629:
653:
665:
641:
689:
677:
41:
364:. The six interaction points (between the particles circulating in the two rings) are in the middle of the six relatively straight sections, where the two rings cross, allowing the particles to collide. The interaction points are enumerated by clock positions, with the injection near 6 o'clock. Two large experiments, STAR and sPHENIX, are located at 6 and 8 o'clock respectively. The sPHENIX experiment is the newest experiment to be built at RHIC, replacing PHENIX at the 8 o'clock position.
1478:, ostensibly ruling out the catastrophic scenarios depicted. However, the report left open the possibility that relativistic cosmic ray impact products might behave differently while transiting earth compared to "at rest" RHIC products; and the possibility that the qualitative difference between high-E proton collisions with earth or the moon might be different than gold on gold collisions at the RHIC. Wagner tried subsequently to stop full-energy collision at RHIC by filing
1443:, indicates that "the chance of this happening is like you winning the major prize on the lottery 3 weeks in succession; the problem is that people believe it is possible to win the lottery 3 weeks in succession." After detailed studies, scientists reached such conclusions as "beyond reasonable doubt, heavy-ion experiments at RHIC will not endanger our planet" and that there is "powerful empirical evidence against the possibility of dangerous strangelet production".
705:
3805:
1424:(they can only calculate an upper limit for the likelihood). The result would be the same destructive scenarios described above, although obviously not caused by humans. According to this argument of upper limits, RHIC would still modify the chance for the Earth's survival by an infinitesimal amount.
589:
One unique characteristic of RHIC is its capability to collide polarized protons. RHIC holds the record of highest energy polarized proton beams. Polarized protons are injected into RHIC and preserve this state throughout the energy ramp. This is a difficult task that is accomplished with the aid of
294:
In 2010, RHIC physicists published results of temperature measurements from earlier experiments which concluded that temperatures in excess of 345 MeV (4 terakelvin or 7 trillion degrees
Fahrenheit) had been achieved in gold ion collisions, and that these collision temperatures resulted in
1317:
In late 2012, the
Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) was asked to advise the Department of Energy's Office of Science and the National Science Foundation how to implement the nuclear science long range plan written in 2007, if future nuclear science budgets continue to provide no growth over
1257:
While in the first years, theorists were eager to claim that RHIC has discovered the quark–gluon plasma (e.g. Gyulassy & McLarren), the experimental groups were more careful not to jump to conclusions, citing various variables still in need of further measurement. The present results shows that
1549:
For fiscal year 2006 the operational budget was reduced by 16.1 million U.S. dollars from the previous year, to 115.5 million U.S. dollars. Though operation under the fiscal year 2006 federal budget cut was uncertain, a key portion of the operational cost (13 million U.S. dollars) was contributed
1344:
Due to the longer operating time per year, a greater number of colliding ion species and collision energies can be studied at RHIC. In addition and unlike the LHC, RHIC is also able to accelerate spin polarized protons, which would leave RHIC as the world's highest energy accelerator for studying
1482:
lawsuits in San
Francisco and New York, but without success. The New York suit was dismissed on the technicality that the San Francisco suit was the preferred forum. The San Francisco suit was dismissed, but with leave to refile if additional information was developed and presented to the court.
628:
3511:
United States
District Court, Eastern District of New York, Case No. 00CV1672, Walter L. Wagner vs. Brookhaven Science Associates, L.L.C. (2000); United States District Court, Northern District of California, Case No. C99-2226, Walter L. Wagner vs. U.S. Department of Energy, et al.
1352:), the addition of a 18 GeV high intensity electron beam facility, allowing electron–ion collisions. At least one new detector will have to be built to study the collisions. A review was published by Abhay Deshpande et al. in 2005. A more recent description is at:
640:
1396:. These hypotheses are complex, but many predict that the Earth would be destroyed in a time frame from seconds to millennia, depending on the theory considered. However, the fact that objects of the Solar System (e.g., the Moon) have been bombarded with
1341:, while used mainly for colliding protons, operates with heavy ions for about one month per year. The LHC has operated with 25 times higher energies per nucleon. As of 2018, RHIC and the LHC are the only operating hadron colliders in the world.
1304:
The RHIC physicists announced new temperature measurements for these experiments of up to 4 trillion kelvins, the highest temperature ever achieved in a laboratory. It is described as a recreation of the conditions that existed during the
1618:
of July 18, 1999, by J. Leake. As revealed very early in the story, side effects of the collider experiments of the RHIC (located at "Havenbrook
National Laboratories") were the cause of the zombie uprising in the novel and its sequel
652:
688:
830:
projectile combinations that do not result in the density of 200 GeV Au + Au collisions, like the p + p and d + Au collisions of the earlier runs, and also Cu + Cu collisions in Run-5.
2784:
J. Adams; et al. (STAR Collaboration) (2005). "Experimental and
Theoretical Challenges in the Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma: The STAR Collaboration's Critical Assessment of the Evidence from RHIC Collisions".
1400:
of significantly higher energies than that of RHIC and other man-made colliders for billions of years, without any harm to the Solar System, were among the most striking arguments that these hypotheses were unfounded.
1272:, a community-wide effort of RHIC experiments to evaluate the current data in the context of implication for formation of a new state of matter. These results are from the first three years of data collection at RHIC.
747:, while PHENIX is further specialized in detecting rare and electromagnetic particles, using a partial coverage detector system in a superconductively generated axial magnetic field. The smaller detectors have larger
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933:
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the next four years. In a narrowly decided vote, the NSAC committee showed a slight preference, based on non-science related considerations, for shutting down RHIC rather than canceling the construction of the
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825:
For the experimental objective of creating and studying the quark–gluon plasma, RHIC has the unique ability to provide baseline measurements for itself. This consists of both the lower energy and also lower
3103:
1258:
the matter created is a fluid with a viscosity near the quantum limit, but is unlike a weakly interacting plasma (a widespread yet not quantitatively unfounded belief on how quark–gluon plasma looks).
287:
RHIC is as of 2019 the second-highest-energy heavy-ion collider in the world, with nucleon energies for collisions reaching 100 GeV for gold ions and 250 GeV for protons. As of
November 7, 2010, the
2682:
K. Adcox; et al. (PHENIX Collaboration) (2005). "Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration".
1368:
2144:
3720:
1691:
1253: < 180 MeV, which is very close to the expected QCD phase transition value of approximately 170 MeV obtained by lattice QCD calculations (see e.g. Karsch).
1355:
On
January 9, 2020, It was announced by Paul Dabbar, undersecretary of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, that the BNL eRHIC design has been selected for the future
1106:/2 being the number of participant nucleons in a collision (as opposed to the number of binary collisions). The observed charged multiplicity follows the expected dependency of
755:
coverage of all detectors, and tailored for bulk particle multiplicity measurement, while BRAHMS is designed for momentum spectroscopy, in order to study the so-called "small-
291:
has collided heavy ions of lead at higher energies than RHIC. The LHC operating time for ions (lead–lead and lead–proton collisions) is limited to about one month per year.
1427:
Concerns were raised in connection with the RHIC particle accelerator, both in the media and in the popular science media. The risk of a doomsday scenario was indicated by
1237:
960:
1359:(EIC) in the United States. In addition to the site selection, it was announced that the BNL EIC had acquired CD-0 (mission need) from the Department of Energy.
157:
3780:
3042:
1775:
1732:
3100:
3292:; note that the mentioned "1 in 50 million" chance is disputed as being a misleading and played down probability of the serious risks (Aspden, U.K., 2006)
2627:
I. Arsene; et al. (BRAHMS collaboration) (2005). "Quark Gluon Plasma an Color Glass
Condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment".
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3857:
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676:
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2525:
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852:
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Before RHIC started operation, critics postulated that the extremely high energy could produce catastrophic scenarios, such as creating a
1109:
1205:
The particle ratios predicted by statistical models allow the calculation of parameters such as the temperature at chemical freeze-out
594:
magnets). The corkscrew induces the magnetic field to spiral along the direction of the beam Run-9 achieved center-of-mass energy of
1543:
1530:; in other words, it is similar mathematically. Therefore, RHIC collisions might be described by mathematics relevant to theories of
982:
can serve as a probe for the hot QCD matter, as it loses its energy while traveling through the medium. Experimentally, the quantity
962:
angle with the reaction plane). This is a direct result of the elliptic shape of the nucleus overlap region during the collision and
3289:
3277:
1576:
2226:
260:, and used by an international team of researchers, it is the only operating particle collider in the US. By using RHIC to collide
3756:
2423:
E. Iancu; R. Venugopalan (2003). "The Color Glass
Condensate and High Energy Scattering in QCQ". In R. C. Hwa; X.-N. Wang (eds.).
2118:
2029:
M. Blaskiewicz; J. M. Brennan; K. Mernick (2010). "Three-Dimensional Stochastic Cooling in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider".
1466:
of July 18, 1999, by J. Leake, closely followed by articles in the U.S. media. The controversy mostly ended with the report of a
634:
The 25 MW Helium refrigeration system that cools the superconducting magnets down to the operating temperature of 4.5 K
406:
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1319:
2605:
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3901:
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2114:
2015:
1988:
1963:
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1285:, and that the observations may suggest that bubbles formed in the aftermath of the collisions created in the RHIC may break
806:
782:
559:
253:
192:
102:
46:
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An arc dipole magnet. Electrical bus slots (top and bottom) and beam tube (middle) at the top section of the vacuum shell
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2342:
3618:
3201:
3197:
3777:
1021:
The Balitsky–Fadin–Kuraev–Lipatov (BFKL) dynamics which are the result of a resummation of large logarithmic terms ln
393: = +32 (32 of 79 electrons stripped from the gold atom). The particles are then accelerated by the Booster
337:
upgrade will allow collisions between positively and negatively charged particles). The RHIC double storage ring is
40:
3883:
3877:
3591:
2340:
L. N. Lipatov (1976). "Reggeization of the vector meson and the vacuum singularity in nonabelian gauge theories".
1356:
303:
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3144:
1333:
RHIC began operation in 2000 and until November 2010 was the highest-energy heavy-ion collider in the world. The
3483:
417: = +79 state (no electrons left) into the RHIC storage ring over the AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line (AtR).
3919:
3463:
2491:
1621:
1604:
1551:
372:
3142:
R. L. Jaffe; W. Busza; J. Sandweiss; F. Wilczek (2000). "Review of Speculative "Disaster Scenarios" at RHIC".
2959:
3101:"U.S. Department of Energy Selects Brookhaven National Laboratory to Host Major New Nuclear Physics Facility"
3235:
2272:
2031:
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736:
1325:
By October 2015, the budget situation had improved, and RHIC can continue operations into the next decade.
819:
296:
269:
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1505:
1431:, with respect to the RHIC, as being at least a 1 in 50,000,000 chance. With regards to the production of
1189:
1016:
346:
1587:
setting describes the main character Alicia Butterworth, a physicist at the BRAHMS experiment, and a new
1546:, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear physics. It had a line-item budget of 616.6 million U.S. dollars.
3913:
3662:
2737:
B. B. Back; et al. (PHOBOS Collaboration) (2005). "The PHOBOS Perspective on Discoveries at RHIC".
2244:
1663:
1460:, in response to a previous article by M. Mukerjee. The media attention unfolded with an article in UK
1334:
1306:
302:
In January 2020, the US Department of Energy Office of Science selected the eRHIC design for the future
288:
2486:
F. Karsch (2002). "Lattice QCD at High Temperature and Density". In W. Plessas; L. Mathelitsch (eds.).
1633:
1491:
1416:
constraints of zero probability of catastrophic events, nor that tomorrow Earth will be struck with a "
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1453:
721:
3729:
3323:
3163:
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3000:
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2758:
2703:
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2505:
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2312:
2153:
2040:
1823:
1784:
1741:
1700:
1440:
834:
Using this approach, important results of the measurement of the hot QCD matter created at RHIC are:
759:" and saturation physics. There is an additional experiment, PP2PP (now part of STAR), investigating
318:
3302:
A. Dar; A. De Rújula; U. Heinz (1999). "Will relativistic heavy-ion colliders destroy our planet?".
3789:
3696:
3571:
3397:
3359:
3257:
2964:
2918:
1814:
1494:
believes black holes have been created at RHIC. However, the original papers of H. Năstase and the
1448:
3468:
1246:
varies a bit with the model used, with most authors giving a value of 160 MeV <
3644:
3623:
3550:
3339:
3313:
3179:
3153:
3122:
3051:
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2822:
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2748:
2719:
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2405:
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462:
382:
265:
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1934:
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3018:
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1572:
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1215:
704:
246:
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1938:
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3331:
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2814:
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2711:
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2513:
2450:
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2424:
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2320:
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2048:
1831:
1792:
1749:
1708:
1614:
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1286:
350:
330:
218:
945:
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3784:
3772:
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3419:
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3107:
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3037:
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1754:
1727:
1584:
1580:
1531:
1509:
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1193:
778:
725:
257:
145:
582:, 44 times the design value. The heavy ion luminosity is substantially increased through
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3327:
3167:
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3004:
2810:
2762:
2707:
2652:
2574:
2509:
2393:
2316:
2157:
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1827:
1788:
1745:
1704:
1412:
for such a catastrophic scenario. Physicists are unable to demonstrate experimental and
1008: × yield in p + p collisions shows a strong damping with increasing
619:
AC dipoles have been used in non-linear machine diagnostics for the first time in RHIC.
3753:
1835:
1475:
1417:
1389:
760:
752:
748:
744:
728:. PHOBOS (10 o'clock) completed its operation in 2005, and BRAHMS (2 o'clock) in 2006.
539:
531:
3741:
3335:
2401:
1712:
385:(Linac) is used. As an example, gold nuclei leaving the EBIS have a kinetic energy of
3935:
3576:
3206:
2826:
2723:
2668:
2472:
2425:
2303:
1496:
1457:
970:
963:
840:
717:
354:
321:. Two independent rings (arbitrarily denoted as "Blue" and "Yellow") circulate heavy
3343:
2818:
2770:
2715:
2660:
2590:
2582:
2535:
2409:
3442:
2613:
2079:
2052:
1413:
1385:
1381:
1290:
378:
360:
315:
3522:
3183:
694:
A Forward Silicon Vertex Detector (FVTX) sensor of PHENIX detector on a microscope
2892:
2166:
2139:
2088:
1648:), it is noted that each Lunar City and their space station is powered by a RHIC.
345:, with curved edges in which stored particles are deflected and focused by 1,740
329:
in opposite directions and allow a virtually free choice of colliding positively
2181:
1609:
1436:
1428:
1409:
827:
740:
394:
63:
3592:"Senators Express Concern Over Layoffs and Run Times at RHIC and Jefferson Lab"
3175:
2549:
M. Gyulassy; L. McLerran (2005). "New Forms of QCD Matter Discovered at RHIC".
2454:
2203:
1959:
1199:; for an overview of color glass condensates, see e.g. Iancu & Venugopalan.
3437:
3089:
E. C. Aschenauer et al., "eRHIC Design Study: An Electron–Ion Collider at BNL"
2110:
1612:
referenced the media concerns of activating the RHIC raised by the article in
1501:
1432:
1421:
1397:
1374:
1262:
764:
27:
Particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, USA
2960:"Decelerating American Physics: Panel Advises Shutdown of Last U.S. Collider"
2944:
1012:, which is an indication of the new properties of the hot QCD matter created.
172:
159:
3830:
3765:
3038:"Study of the Fundamental Structure of Matter with an Electron–Ion Collider"
2923:
2517:
2011:
1504:
created in RHIC to a black hole is only in the sense of a correspondence of
1467:
1405:
713:
506:
502:
496:
492:
3022:
2060:
1843:
3804:
368:
3895:
3889:
3645:"JLab, Brookhaven Hope for Turnaround After Severe Budget Cuts Last Year"
3527:
1658:
1588:
846:
452:
436:
371:
before it reaches the RHIC storage ring. The first stage for ions is the
277:
273:
242:
81:
3282:
Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-first Century?
2801:
2753:
2698:
2643:
2565:
2500:
1500:
article cited by the BBC state that the correspondence of the hot dense
590:
corkscrew magnetics called 'Siberian snakes' (in RHIC a chain 4 helical
3603:
3555:
3318:
3231:
3158:
3056:
2445:
2384:
1884:"NP Relativistic Heavy Ion Collid... | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)"
1592:
1534:
within AdS/CFT, but the described physical phenomena are not the same.
1527:
555:
547:
526:
522:
338:
2325:
2298:
1984:
1092:{\displaystyle Q_{s}^{2}\propto \langle N_{\mathrm {part} }\rangle /2}
928:{\displaystyle dn/d\phi \propto 1+2v_{2}(p_{\mathrm {T} })\cos 2\phi }
3716:"The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Project: RHIC and its Detectors"
3491:
1393:
732:
604:
600:
591:
482:
476:
472:
442:
432:
426:
422:
326:
281:
249:
3715:
3013:
2986:
1686:
975:
In the heavy ion collision event, scattering with a high transverse
658:
Curvature of beam tube seen through the ends of an arc dipole magnet
17:
3835:
1181:{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {ch} }/A\propto 1/\alpha _{s}(Q_{s}^{2})}
295:
the breakdown of "normal matter" and the creation of a liquid-like
3487:
3088:
2867:"In Brookhaven Collider, Scientists Briefly Break a Law of Nature"
2361:
D. Kharzeev; E. Levin; L. McLerran (2003). "Parton saturation and
1298:
1294:
1281:
on February 16, 2010, stating the discovery of the first hints of
792:
731:
Among the two larger detectors, STAR is aimed at the detection of
703:
96:
255 GeV per beam (p), 100 GeV/nucleon per beam (Au ions)
2276:
280:. By colliding spin-polarized protons, the spin structure of the
2299:"What Have We Learned from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider?"
1912:
1859:"Early Universe, Benjamin Franklin Science, Evolution Education"
1404:
The other main controversial issue was a demand by critics for
1338:
993:
is the mass number) being the quotient of observed jet yield in
708:
A view of gold ions collisions as captured by the STAR detector.
530:. The projectiles typically travel at a speed of 99.995% of the
516:
512:
486:
466:
456:
446:
420:
To date the types of particle combinations explored at RHIC are
3839:
3816:
Brookhaven National Laboratory Collider-Accelerator Department
3241:
3036:
A. Deshpande; R. Milner; R. Venugopalan; W. Vogelsang (2005).
2606:"Latest RHIC Results Make News Headlines at Quark Matter 2004"
1487:
802:
322:
261:
239:
3549:
H. Nastase (2005). "The RHIC fireball as a dual black hole".
1812:
M. Riordan; W. A. Zajc (2006). "The First Few Microseconds".
1313:
Possible closure under flat nuclear science budget scenarios
3820:
1261:
A recent overview of the physics result is provided by the
3815:
1909:"CERN Completes Transition to Lead-Ion Running at the LHC"
1446:
The debate started in 1999 with an exchange of letters in
1369:
Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider
616:, with a time and intensity averaged polarization of 52%.
2987:"Neutrino study made key priority for US nuclear physics"
227:
720:(6 o'clock, and near the AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line) and
2919:"Scientists Re-create High Temperatures from Big Bang"
2145:
Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams
1591:
being created in RHIC by accident, while running with
570:
was targeted during the planning. The current average
306:(EIC), building on the existing RHIC facility at BNL.
3721:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
3689:"New Sci-Fi Novel Makes RHIC Central to the Universe"
3255:
W. Wagner (July 1999). "Black holes at Brookhaven?".
1692:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
1218:
1112:
1035:
948:
855:
230:
2006:
2004:
224:
3431:
3429:
1857:S. Mirsky; W. A. Zajc; J. Chaplin (26 April 2006).
770:The spokespersons for each of the experiments are:
401:per nucleon, which injects the projectile now with
238:) is the first and one of only two operating heavy-
221:
198:
188:
151:
141:
131:
126:
100:
92:
87:
77:
69:
59:
54:
3120:T. D. Gutierrez (2000). "Doomsday Fears at RHIC".
1231:
1180:
1091:
954:
927:
2140:"Measurement of global and local resonance terms"
1025:for deep inelastic scattering with small Bjorken-
670:Two main accelerator rings inside the RHIC tunnel
3572:"Black hole-like phenomenon created by collider"
3826:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Google Maps
3663:"Brookhaven Receives Outside Funding for RHIC"
2842:"Mirror Symmetry Broken at 7 Trillion Degrees"
1680:
1678:
1490:published an article implying that researcher
1348:A major upgrade is the Electron–Ion Collider (
3851:
3043:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
1776:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
1733:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
849:is emitted following an angular distribution
743:and in a conventionally generated solenoidal
8:
2893:"Perfect Liquid Hot Enough to be Quark Soup"
1078:
1054:
367:A particle passes through several stages of
33:
3580:. Vol. 185, no. 2491. p. 16.
2227:"Sensors/FPHX Readout Chip WBS 1.4.1/1.4.2"
1192:model. For a detailed discussion, see e.g.
845:The major part of the particles with lower
598:on 12 February 2009. In Run-13 the average
3858:
3844:
3836:
3225:
3223:
39:
3714:M. Harrison; T. Ludlam; S. Ozaki (2003).
3554:
3317:
3157:
3073:
3055:
3012:
2800:
2752:
2697:
2642:
2564:
2499:
2444:
2383:
2324:
2165:
1796:
1753:
1685:M. Harrison; T. Ludlam; S. Ozaki (2003).
1223:
1217:
1169:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1045:
1040:
1034:
947:
903:
902:
889:
862:
854:
3619:"Research Labs Experiencing Budget Woes"
3137:
3135:
3133:
2368:scaling of semi-hard processes in QCD".
2182:"Cryogenic Systems Group, Photo Gallery"
1726:M. Harrison; S. Peggs; T. Roser (2002).
389:per nucleon and have an electric charge
3651:. Vol. 15, no. 3. March 2006.
2225:Kapustinsky, Jon S (17 November 2010).
1674:
621:
574:luminosity of the collider has reached
45:The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at
3700:. Vol. 52, no. 8. p. 2.
3438:"Big Bang machine could destroy Earth"
3415:
3404:
3377:
3366:
3357:W. L. Wagner; F. Wilczek (July 1999).
2253:
2242:
1542:The RHIC project was sponsored by the
34:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
32:
3075:10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181218
2947:. Nuclear Science Advisory Committee.
2087:(3): 2. 22 March 2002. Archived from
1798:10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450
1771:"Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes"
1755:10.1146/annurev.nucl.52.050102.090650
7:
3484:"Big Bang machine gets down to work"
1632:novel series by the American author
1188:, supporting the predictions of the
818:For a complementary discussion, see
2494:. Vol. 583. pp. 209–249.
1474:of Brookhaven National Laboratory,
608:luminosity of the collider reached
3602:. 22 November 2005. Archived from
3523:"Lab fireball 'may be black hole'"
2075:"Snake charming induces spin-flip"
1836:10.1038/scientificamerican0506-34A
1544:United States Department of Energy
1392:that is more stable than ordinary
1363:Critics of high-energy experiments
1263:RHIC Experimental Evaluations 2004
1122:
1119:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
904:
413:per nucleon and are injected in a
341:shaped and has a circumference of
25:
3952:Laboratories in the United States
2343:Soviet Journal of Nuclear Physics
1966:, Superconducting Magnet Division
1345:spin-polarized proton structure.
751:coverage, PHOBOS has the largest
409:(AGS), before they finally reach
3803:
2840:K. Melville (16 February 2010).
2612:. pp. 14–17. Archived from
2206:. Brookhaven National Laboratory
2184:. Brookhaven National Laboratory
2119:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
1958:P. Wanderer (22 February 2008).
1377:, a transition into a different
1029:, saturate at a unitarity limit
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
407:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
252:collider ever built. Located at
217:
3908:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
3821:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
3810:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
3617:N. Canavor (27 November 2005).
2917:D. Vergano (16 February 2010).
2865:D. Overbye (15 February 2010).
2819:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.085
2771:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.084
2716:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.086
2661:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.02.130
2583:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.10.034
2297:T. Ludlam; L. McLerran (2003).
1935:"Explained: Quark gluon plasma"
1320:Facility for Rare Isotope Beams
1289:, which normally characterizes
966:property of the matter created.
375:(EBIS), while for protons, the
334:
210:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
3947:Brookhaven National Laboratory
3902:Superconducting Super Collider
2897:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2138:R. Tomás; et al. (2005).
2115:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2053:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.094801
2016:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1989:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1964:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1933:A. Trafton (9 February 2010).
1550:privately by a group close to
1439:, professor of physics at the
1275:New results were published in
1212:and hadron chemical potential
1175:
1157:
910:
895:
807:Brookhaven National Laboratory
783:Brookhaven National Laboratory
763:dependence in p + p
724:(8 o'clock), the successor to
272:of matter that existed in the
254:Brookhaven National Laboratory
193:Brookhaven National Laboratory
47:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1:
3742:10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X
3667:American Institute of Physics
3600:American Institute of Physics
3570:E. S. Reich (16 March 2005).
3336:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01307-6
2958:J. Matson (31 January 2013).
2402:10.1016/S0370-2693(03)00420-9
1713:10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X
716:currently operating at RHIC:
268:speeds, physicists study the
3401:. Vol. 280. p. 60.
3202:"A Black Hole Ate My Planet"
2167:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.8.024001
942:is the transverse momentum,
3457:F. Moody (5 October 2003).
3363:. Vol. 281. p. 8.
3126:. Vol. 24. p. 29.
1335:Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
289:Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
3968:
3884:Proton-Antiproton Collider
3878:Intersecting Storage Rings
3746:Preprints are available at
3395:M. Mukerjee (March 1999).
3263:(And reply by F. Wilczek.)
3176:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.1125
2455:10.1142/9789812795533_0005
1408:to reasonably exclude the
1366:
839:Collective anisotropy, or
817:
405: = +77 into the
3873:
3482:A. Boyle (14 June 2000).
3436:J. Leake (18 July 1999).
3145:Reviews of Modern Physics
2604:K. McNulty Walsh (2004).
2492:Lectures Notes in Physics
2271:K. Yip (23 August 2012).
1583:takes place at RHIC. The
1579:) by the American author
1239:. The experimental value
550:-pair, and was as low as
38:
3920:Future Circular Collider
2985:D. Castelvecchi (2015).
2945:"NSAC Charges / Reports"
2488:Lectures on Quark Matter
1552:Renaissance Technologies
1283:symmetry transformations
1232:{\displaystyle \mu _{B}}
737:time projection chambers
373:electron beam ion source
314:RHIC is an intersecting
2518:10.1007/3-540-45792-5_6
2032:Physical Review Letters
1687:"RHIC Project Overview"
1608:by the American author
1556:East Setauket, New York
1486:On March 17, 2005, the
1278:Physical Review Letters
347:superconducting magnets
3459:"The Big Bang, Part 2"
2275:. RHiC. Archived from
2273:"The pp2pp Experiment"
2252:Cite journal requires
1769:E. D. Courant (2003).
1728:"The RHIC Accelerator"
1512:and scattering in the
1388:), or the creation of
1233:
1190:color glass condensate
1182:
1093:
1017:Color glass condensate
956:
929:
805:) and David Morrison (
709:
623:Accelerator components
3942:Particle accelerators
3914:Large Hadron Collider
1865:. Scientific American
1664:Large Hadron Collider
1538:Financial information
1357:electron–ion collider
1307:birth of the Universe
1234:
1183:
1094:
957:
955:{\displaystyle \phi }
930:
707:
304:Electron–Ion collider
173:40.88389°N 72.87583°W
3812:at Wikimedia Commons
3276:Report mentioned by
2427:Quark–Gluon Plasma 3
1659:The ISABELLE Project
1441:University of Oxford
1216:
1110:
1033:
946:
853:
542:energy is typically
319:particle accelerator
73:polarized p to U ion
30:Particle accelerator
3904:(cancelled in 1993)
3892:(cancelled in 1983)
3734:2003NIMPA.499..235H
3697:Brookhaven Bulletin
3398:Scientific American
3360:Scientific American
3328:1999PhLB..470..142D
3258:Scientific American
3168:2000RvMP...72.1125J
3066:2005ARNPS..55..165D
3005:2015Natur.526..485C
2965:Scientific American
2811:2005NuPhA.757..102A
2763:2005NuPhA.757...28B
2708:2005NuPhA.757..184A
2653:2005NuPhA.757....1A
2610:Discover Brookhaven
2575:2005NuPhA.750...30G
2510:2002LNP...583..209K
2394:2003PhLB..561...93K
2317:2003PhT....56j..48L
2158:2005PhRvS...8b4001T
2045:2010PhRvL.105i4801B
2012:"RHIC Run Overview"
1985:"RHIC Accelerators"
1828:2006SciAm.294e..34R
1815:Scientific American
1789:2003ARNPS..53....1C
1746:2002ARNPS..52..425H
1705:2003NIMPA.499..235H
1449:Scientific American
1174:
1050:
781:) and Lijuan Ruan (
735:with its system of
178:40.88389; -72.87583
169: /
127:Physical properties
35:
3783:2013-02-17 at the
3771:2017-05-22 at the
3759:2018-07-16 at the
3624:The New York Times
3200:(28 August 1999).
3123:Skeptical Inquirer
3106:2020-01-14 at the
2899:. 15 February 2010
2872:The New York Times
2091:on 5 December 2008
1379:quantum mechanical
1268:2017-02-02 at the
1229:
1178:
1160:
1089:
1036:
952:
925:
820:quark–gluon plasma
791:: Yasuyuki Akiba (
710:
584:stochastic cooling
558:-pair. An average
383:linear accelerator
297:quark–gluon plasma
276:shortly after the
199:Dates of operation
55:General properties
3929:
3928:
3831:RHIC Run Overview
3808:Media related to
3687:A. Cohen (1998).
3669:. 18 January 2006
3494:on March 13, 2014
3414:Missing or empty
3376:Missing or empty
3305:Physics Letters B
2788:Nuclear Physics A
2740:Nuclear Physics A
2685:Nuclear Physics A
2630:Nuclear Physics A
2552:Nuclear Physics A
2527:978-3-540-43234-0
2464:978-981-238-077-7
2371:Physics Letters B
2326:10.1063/1.1629004
1915:. 8 November 2010
1911:(Press release).
1822:(5): 34A, 35–41.
1636:, beginning with
1634:Othello Gooden Jr
1630:Rayloria's Memory
1600:zombie apocalypse
739:covering a large
331:charged particles
325:and/or polarized
206:
205:
16:(Redirected from
3959:
3867:Hadron colliders
3860:
3853:
3846:
3837:
3807:
3745:
3728:(2–3): 235–880.
3702:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3490:. Archived from
3479:
3473:
3472:
3467:. Archived from
3454:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3321:
3312:(1–4): 142–148.
3299:
3293:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3161:
3152:(4): 1125–1140.
3139:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3059:
3033:
3027:
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2975:
2973:
2972:
2955:
2949:
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2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2804:
2795:(1–2): 102–183.
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2701:
2692:(1–2): 184–283.
2679:
2673:
2672:
2646:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2503:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2433:World Scientific
2430:
2420:
2414:
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2387:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
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2328:
2294:
2288:
2287:
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2284:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
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2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
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2171:
2169:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:science.osti.gov
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1682:
1622:City of the Dead
1615:The Sunday Times
1470:convened by the
1454:Walter L. Wagner
1398:cosmic particles
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1203:Particle ratios.
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1049:
1044:
961:
959:
958:
953:
934:
932:
931:
926:
909:
908:
907:
894:
893:
866:
777:: Frank Geurts (
691:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
615:
613:
607:
597:
581:
579:
573:
569:
567:
553:
545:
538:collisions, the
537:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
412:
400:
388:
381:
363:
353:conductors. The
351:niobium-titanium
344:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
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184:
183:
181:
180:
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137:
121:
119:
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111:
60:Accelerator type
43:
36:
21:
3967:
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3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3869:
3864:
3800:
3785:Wayback Machine
3773:Wayback Machine
3761:Wayback Machine
3713:
3710:
3708:Further reading
3705:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3672:
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3660:
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3638:
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3611:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3531:. 17 March 2005
3521:
3520:
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3497:
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3300:
3296:
3271:
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3212:
3210:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3108:Wayback Machine
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3014:10.1038/526485a
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2957:
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2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2846:Science a Go Go
2839:
2838:
2834:
2802:nucl-ex/0501009
2783:
2782:
2778:
2754:nucl-ex/0410022
2747:(1–2): 28–101.
2736:
2735:
2731:
2699:nucl-ex/0410003
2681:
2680:
2676:
2644:nucl-ex/0410020
2626:
2625:
2621:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2566:nucl-th/0405013
2548:
2547:
2543:
2528:
2501:hep-lat/0106019
2485:
2484:
2480:
2465:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2378:(1–2): 93–101.
2367:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
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2092:
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2072:
2068:
2028:
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2010:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
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1907:
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1856:
1855:
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1811:
1810:
1806:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1655:
1585:science fiction
1581:Gregory Benford
1564:
1540:
1532:quantum gravity
1525:
1518:
1510:Minkowski space
1492:Horaţiu Năstase
1476:J. H. Marburger
1371:
1365:
1331:
1315:
1287:parity symmetry
1270:Wayback Machine
1252:
1245:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1194:Dmitri Kharzeev
1147:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1057:
1031:
1030:
1007:
1001:collisions and
987:
981:
944:
943:
941:
898:
885:
851:
850:
823:
816:
814:Current results
801:Gunter Roland (
779:Rice University
702:
700:The experiments
695:
692:
683:
680:
671:
668:
659:
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376:
358:
342:
312:
310:The accelerator
270:primordial form
258:Upton, New York
245:, and the only
220:
216:
177:
175:
171:
168:
163:
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158:
156:
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146:Upton, New York
135:
117:
115:
109:
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88:Beam properties
50:
31:
28:
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15:
12:
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5:
3965:
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3949:
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3926:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3911:
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3887:
3881:
3874:
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3865:
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3862:
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3848:
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3813:
3799:
3798:External links
3796:
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3787:
3775:
3763:
3748:
3747:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3679:
3654:
3636:
3609:
3606:on 2013-10-02.
3583:
3562:
3556:hep-th/0501068
3541:
3514:
3504:
3474:
3471:on 2003-10-05.
3449:
3425:
3387:
3349:
3319:hep-ph/9910471
3294:
3284:, U.K., 2003,
3265:
3247:
3219:
3189:
3159:hep-ph/9910333
3129:
3112:
3093:
3081:
3057:hep-ph/0506148
3050:(1): 165–228.
3028:
2977:
2950:
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2909:
2884:
2857:
2832:
2776:
2729:
2674:
2619:
2616:on 2014-10-11.
2596:
2541:
2526:
2478:
2463:
2446:hep-ph/0303204
2415:
2385:hep-ph/0210332
2365:
2353:
2332:
2289:
2263:
2254:|journal=
2217:
2204:"RHIC Project"
2195:
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2102:
2066:
2021:
2000:
1976:
1960:"RHIC Project"
1950:
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1718:
1673:
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1666:
1661:
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1651:
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1649:
1638:Raylorian Dawn
1626:
1596:
1563:
1560:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1516:
1508:scattering in
1390:strange matter
1364:
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979:
967:
964:hydrodynamical
951:
939:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
861:
858:
815:
812:
811:
810:
796:
786:
753:pseudorapidity
749:pseudorapidity
745:magnetic field
712:There are two
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
686:
684:
681:
674:
672:
669:
662:
660:
657:
650:
648:
645:
638:
636:
633:
626:
624:
540:center-of-mass
532:speed of light
355:dipole magnets
311:
308:
247:spin-polarized
204:
203:
202:2000 - present
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
105:
98:
97:
94:
93:Maximum energy
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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3578:
3577:New Scientist
3573:
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3545:
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3430:
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3407:cite magazine
3400:
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3369:cite magazine
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3203:
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3024:
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3006:
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2640:
2637:(1–2): 1–27.
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2304:Physics Today
2300:
2293:
2290:
2279:on 2013-05-24
2278:
2274:
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2264:
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2246:
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2152:(2): 024001.
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2046:
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2039:(9): 094801.
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2017:
2013:
2007:
2005:
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1965:
1961:
1954:
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1497:New Scientist
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1414:astrophysical
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996:
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971:Jet quenching
968:
965:
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922:
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913:
899:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
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870:
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863:
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844:
842:
841:elliptic flow
837:
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829:
821:
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804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
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773:
772:
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762:
758:
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742:
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729:
727:
723:
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715:
706:
699:
690:
685:
682:STAR detector
678:
673:
666:
661:
654:
649:
642:
637:
630:
625:
622:
620:
617:
606:
602:
593:
587:
585:
561:
557:
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541:
533:
528:
524:
518:
514:
508:
504:
498:
494:
488:
484:
478:
474:
468:
464:
458:
454:
448:
444:
438:
434:
428:
424:
418:
416:
411:8.86 GeV
408:
404:
396:
392:
384:
380:
374:
370:
365:
362:
356:
352:
348:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
309:
307:
305:
300:
298:
292:
290:
285:
284:is explored.
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:traveling at
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
235:
215:
211:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
182:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
134:
132:Circumference
130:
125:
106:
104:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
53:
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42:
37:
19:
3907:
3725:
3719:
3695:
3682:
3671:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3604:the original
3595:
3586:
3575:
3565:
3544:
3533:. Retrieved
3526:
3517:
3507:
3496:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3477:
3469:the original
3462:
3452:
3443:Sunday Times
3441:
3416:|title=
3396:
3390:
3378:|title=
3358:
3352:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3281:
3278:Rees, Martin
3268:
3256:
3250:
3236:
3211:. Retrieved
3205:
3192:
3149:
3143:
3121:
3115:
3096:
3084:
3047:
3041:
3031:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2969:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2939:
2928:. Retrieved
2922:
2912:
2901:. Retrieved
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2870:
2860:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2835:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2614:the original
2609:
2599:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2487:
2481:
2426:
2418:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2266:
2245:cite journal
2233:. Retrieved
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2176:
2149:
2143:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2111:"RHIC Run-9"
2105:
2095:13 September
2093:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2084:
2080:CERN Courier
2078:
2069:
2036:
2030:
2024:
1992:. Retrieved
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1928:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1890:. 2022-04-29
1887:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:Science Talk
1862:
1852:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1699:(2–3): 235.
1696:
1690:
1637:
1629:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1485:
1463:Sunday Times
1461:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1403:
1386:false vacuum
1372:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1291:interactions
1276:
1274:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1100:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
976:
969:
936:
838:
833:
824:
798:
788:
774:
769:
756:
730:
711:
618:
614:10 cm⋅s
596:500 GeV
588:
580:10 cm⋅s
568:10 cm⋅s
552:7.7 GeV
544:200 GeV
419:
414:
402:
399:100 MeV
390:
366:
316:storage ring
313:
301:
293:
286:
266:relativistic
213:
209:
207:
3898:(1987–2011)
3886:(1981–1991)
3880:(1971–1984)
3198:R. Matthews
1610:Brian Keene
1437:Frank Close
1433:strangelets
1429:Martin Rees
1410:probability
1019:saturation.
828:mass number
741:solid angle
395:synchrotron
357:operate at
343:3834 m
339:hexagonally
189:Institution
176: /
152:Coordinates
136:3834 m
78:Target type
64:synchrotron
3936:Categories
3922:(proposed)
3673:2017-01-24
3630:2017-01-24
3535:2017-01-24
3498:2017-01-24
3274:Brookhaven
3213:2017-01-24
2971:2013-02-02
2930:2010-02-16
2903:2017-01-24
2878:2010-02-16
2851:2010-02-16
2435:. p.
2311:(10): 48.
2283:2013-09-18
2124:2010-02-16
1994:2010-02-16
1970:2021-03-21
1944:2017-01-24
1919:2016-11-23
1894:2023-03-16
1869:2010-02-16
1670:References
1646:1466328681
1605:The Rising
1567:The novel
1562:In fiction
1502:QCD matter
1458:F. Wilczek
1422:cosmic ray
1406:physicists
1375:black hole
1367:See also:
1329:The future
765:scattering
560:luminosity
387:2 MeV
359:3.45
164:72°52′33″W
103:luminosity
2924:USA Today
2827:119062864
2724:119511423
2669:204924453
2559:: 30–63.
2473:117826241
1526:space in
1468:committee
1221:μ
1149:α
1137:∝
1079:⟩
1055:⟨
1052:∝
950:ϕ
923:ϕ
917:
874:∝
871:ϕ
714:detectors
377:200
256:(BNL) in
243:colliders
161:40°53′2″N
120:10/(cm⋅s)
112:10/(cm⋅s)
70:Beam type
3896:Tevatron
3890:ISABELLE
3781:Archived
3769:Archived
3757:Archived
3649:APS News
3528:BBC News
3464:ABC News
3344:17837332
3280:(Lord),
3240:. 2005.
3104:Archived
3023:26490595
2591:14175774
2536:42124100
2410:17978566
2235:7 August
2210:7 August
2188:7 August
2061:20868165
1844:16708486
1653:See also
1589:universe
1472:director
1452:between
1418:doomsday
1322:(FRIB).
1293:between
1266:Archived
799:sPHENIX:
369:boosters
278:Big Bang
274:universe
142:Location
101:Maximum
82:collider
3916:(2009–)
3910:(2000–)
3730:Bibcode
3324:Bibcode
3237:Horizon
3232:End Day
3164:Bibcode
3091:, 2014.
3062:Bibcode
3001:Bibcode
2807:Bibcode
2759:Bibcode
2704:Bibcode
2649:Bibcode
2571:Bibcode
2506:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2313:Bibcode
2154:Bibcode
2041:Bibcode
1939:MITnews
1824:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1742:Bibcode
1740:: 425.
1701:Bibcode
1628:In the
1593:uranium
1528:AdS/CFT
1480:Federal
1099:, with
847:momenta
733:hadrons
722:sPHENIX
572:Au + Au
556:nucleon
548:nucleon
536:Au + Au
327:protons
122:(Au+Au)
114:(p+p),
3778:PHOBOS
3766:PHENIX
3754:BRAHMS
3512:(1999)
3342:
3288:
3184:444580
3182:
3021:
2992:Nature
2825:
2722:
2667:
2589:
2534:
2524:
2471:
2461:
2408:
2350:: 338.
2059:
1842:
1644:
1602:novel
1575:
1394:matter
1382:vacuum
1299:gluons
1295:quarks
1197:et al.
789:PHENIX
726:PHENIX
592:dipole
534:. For
349:using
282:proton
250:proton
3692:(PDF)
3551:arXiv
3488:MSNBC
3340:S2CID
3314:arXiv
3180:S2CID
3154:arXiv
3110:2020.
3052:arXiv
2823:S2CID
2797:arXiv
2749:arXiv
2720:S2CID
2694:arXiv
2665:S2CID
2639:arXiv
2587:S2CID
2561:arXiv
2532:S2CID
2496:arXiv
2469:S2CID
2441:arXiv
2406:S2CID
2380:arXiv
2230:(PDF)
1783:: 1.
1595:ions.
1384:(see
1023:(1/x)
793:Riken
335:eRHIC
333:(the
3790:STAR
3420:help
3382:help
3286:ISBN
3272:Cf.
3019:PMID
2522:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2366:part
2258:help
2237:2017
2212:2017
2190:2017
2097:2006
2057:PMID
1913:CERN
1840:PMID
1642:ISBN
1598:The
1573:ISBN
1569:Cosm
1456:and
1339:CERN
1297:and
1104:part
775:STAR
761:spin
718:STAR
554:per
546:per
520:and
323:ions
262:ions
214:RHIC
208:The
116:1.55
108:2.45
18:RHIC
3738:doi
3726:499
3596:FYI
3332:doi
3310:470
3242:BBC
3234:".
3172:doi
3070:doi
3009:doi
2997:526
2815:doi
2793:757
2767:doi
2745:757
2712:doi
2690:757
2657:doi
2635:757
2579:doi
2557:750
2514:doi
2451:doi
2437:249
2398:doi
2376:561
2321:doi
2162:doi
2049:doi
2037:105
1832:doi
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