 397:Range 267:labels 257:Design 6701:(PDF) 6601:ZDNet 6524:(PDF) 6384:(PDF) 6272:(PDF) 6261:(PDF) 6230:(PDF) 6190:S2CID 5926:S2CID 5714:(PDF) 5707:(PDF) 5654:. n.d 5605:S2CID 5569:(PDF) 5544:Wired 5316:S2CID 5240:S2CID 4951:(PDF) 4895:(PDF) 4800:S2CID 4755:S2CID 4593:(PDF) 4582:S2CID 4562:(PDF) 4493:S2CID 4467:(PDF) 4238:9 May 4033:3 May 3682:S2CID 3385:(PDF) 3243:S2CID 3186:S2CID 3131:S2CID 2961:S2CID 2945:(PDF) 2907:. n.d 2823:(PDF) 2799:(PDF) 2788:(PDF) 2720:S2CID 2601:(PDF) 2590:S2CID 2562:(PDF) 2485:(PDF) 2348:(NFC) 1679:DASH7 1386:Osaka 1285:sperm 1145:chips 1105:Some 998:. In 707:fuzzy 612:High 586:High 561:High 485:...), 391:Band 265:, or 61:track 6796:RFID 6709:2015 6633:ISBN 6265:NIST 6180:ISBN 6049:link 6042:help 6022:2012 6009:ISBN 5983:2012 5856:ISBN 5746:2018 5686:ISSN 5595:ISBN 5551:2015 5525:2015 5495:2015 5403:help 5085:ISSN 4989:link 4971:PMID 4933:link 4915:PMID 4790:ISBN 4747:PMID 4615:link 4601:2013 4483:ISBN 4424:2018 4402:2018 4356:2021 4325:2021 4240:2011 4195:2013 4094:2012 4072:link 4035:2014 3773:2010 3747:2017 3321:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3279:ISBN 3261:link 3233:ISBN 3204:link 3176:ISBN 3149:link 3121:ISBN 3094:2018 3042:ISBN 2998:help 2882:2018 2659:ISBN 2623:link 2609:2013 2582:ISSN 2519:2022 2449:2022 2259:and 2132:and 1948:and 1826:ASTM 1820:ASTM 1814:ASTM 1731:and 1725:ETSI 1535:any 1533:cite 1492:The 1470:and 1346:Rome 1303:and 1287:and 1231:The 1219:and 1157:USDA 1112:The 1084:skim 833:and 753:Uses 723:ants 431:Low 370:ARAT 359:ARPT 348:PRAT 297:and 281:Tags 263:tags 59:and 49:RFID 18:RFID 6820:doi 6798:at 6789:at 6172:doi 5967:doi 5918:doi 5585:hdl 5577:doi 5308:doi 5230:hdl 5222:doi 5115:doi 4963:doi 4907:doi 4782:doi 4739:doi 4574:doi 4475:doi 3674:doi 3662:313 3223:doi 3168:doi 3113:doi 2953:doi 2712:doi 2574:doi 2274:EPC 2255:by 2225:in 2169:IBM 2042:UHF 2016:EMV 1859:GS1 1737:ERO 1596:EPC 1546:by 1494:NFL 1404:in 1344:in 1293:IVF 1291:in 1289:ova 1215:in 1139:or 1023:gas 855:EPC 853:An 831:GS1 659:URL 653:An 364:An 353:An 307:an 273:or 222:bit 6842:: 6814:. 6676:. 6599:. 6417:. 6320:. 6296:. 6263:. 6211:. 6188:. 6178:. 6077:. 6034:: 6032:}} 6028:{{ 6003:. 5991:^ 5965:. 5953:19 5951:. 5947:. 5924:. 5893:. 5875:. 5737:. 5682:26 5680:. 5676:. 5650:. 5603:. 5593:. 5583:. 5571:. 5542:. 5511:. 5485:. 5394:: 5392:}} 5388:{{ 5314:. 5304:48 5302:. 5283:. 5266:34 5264:. 5260:. 5238:, 5228:, 5218:47 5216:, 5212:, 5193:. 5189:. 5170:. 5166:. 5148:^ 5140:14 5138:. 5109:. 5097:^ 5081:19 5079:. 5075:. 5063:^ 5022:. 4985:}} 4981:{{ 4969:. 4959:77 4957:. 4953:. 4929:}} 4925:{{ 4913:. 4903:81 4901:. 4897:. 4871:. 4849:. 4820:. 4798:. 4788:. 4776:. 4753:. 4745:. 4735:38 4733:. 4708:. 4611:}} 4607:{{ 4580:. 4570:53 4568:. 4564:. 4514:. 4491:. 4481:. 4469:. 4440:. 4393:. 4372:. 4342:. 4315:. 4181:. 4068:}} 4064:{{ 4058:18 4056:. 4052:. 4025:. 3789:. 3764:. 3737:. 3719:. 3680:. 3672:. 3660:. 3656:. 3631:. 3523:. 3499:. 3474:. 3401:. 3340:. 3257:}} 3253:{{ 3241:. 3231:. 3200:}} 3196:{{ 3184:. 3174:. 3145:}} 3141:{{ 3129:. 3119:. 3014:. 2987:: 2985:}} 2981:{{ 2959:. 2947:. 2903:. 2890:^ 2790:. 2731:^ 2718:, 2708:36 2706:, 2681:. 2619:}} 2615:{{ 2588:. 2580:. 2570:49 2568:. 2564:. 2536:. 2509:. 2491:. 2487:. 2435:. 1972:. 1964:. 1851:. 1685:. 1466:, 1348:. 1337:. 1060:EU 1028:, 841:. 699:HF 471:, 342:A 250:. 6826:. 6822:: 6816:1 6770:. 6736:. 6711:. 6686:. 6662:. 6641:. 6614:. 6585:. 6559:. 6533:. 6509:. 6487:. 6427:. 6404:. 6386:. 6355:. 6330:. 6306:. 6281:. 6215:. 6196:. 6174:: 6155:. 6133:. 6112:. 6087:. 6064:. 6051:) 6044:) 6024:. 5985:. 5969:: 5932:. 5920:: 5840:. 5814:. 5788:. 5762:. 5748:. 5723:. 5692:. 5661:. 5587:: 5579:: 5553:. 5527:. 5497:. 5451:. 5426:. 5405:) 5401:( 5384:. 5369:. 5347:. 5322:. 5310:: 5287:. 5232:: 5224:: 5195:1 5172:1 5123:. 5117:: 5091:. 5057:. 5032:. 4991:) 4977:. 4965:: 4935:) 4921:. 4909:: 4835:. 4806:. 4784:: 4761:. 4741:: 4718:. 4693:. 4668:. 4643:. 4617:) 4603:. 4576:: 4526:. 4499:. 4477:: 4451:. 4426:. 4404:. 4358:. 4327:. 4300:. 4264:. 4242:. 4197:. 4166:. 4146:. 4121:. 4096:. 4074:) 4037:. 4011:. 3986:. 3961:. 3919:. 3898:. 3873:. 3847:. 3821:. 3800:. 3775:. 3749:. 3699:. 3676:: 3668:: 3641:. 3603:. 3579:. 3558:. 3533:. 3509:. 3484:. 3459:. 3433:. 3412:. 3387:. 3370:. 3355:. 3263:) 3249:. 3225:: 3206:) 3192:. 3170:: 3151:) 3137:. 3115:: 3096:. 3025:. 3000:) 2996:( 2977:. 2955:: 2914:. 2884:. 2832:. 2808:. 2753:. 2714:: 2691:. 2667:. 2625:) 2611:. 2576:: 2546:. 2521:. 2493:7 2451:. 2094:) 2090:( 2086:. 2076:. 1573:) 1567:( 1562:) 1558:( 1554:. 1540:. 368:( 357:( 346:( 47:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Radio-frequency identification

Index