485:. Rummel found that there were 205 wars between non-democracies, 166 wars between non-democracies and democracies, and no wars between democracies during the period between 1816 and 2005. The definition of democracy used by Rummel is "where those who hold power are elected in competitive elections with a secret ballot and wide franchise (loosely understood as including at least 2/3 of adult males); where there is freedom of speech, religion, and organization; and a constitutional framework of law to which the government is subordinate and that guarantees equal rights." In addition, it should be "well-established", stating that "enough time has passed since its inception for peace-sufficient democratic procedures to become accepted and democratic culture to settle in. Around three years seems to be enough for this."
469:, which he considered to be a significant causative factor in democides. Rummel posited that there is a relation between political power and democide. Political mass murder grows increasingly common as political power becomes unconstrained. At the other end of the scale, where power is diffuse, checked, and balanced, political violence is a rarity. For Rummel, "he more power a regime has, the more likely people will be killed. This is a major reason for promoting freedom." He wrote that "concentrated political power is the most dangerous thing on earth." This correlation is considered by Rummel to be more important than reliability of estimates.
719:. More than a hundred different researchers have published multiple articles in this field according to an incomplete bibliography until 2000, and from 2000 to August 2009. Some critics respond that there have been exceptions to the theory. While it is generally statistically true that democides happen more in authoritarian than democratic regimes, there have been a few exceptions for democratic regimes, and some authoritarian regimes have not engaged in the megamurder category of democide. Rummel discussed some of these exceptions in his
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universe—one that never experienced the horrors of world war, the
Holocaust, and the other atrocities of the twentieth century? And what if, at great personal cost, they succeed too well and create a peaceful world of complacent democracies? In Book 2, the clock is turned back to their arrival in 1906. They receive a message from the future of the universe they will create – Islamic fundamentalists have attacked the unarmed democracies with nuclear weapons and enslaved them. It is now up to these lovers to prevent this horrible future.
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other hand, the considerably lower figures in terms of numbers of Gulag prisoners presented by
Russian researchers during the glasnost period have been relatively widely accepted. ... It could, quite rightly, be claimed that the opinions that Rummel presents here (they are hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history) do not deserve to be mentioned in a research review, but they are still perhaps worth bringing up on the basis of the interest in him in the blogosphere.
771:. A review by James Lee Ray cited several other studies finding that the increase in the risk of war in democratizing countries happens only if many or most of the surrounding nations are undemocratic. If wars between young democracies are included in the analysis, several studies and reviews still find enough evidence supporting the stronger claim that all democracies, whether young or established, go into war with one another less frequently, while some do not.
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been criticized for being higher than the figures which have been given by most scholars. In his last book, Rummel increased his estimate to over 272 million innocent, non-combatant civilians who were murdered by their own governments during the 20th century. Rummel stated that his 272 million death estimate was his lower, more prudent figure, stating that it "could be over 400,000,000." Rummel came to the conclusion that a democracy is the
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example. And on the democratic side, Sri Lanka is one clear case of a democratic regime that in 1989–90 authorized military squads to track down and summarily execute members and suspected supporters of the JVP (Peoples
Liberation Party), which had begun its second rebellion that threatened to overthrow the state. Between 13,000 and 30,000 were killed in this politicide—not a megamurder, of course, but a challenge to Rudy's basic argument.
505:. A deeper explanation is that where people are free, they create an exchange society of overlapping groups and multiple and crosschecking centers of power. In such a society a culture of negotiation, tolerance, and splitting differences develops. Moreover, free people develop an in-group orientation toward other such societies, a feeling of shared norms and ideals that militates against violence toward other free societies."
872:. This award recognizes a person "whose singular intellect, assertiveness, and insight most challenge conventional wisdom and intellectual and organizational complacency in the international studies community." In 2003, Rummel was given The Lifetime Achievement Award from the Conflict Processes Organized Section of the
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A larger theoretical question it raises is why do some totalitarian and authoritarian regimes commit megamurders while others do not? Saudi Arabia, for example, is one of the most authoritarian states in the contemporary world, yet state executions only number in the hundreds. Uzbekistan is a similar
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While Jerry Hough suggested Stalin's terror claimed tens of thousands of victims, R.J. Rummel puts the death toll of Soviet communist terror between 1917 and 1987 at 61,911,000. In both cases, these figures are based on an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations. On the
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and its chief interpreters. It had its priests and their ritualistic prose with all the answers. It had a heaven, and the proper behavior to reach it. It had its appeal to faith. And it had its crusades against nonbelievers. What made this secular religion so utterly lethal was its seizure of all the
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from 1917 to 1987. To give some perspective on these numbers, Rummel stated that all domestic and foreign wars during the 20th century killed in combat around 41 million. His figures for
Communist governments have been criticized for the methodology which he used to arrive at them, and they have also
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can be manipulated so as to manufacture an artificial trend. Rummel's first work on democratic peace received little attention. His results were incorporated in a "gigantic philosophical scheme" of 33 propositions in a five-volume work. It was reviewed in 1992 as having "immoderate pretensions", and
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Critical reviews of Rummel's estimates have focused on two aspects, namely his choice of data sources and his statistical approach. Historical sources Rummel based his estimates upon can rarely serve as sources of reliable figures. The statistical approach Rummel used to analyze big sets of diverse
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Rummel's version of the democratic peace theory has some distinctive features disputed by some other researchers who support the existence and explanatory power of the theory. Rummel's early research found that democracies are less warlike, even against non-democracies; other researchers hold only
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include data, definition, historical periods, limited consequences, methodology, microfoundations, and statistical significance criticism, that peace comes before democracy, and several studies fail to confirm democracies are less likely to wage war than autocracies if wars against non-democracies
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as "though a war on poverty, exploitation, imperialism and inequality. And for the greater good, as in a real war, people are killed. And, thus, this war for the communist utopia had its necessary enemy casualties, the clergy, bourgeoisie, capitalists, wreckers, counterrevolutionaries, rightists,
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deals with issues about which the United
Nations cannot or would not act, in particular to further the promotion of peace, human security, human rights, and democracy through what he termed "an Alliance of Democracies can do much better." Rummel thought that Democratic United States senator
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Disagreeing with Rummel's finding that authoritarian and totalitarian government explains mass murder, Valentino (2004) argues that regime type does not matter; to
Valentino the crucial thing is the motive for mass killing (Valentino, 2004: 70). He divides motive into the two categories of
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Rummel wrote: "What if there were a solution to war and genocide? What if a secret society sent back to 1906 two lovers, Joy Phim, a gorgeous warrior, and John Banks, a pacifist professor of history, and gave them the incredible wealth and weapons necessary to create a peaceful alternative
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in his time) would create a peaceful world. People would not support and vote for wars in which they and their loved ones could die and lose their property. But this is only partly correct, for the people can get aroused against nondemocracies and push their leaders toward war, as in the
553:. He stated that research shows average happiness in a nation increases with more democracy. According to Rummel, the continuing increase in the number of democracies worldwide would lead to an end to wars and democide. He believed that goal might be achieved by the mid-21st century.
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state's instruments of force and coercion and their immediate use to destroy or control all independent sources of power, such as the church, the professions, private businesses, schools, and the family." Rummel said that
Communists saw the construction of their
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that democracies are far less warlike with one another. Rummel held that democracies properly defined never go to war with each other, and added that this is an "absolute or (point) claim." Other researchers such as Stuart A. Bremer found that it is a chance or
809:. In their work, as they are dealing with large data sets that describe mass mortality events globally, they have to rely on selective data provided by country experts, so precise estimates are neither a required nor expected result of their work.
397:, and in 1966 returned to the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where he taught for the rest of his active career. In 1995, Rummel retired and became professor emeritus of political science. His research was supported by grants from the
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825:: "Rummel has been criticized for exaggerating the losses. Even if the criticisms were valid, a figure lower by 10 or 20 or even 30 percent would make absolutely no difference to the general conclusions that Rummel draws."
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led to the state killings in
Cambodia and Vietnam during the 1970s. Following the death of Kennedy, Rummel condemned the media reaction as too benign, and stated that "the post-war blood of millions is on Kennedy's hands."
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report reprinted in his local paper about an alleged Nobel short list of 117 names. Although he retracted the claim, it still appeared in one of his books. Rummel was nominated multiple times for the Peace Prize by
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website are about midway down the page after footnote 82. "Even if these figures are remotely true, then this still make this subjugation of the
Americas one of the bloodier, centuries long, democides in world
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to be a significant causative factor in democides. According to Rummel, the killings committed by
Communist states can best be explained as the result of the marriage between absolute power and the ideology of
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dispossessive mass killing (as in ethnic cleansing, colonial enlargement, or collectivization of agriculture) and coercive mass killing (as in counter-guerrilla, terrorist, and Axis imperialist conquests).
300:(1975). He spent the next fifteen years refining the underlying theory and testing it empirically on new data, against the empirical results of others, and on case studies. He summed up his research in
3355:(1995), a paper that warmly defends the existence of democratic peace, and asserts that it, and the difficulty distant states have in waging war against each other, fully account for the phenomena.
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Rummel did not always apply his definition of democracy to governments under discussion, and he did not always clarify when he did not apply it. The opening paragraphs of an appendix from his book
492:, Rummel adopted the definition of a popular database, namely that war is a conflict causing at least 1,000 battle deaths. The peace is explained thus: "Start with the answer of the philosopher
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which is least likely to kill its citizens because democracies do not tend to wage wars against each other. This latest view is a concept, which was further developed by Rummel, known as the
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While democide requires governmental intention, Rummel was also interested in analyzing the effects of regimes that unintentionally, yet culpably, cause the deaths of their citizens through
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446:, where someone can be guilty of murder if they are responsible in a reckless and wanton way for the loss of life, as in incarcerating people in camps where they may soon die of
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326:(1997). Extracts, figures, and tables from the books, including his sources and details regarding the calculations, are available online on his website. Rummel also authored
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had been pursuing. Rummel posited that there was a leftist bias in some parts of the academic world that selectively focused on problems in nations with high political and
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is "a what-if, alternative history" in which "two lovers are sent back in time to 1906 with modern weapons and 38 billion 1906 dollars" in order to prevent the rise of
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adopt Michael Doyle's lists of liberal democracies for 1776–1800 and 1800–1850. Doyle used a much looser definition, namely the secret ballot that was first adopted by
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2791:(hardback ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia; Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University.
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2018:(hardback ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia; Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University.
647:, arguing that "the media biased against freeing Iraqi from tyranny." Rummel also proposed that an intergovernmental organization of all democracies outside of the
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In his work and research, Rummel distinguished between colonial, democratic, and authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, and found a correlation with
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summarized that those who dispute the theory often do so on grounds that it conflates correlation with causation, and the academic definitions of
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Rummel estimated that a total of 212 million people were killed by all governments during the 20th century, of which 148 million were killed by
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by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Margolin, Jonathan Murphy, Mark Kramer".
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2630:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii SystemSee also Cook on Stannard, p. 12. Rummel's quote and estimate from his
229:. He spent his career studying data on collective violence and war with a view toward helping their resolution or elimination. Contrasting
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405:, and the United States Peace Research Institute. In addition to his books, Rummel was the author of more than 100 professional articles.
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529:. Rummel termed deaths of citizens under such regimes as mortacide, and posited that democracies have the fewest of such deaths.
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856:, an example of those authors being Ivo Omrčanin, a former NDH official in foreign ministry and an espouser of fascist ideals.
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and the Democratic Party, alleging that they were seeking to establish an authoritarian, one-party state. He believed that
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3201:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 111–129.
1687:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 111–129.
4010:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 97–106.
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tyrants, rich, landlords, and noncombatants that unfortunately got caught in the battle. In a war millions may die, but
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4166:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 29. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 61–70.
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3981:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 1–16.
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The Conflict Helix: Principles & Practices of Interpersonal, Social & International Conflict & Cooperation
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Dyadic Democratic Peace Strikes Back: Reconstructing the Social Constructivist Approach After the Monadic Renaissance
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Bremer, Stuart A. (June 1992). "Dangerous Dyads: Conditions Affecting the Likelihood of Interstate War, 1816–1965".
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676:" and opposed Obama's carbon-trading scheme. Rummel thought that Obama killed off a democratic peace that Democrat
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Rummel was the author of twenty-four scholarly books, and he published his major results between 1975 and 1981 in
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545:. Rummel stated that there have been no famines in democracies, deliberate or not, an argument first advanced by
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said that these elements may have distracted readers from Rummel's more conventionally acceptable propositions.
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2572:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City: Springer. pp. 1–16.
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Dulić, Tomislav (January 2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide".
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2017). "R.J. Rummel—A Multi-Faceted Scholar". In Gleditsch, Nils Petter (ed.).
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and unverifiable overtly high death estimates from highly biased authors. An example of this is in the
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Hegre, Havard (April 1997). "Peace and Democracy: Three Levels of Analysis".
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is more appropriate to describe mass atrocities perpetrated by state actors than genocide, wrote in
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Rummel, Rudolph (July 1984). "Libertarianism, Violence within States, and the Polarity Principle".
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593:, which also resulted in hundreds of million of deaths. Rummel was a strong supporter of spreading
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1239:. And to many communists, the cause of a communist utopia was such as to justify all the deaths."
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for "scholarly contributions that have fundamentally improved the study of conflict processes."
549:, and he also posited that democracy is an important factor for economic growth and for raising
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are focused primarily on establishing patterns and testing various theoretical explanations of
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Tago, Atsushi; Wayman, Frank (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87".
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2259:"An Exclusive Freeman Interview: Rudolph Rummel Talks About the Miracle of Liberty and Peace"
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter (July 2015). "Democracy and Peace". In Gleditsch, Nils Petter (ed.).
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1307:"Appendix to Chapter 1: Q and A on the Fact that Democracies Do Not Make War on Each Other"
458:, or deporting them into wastelands where they may die rapidly from exposure and disease."
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and ignored much worse problems in other nations. Related to this, he also criticized the
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601:. Rummel posited that there is less foreign violence when states are more libertarian.
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Rummel died on March 2, 2014, aged 81. He is survived by two daughters and one sister.
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter (December 1995). "Democracy and the Future of European Peace".
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1754:(paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 75.
1729:(paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 11.
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1347:(paperback ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 99.
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in democide, if he deemed it the result of a deliberate policy, as he did for the
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Peterson, H. C. (2017). "Regime Type Matters". In Gleditsch, Nils Petter (ed.).
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Doyle, Michael W. (Summer 1983). "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs".
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1508:(2). Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: 28–34.
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Rummel had approximately 100 publications in peer-reviewed journals, including:
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estimates may lead to dilution of useful data with noisy ones. Rummel and other
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section, Rummel writes: 'I am opposed to invading a country to democratize it.'
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Chan, Steve (March 2010). "Progress in the Democratic Peace Research Agenda".
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Post-Holocaust Jewish–Christian Dialogue: After the Flood, before the Rainbow
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1979:
1945:
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1882:(1st paperback ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
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3810:"Conflict Processes Organized Section Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients"
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1916:(1st hardback ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
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1205:
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578:
542:
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3977:
Gleditsch, Nils Petter, ed. (2017). "R.J. Rummel—A Multi-faceted Scholar".
2705:
Rummel, Rudolph (March 1983). "Libertarianism and International Violence".
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matter; in this sense, Rummel's version of the democratic peace theory was
597:, although he did not support invading another country solely to replace a
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2086:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Department of Political Science, University of Hawaiʻi
2081:
1449:
Kuromiya, Hiroaki (January 2001). "Review Article: Communism and Terror".
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Never Again: Ending War, Democide, & Famine Through Democratic Freedom
1217:. Rummel wrote that "communism was like a fanatical religion. It had its
990:("Endangered Peace. The Military Superiority of the USSR"), München, 1977
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Most books and articles by Rummel are available for free download at his
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3438:(3). Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association: 633–647.
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3849:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
3709:
3451:
2035:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
2001:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
1967:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
1933:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
1899:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaiʻi System.
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in 1856, while Belgium had barely 10% adult male suffrage before 1894.
522:
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2908:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
2808:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
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2468:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
2273:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
1865:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
1831:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
1470:
1435:
1332:– via Freedom, Democide, War at the University of Hawaii System.
517:, incompetence or sheer indifference. An example is a regime in which
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3562:(6). New York City, New York: Council on Foreign Relations: 122–127.
3490:"Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816–1992"
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In the Minds of Men. Principles Toward Understanding and Waging Peace
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996:(with G. Omen, S. W. Rhee, and P. Sybinsky), SAGE Publications, 1979
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4195:[Anti-Terrorism Policy As a Dilemma of Liberal Democracy].
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2613:(1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
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2094:– via Freedom, Democide, War at University of Hawaiʻi System.
2069:– via Freedom, Democide, War at University of Hawaiʻi System.
2052:(1st ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
1984:(1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
1950:(1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
1752:
The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War
1727:
The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War
1427:
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The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War
1128:
The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War
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Rummel's works have been criticized for establishing estimates on
402:
3425:"Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94"
2883:"Eliminating Democide and War Through An Alliance of Democracies"
2133:"Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers"
1635:
Crimes Against Humanity under Communist Regimes – Research Review
1627:
1625:
711:
The democratic peace theory is one of the great controversies in
4193:"Polityka antyterrorystyczna jako dylemat demokracji liberalnej"
1641:. Stockholm, Sweden: Forum for Living History. pp. 35, 79.
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Der gefährdete Frieden. Die militärische Überlegenheit der UdSSR
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter (November 1992). "Democracy and Peace".
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Gleditsch, Nils Petter (November 1992). "Democracy and Peace".
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3524:. The 5th Pan-European International Relations. Archived from
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to why universalizing republics (democracy was a bad word for
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367:
178:
3837:"Praise for books by Nobel Peace Prize finalist R. J. Rummel"
879:
Rummel used to publicly claim that he was a finalist for the
4133:(2). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 283–310.
4104:(4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 539–571.
4067:(4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 369–376.
3654:(4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 435–447.
3423:
Gelpi, Cristopher F.; Griesdrorf, Michael (September 2001).
3388:(2). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 309–341.
3319:(4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 369–376.
2748:(4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 443–462.
1457:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 191–201.
308:
Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917–1987
3539:– via ECPR Standing Group on International Relations.
2512:"Happiness – This Utilitarian Argument For Freedom Is True"
1879:
Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917
1594:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 85–102.
1044:
Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
1020:
China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
1013:
Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917
840:, where Rummel quotes estimates for the democide record of
312:
China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
3943:
3941:
3696:(3). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons: 205–235.
3641:"Democracy, War Effort, and the Systemic Democratic Peace"
3192:"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide"
3045:"Was The Democratic Peace Killed? Part VI, Death by Obama"
2789:
Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
2108:. Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from
2015:
Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
1678:"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide"
848:(NDH) and who attempted to downplay or deny the crimes of
2237:(1st ed.). London, England: Routledge. p. 168.
2183:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 3–13.
723:, and he has referred to books by other scholars such as
442:." Rummel further stated to "use the civil definition of
273:, or undemocratic regimes, coming to the conclusion that
3812:. American Political Science Association. Archived from
2610:
Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
1981:
Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
1632:
Karlsson, Klas-Göran; Schoenhals, Michael, eds. (2008).
976:
Conflict in Perspective (Understanding Conflict and War)
624:, and he also believed that the United States under the
354:, he attended local public schools. Rummel received his
320:
Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
3891:"Freedom, Democide, War: An Alternative History Series"
2713:. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 27–71.
2382:
2380:
2378:
2135:. In Charny, Israel W.; Horowitz, Irving Louis (eds.).
1536:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1410:
Harff, Barbara (Summer 1996). "Review. Reviewed Work:
632:
was a domestic tyranny. Rummel strongly supported the
525:
that it threatens their daily lives and reduces their
521:
has become so pervasive and destructive of a people's
4203:. Koszalin, Poland: Politechnika Koszalińska: 62–89.
4044:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
3885:
3883:
2451:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
2307:
2305:
1848:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
1315:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
4008:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
3979:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
3199:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
3165:"Democratic Peace Bibliography Version August, 2009"
2570:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
1685:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
1546:(3). Boston, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 450–452.
1534:
Weiner, Amir (Winter 2002). "Review. Reviewed Work:
1422:(1). Boston, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 117–119.
589:
dictatorships and the democides that occurred under
3786:. International Studies Association. Archived from
3760:. International Studies Association. Archived from
3492:. International Studies Association. Archived from
408:Rummel was a member of the advisory council of the
209:(October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American
188:
173:
147:
139:
93:
74:
48:
32:
3245:"Democratic Peace Theory: A Review and Evaluation"
3914:
3912:
3729:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
3306:
3304:
2448:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
2318:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 98.
1845:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
1312:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1050:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
854:the Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
481:, Rummel was one of the early researchers on the
2893:(3). St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House: 55–68.
2361:. Palo Alto, California: Annual Reviews: 27–46.
1814:. Beverly Hills, California: SAGE Publications.
1370:"Reevaluating China's Democide to be 73,000,000"
346:, to a family of German descent. A child of the
3515:Müller, Harald; Wolff, Jonas (August 9, 2004).
2821:"So What If A Lie?—It Is The Politics of Power"
4245:– topic and theme index to Rummel's blog posts
2785:"Death by American Bombing and Other Democide"
2676:– via University of Hawaii SystemIn the
2284:Jacobs, Steven; Totten, Samuel, eds. (2013) .
2233:Jacobs, Steven; Totten, Samuel, eds. (2013) .
844:from authors who were sympathetic towards the
1671:
1669:
8:
4046:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1581:
1579:
1577:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1120:, nonfiction supplement, Llumina Press, 2005
4098:European Journal of International Relations
3746:– via The New York Times Web Archive.
3550:Owen IV, John M. (November–December 2005).
3138:"Democratic Peace Bibliography Version 3.0"
3076:"On Ward Churchill and Academic Leftimania"
2344:
2342:
2288:. London, England: Routledge. p. 170.
2139:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 3–40.
1267:
1265:
1170:(3), "The Problem of Defense", contributor
936:website, including those not listed here.
912:novels. According to the series' website,
577:. Apart from being an outspoken critic of
40:
29:
4208:
4171:
4015:
3986:
3876:– via University of Hawaiʻi System.
3206:
3179:– via University of Hawaiʻi System.
3152:– via University of Hawaiʻi System.
2577:
2430:– via University of Hawaiʻi System.
2366:
1692:
4164:Pioneer in the Analysis of War and Peace
3963:– via University of Hawaii System.
3934:– via University of Hawaii System.
3905:– via University of Hawaii System.
2557:– via University of Hawaii System.
2443:"Freedom Promotes Wealth and Prosperity"
2403:– via University of Hawaii System.
1797:– via University of Hawaii System.
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1658:– via Forum för levande historia.
1540:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1416:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1287:– via Hawaii Newspaper Obituaries.
958:Conflict Behavior & Linkage Politics
731:Criticism of the democratic peace theory
410:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
366:in 1959 and 1961, respectively, and his
27:American political scientist (1932–2014)
3263:– via ResearchGate. See also the
1947:Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder
1261:
1197:
1032:Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder
892:but no shortlist has been made public.
755:and "extreme" views on defense policy.
316:Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder
4344:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa faculty
4052:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.280
3860:Rummel, Rudolph (September 26, 2005).
3613:
3612:
3601:
3358:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3255:from the original on February 15, 2018
3136:Rummel, Rudolph (September 19, 2009).
3055:from the original on November 19, 2020
3043:Rummel, Rudolph (September 15, 2009).
3024:from the original on November 12, 2020
2993:from the original on November 19, 2020
2962:from the original on February 14, 2021
2931:from the original on February 14, 2021
2831:from the original on November 19, 2020
2683:
2662:"Democratic Peace Q&A Version 2.0"
2638:
2481:"Global Corruption and Democracy 2006"
2389:"Democratic Peace Q&A Version 2.0"
1523:– via Wilson Quarterly Archives.
874:American Political Science Association
612:of 1899-1902, involvement in the 1900
533:Famine, economic growth, and happiness
241:for murder by government, such as the
4339:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
3105:Rummel, Rudolph (February 21, 2005).
3074:Rummel, Rudolph (February 21, 2005).
2660:Rummel, Rudolph (February 20, 2005).
2479:Rummel, Rudolph (February 20, 2006).
2387:Rummel, Rudolph (February 20, 2005).
1368:Rummel, Rudolph (November 20, 2005).
1008:, Northwestern University Press, 1988
7:
3949:"Thematic List of Documents on Site"
3014:"Global Warming Is a Scam for Power"
2887:International Journal of World Peace
2850:Rummel, Rudolph (February 8, 2005).
2510:Rummel, Rudolph (February 6, 2006).
2416:"Who were the Mortacracies of 2005?"
1144:International Journal on World Peace
964:Peace Endangered: Reality of Détente
751:demonstrated Rummel's "unrelenting"
389:Rummel began his teaching career at
4255:Why This "A freedomists View" Blog?
3163:Rummel, Rudolph (August 31, 2009).
2919:Rummel, Rudolph (August 29, 2009).
2742:The Journal of Comparative Politics
2541:Rummel, Rudolph (October 4, 2001).
1683:. In Gleditsch, Nils Petter (ed.).
1492:Paczkowski, Andrzej (Spring 2001).
1130:, Cumberland House Publishing, 2007
4261:Why A New "Democratic Peace" Blog?
3582:from the original on March 8, 2021
3488:Wayman, Frank W. (April 6, 2002).
3351:. Quotations are from Gleditsch's
3107:"Eliminate Tenure—Cure Leftimania"
2355:Annual Review of Political Science
1154:Journal of International Relations
717:realism in international relations
715:and one of the main challenges to
25:
4314:American male non-fiction writers
4299:American people of German descent
3835:Rummel, Rudolph (July 30, 2005).
3432:American Political Science Review
2983:"The Death of American Democracy"
2819:Rummel, Rudolph (July 18, 2009).
2164:– via Taylor & Francis.
1213:, which he also considered to be
870:International Studies Association
792:Global databases of mass killings
166:University of Hawaiʻi (1966–1995)
3677:– via New York University.
3012:Rummel, Rudolph (July 4, 2009).
2981:Rummel, Rudolph (July 7, 2009).
2950:Rummel, Rudolph (July 5, 2009).
2414:Rummel, Rudolph (May 14, 2006).
994:National Attitudes and Behaviors
960:(contributor), David McKay, 1973
864:In 1999, Rummel was awarded the
338:Early life, education, and death
306:(1997). His other works include
3690:Philosophy & Public Affairs
3552:"Iraq and the Democratic Peace"
2137:The Widening Circle of Genocide
1451:Journal of Contemporary History
1229:the cause may be well justified
1002:, Sogang University Press, 1984
277:result in the least democides.
4334:Northwestern University alumni
4233:Collection of essays on Rummel
4127:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3382:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2921:"The Kennedy Love Dysfunction"
2707:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2368:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.27
1811:Understanding Conflict and War
1052:, Transaction Publishers, 2002
1040:, Transaction Publishers, 1997
1034:, Transaction Publishers, 1992
1028:, Transaction Publishers, 1991
1022:, Transaction Publishers, 1991
1016:, Transaction Publishers, 1990
970:Understanding Conflict and War
298:Understanding Conflict and War
243:genocide of indigenous peoples
227:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
1:
4319:American political scientists
4275:– chart of Rummel's estimates
4269:– chart of Rummel's estimates
3639:Baush, Andrew W. (May 2015).
3197:. In Gleditish, N. P. (ed.).
2952:"Authoritarianism on the Way"
2351:"Does Democracy Cause Peace?"
2263:The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty
972:, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
658:opposition to the Vietnam War
645:George W. Bush administration
4243:Archive Blog Topical Outline
4017:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_10
3477:– via Duke University.
3249:CEMPROC Working Paper Series
3243:Pugh, Jeffrey (April 2005).
3208:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12
2349:Ray, James Lee (June 1998).
2286:Pioneers of Genocide Studies
2235:Pioneers of Genocide Studies
1694:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12
846:Independent State of Croatia
604:Rummel was critical of past
385:Academic career and research
4263:– Rummel's blog (2008–2013)
4257:– Rummel's blog (2008–2013)
4251:– Rummel's blog (2004–2008)
4173:10.1007/978-3-319-03820-9_4
4139:10.1177/0022002797041002004
4110:10.1177/1354066195001004007
4073:10.1177/0022343392029004001
3988:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_1
3920:"List of Documents on Site"
3394:10.1177/0022002792036002005
3325:10.1177/0022343392029004001
2719:10.1177/0022002783027001002
2605:"Pre-20th Century Democide"
2579:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_1
2106:"National Advisory Council"
399:National Science Foundation
393:. In 1964, Rummel moved to
342:Rummel was born in 1932 in
4365:
4329:Indiana University faculty
4324:American political writers
3365:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2690:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2645:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1552:10.1162/002219502753364263
1463:10.1177/002200940103600110
1277:Honolulu Hawaii Obituaries
789:
704:
419:
132:, political science, 1963)
120:, political science, 1961)
4061:Journal of Peace Research
3648:Journal of Peace Research
3444:10.1017/S0003055401003148
3313:Journal of Peace Research
2783:Rummel, Rudolph (2003) .
2441:Rummel, Rudolph (2002) .
2335:– via Google Books.
2177:Journal of Peace Research
2083:Understanding Correlation
2046:Rummel, Rudolph (1988) .
2012:Rummel, Rudolph (2003) .
1842:Rummel, Rudolph (2002) .
1588:Journal of Peace Research
1305:Rummel, Rudolph (2002) .
1146:, October–December 1986,
984:, SAGE Publications, 1977
978:, SAGE Publications, 1977
966:, SAGE Publications, 1976
950:, SAGE Publications, 1972
332:Understanding Correlation
235:, Rummel coined the term
39:
4309:American anti-communists
3726:Rethinking the Holocaust
3660:10.1177/0022343314552808
2881:Rummel, Rudolph (2001).
2603:Rummel, Rudolph (1994).
2543:"Democratic Peace Clock"
2312:Berger, Alan L. (2014).
2265:. No. 47. July 1997
2189:10.1177/0022343309342944
2131:Rummel, Rudolph (1994).
2080:Rummel, Rudolph (1976).
1978:Rummel, Rudolph (1994).
1944:Rummel, Rudolph (1992).
1910:Rummel, Rudolph (1991).
1876:Rummel, Rudolph (1990).
1808:Rummel, Rudolph (1975).
1750:Rummel, Rudolph (2007).
1725:Rummel, Rudolph (2007).
1600:10.1177/0022343304040051
1343:Rummel, Rudolph (2007).
823:Rethinking the Holocaust
561:Rummel started out as a
4349:Yale University faculty
4249:Freedom's Peace archive
3955:. University of Hawaiʻi
3926:. University of Hawaiʻi
3897:. University of Hawaiʻi
3868:. University of Hawaiʻi
3624:CS1 maint: postscript (
3293:CS1 maint: postscript (
3190:Harff, Barbara (2017).
3171:. University of Hawaiʻi
3144:. University of Hawaiʻi
2668:. University of Hawaiʻi
2549:. University of Hawaiʻi
2422:. University of Hawaiʻi
2395:. University of Hawaiʻi
2145:10.4324/9781351294089-2
2049:Applied Factor Analysis
1789:. University of Hawaiʻi
1676:Harff, Barbara (2017).
1273:"Rudolph Joseph Rummel"
1006:Applied Factor Analysis
707:Democratic peace theory
701:Democratic peace theory
664:Rummel was critical of
606:American foreign policy
483:democratic peace theory
376:Northwestern University
328:Applied Factor Analysis
291:democratic peace theory
124:Northwestern University
3953:Freedom, Democide, War
3924:Freedom, Democide, War
3895:Freedom, Democide, War
3866:Freedom, Democide, War
3862:"A necessary footnote"
3723:Bauer, Yehuda (2001).
3169:Freedom, Democide, War
3142:Freedom, Democide, War
2666:Freedom, Democide, War
2632:Freedom, Democide, War
2547:Freedom, Democide, War
2420:Freedom, Democide, War
2393:Freedom, Democide, War
1913:China's Bloody Century
1787:Freedom, Democide, War
1235:and an utterly racist
1231:, as in the defeat of
934:Freedom, Democide, War
860:Awards and nominations
838:Statistics of Democide
324:Statistics of Democide
4304:American libertarians
4237:Nils Petter Gleditsch
4191:Górka, Marek (2017).
3784:"Susan Strange Award"
1108:, Llumina Press, 2005
1100:, Llumina Press, 2005
1092:, Llumina Press, 2004
1084:, Llumina Press, 2004
1076:, Llumina Press, 2004
1068:, Llumina Press, 2004
982:Field Theory Evolving
947:Dimensions of Nations
881:Nobel Prize for Peace
834:Tito's Slaughterhouse
757:Nils Petter Gleditsch
573:, and an advocate of
364:University of Hawaiʻi
282:Communist governments
207:Rudolph Joseph Rummel
101:University of Hawaiʻi
53:Rudolph Joseph Rummel
4267:Communist Body Count
4197:Czasopisma Marszalek
3469:on February 13, 2005
1502:The Wilson Quarterly
920:and the outbreak of
620:of civilians during
585:, Rummel criticized
565:but later became an
563:democratic socialist
503:Spanish–American War
4210:10.15804/siip201704
3790:on February 8, 2013
3764:on February 8, 2013
3353:Democracy and Peace
2678:Fostering Democracy
2522:on November 2, 2006
1783:"About R.J. Rummel"
1412:Death by Government
1380:on November 1, 2007
1038:Death by Government
910:alternative-history
866:Susan Strange Award
817:who commented that
813:, noted scholar of
753:economic liberalism
575:economic liberalism
473:Democracy and peace
263:Cultural Revolution
211:political scientist
183:conflict resolution
143:Political scientist
3758:"Award Recipients"
2852:"Censor the Media"
1414:by R. J. Rummel".
1204:Rummel considered
1181:Casualty recording
1135:Scholarly articles
1046:, Lit Verlag, 1999
905:Never Again Series
897:Never Again Series
498:Classical Liberals
391:Indiana University
287:form of government
275:democratic regimes
219:Indiana University
155:Indiana University
3614:|postscript=
3611:External link in
3496:on March 13, 2003
3283:|postscript=
3280:External link in
3218:978-3-319-54463-2
3049:A Freedomist View
3018:A Freedomist View
2987:A Freedomist View
2956:A Freedomist View
2925:A Freedomist View
2825:A Freedomist View
1704:978-3-319-54463-2
1186:Stéphane Courtois
1073:Nuclear Holocaust
902:Rummel wrote the
842:Tito's Yugoslavia
799:genocide scholars
713:political science
640:initiated by the
618:strategic bombing
595:liberal democracy
372:political science
217:and professor at
204:
203:
111:political science
16:(Redirected from
4356:
4222:
4212:
4187:
4175:
4158:
4121:
4092:
4055:
4031:
4019:
4002:
3990:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3568:10.2307/20031781
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3531:on June 25, 2006
3530:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3462:. Archived from
3429:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3276:
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3240:
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3176:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3113:. Archived from
3111:Democratic Peace
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3082:. Archived from
3080:Democratic Peace
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3009:
3003:
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3000:
2998:
2978:
2972:
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2947:
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2938:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2858:. Archived from
2856:Democratic Peace
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2780:
2774:
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2731:
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2696:
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2629:
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2600:
2594:
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2581:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2518:. Archived from
2516:Democratic Peace
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:. Archived from
2485:Democratic Peace
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2384:
2373:
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2370:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:on June 10, 2011
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1805:
1799:
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1779:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1494:"The Storm over
1489:
1483:
1482:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1376:. Archived from
1374:Democratic Peace
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1202:
1160:(1), contributor
1150:(4), contributor
1065:War and Democide
885:Associated Press
686:economic freedom
626:Democratic Party
614:Battle of Peking
583:Communist states
551:living standards
537:Rummel included
463:authoritarianism
356:Bachelor of Arts
348:Great Depression
255:Stalinist purges
200:
197:
195:
81:
63:October 21, 1932
62:
60:
44:
30:
21:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4279:
4278:
4273:Nazi Body Count
4229:
4190:
4184:
4161:
4124:
4095:
4058:
4041:
4038:
4036:Further reading
4028:
4005:
3999:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3816:on May 10, 2013
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3755:
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3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3610:
3600:
3596:Foreign Affairs
3585:
3583:
3556:Foreign Affairs
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3487:
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3422:
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3379:
3378:
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3310:
3309:
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3292:
3279:
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3258:
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3242:
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3223:
3221:
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3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3117:on May 19, 2007
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3086:on May 14, 2005
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
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2980:
2979:
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2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2862:on June 8, 2007
2849:
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2818:
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2813:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2782:
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2597:
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2550:
2540:
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2535:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2491:on May 19, 2007
2478:
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2159:
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2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
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1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1942:
1938:
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1355:
1342:
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1337:
1327:
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1323:
1304:
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1292:
1282:
1280:
1279:. March 8, 2014
1271:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1177:
1156:, Spring 1978,
1137:
942:
930:
928:Published works
918:totalitarianism
900:
862:
794:
788:
786:Factor analysis
709:
703:
698:
680:and Republican
559:
557:Political views
535:
527:life expectancy
511:
475:
467:totalitarianism
424:
418:
395:Yale University
387:
344:Cleveland, Ohio
340:
223:Yale University
192:
169:
161:Yale University
135:
89:
83:
79:
70:
64:
58:
56:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4280:
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4264:
4258:
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4240:
4228:
4227:External links
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1496:The Black Book
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1428:10.2307/206491
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954:Wilkenfeld, J.
951:
941:
938:
929:
926:
899:
894:
883:, based on an
861:
858:
787:
784:
734:are included.
705:Main article:
702:
699:
697:
694:
682:George W. Bush
674:scam for power
670:global warming
649:United Nations
630:Woodrow Wilson
610:Philippine War
567:anti-communist
558:
555:
534:
531:
510:
507:
474:
471:
426:Rummel coined
420:Main article:
417:
414:
386:
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360:Master of Arts
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174:Known for
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88:, Hawaii, U.S.
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82:(aged 81)
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4211:
4206:
4202:
4199:(in Polish).
4198:
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4189:
4185:
4183:9783319038193
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1219:revealed text
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4294:2014 deaths
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591:colonialism
571:libertarian
547:Amartya Sen
440:mass murder
330:(1970) and
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247:colonialism
198:/powerkills
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157:(1963–1964)
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1089:Red Terror
922:world wars
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1058:(series)
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638:Iraq War
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432:genocide
428:democide
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416:Democide
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