706:
35:
730:
370:
742:
718:
604:
106:
464:
684:
The first firings took place in 1884, but the weapons were not fully operational until 1889 due to hydraulic system problems. The barrel on the gun at Napier cracked during firing trials; this was because the crew had managed to stress the gun by firing one shot every 2.5 minutes. The wrecked gun was
630:
The work to make these machines serviceable was so great that until 1885 there were no firing tests. The first ammunition load comprised all the models available, including 50 AP and 50 HE shells. Shrapnel, once fired, was not replaced, being considered less effective. Between 1887 and 1888 activity
388:
The gun crews could fire a projectile once every six minutes. Muzzle velocity was 472 m/s (1,550 ft/s) and maximum elevation was 10° 30'. At maximum charge 204 kg (450 lb)?) and maximum elevation, a projectile could achieve a range of only 5,990 m (19,650 ft), but at
449:
Firing charges were polygonal in shape, with 399 x 368 mm maximum width and length. They were made of 1 cwt (51 kg (112 lb)) 'Large Black Prism' propellant, and four or five were needed for every shell fired at maximum power. The recoil was 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) as two
693:
The guns at Napier of
Magdala Battery and at Fort Rinella are still intact and one can visit them. The guns were too costly to demolish and were left as junk, but both were later restored to display condition. Fort Rinella is under the guardianship of Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna - the Malta Heritage
649:
was known to be nearby. Although the 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) guns were powerful, modern weapons would have totally outclassed them: the range and rate of fire of the
Maltese guns were too low, as modern 280–305 mm (11.0–12.0 in) guns had a range of over 15–20 km
392:
The weight of the mount was: 20,680 kg (45,590 lb) (mobile mounts with 18 wheels), 24,118 kg (53,171 lb) (platform) and 2,032 kg (4,480 lb) (base). The platform was sloped at 4 degrees to slow the recoil. On the platform mount, hydraulic systems powered chains that
572:
in May 1876, London made no decision. The Royal Navy finally responded, requesting proposals from
British arms manufacturers for a gun capable of piercing 36-inch steel at 1000 yd (900 mm at 900 m). The manufacturers returned with designs for immense guns of 163, 193, and 224 tons.
568:, which were already well-armored, could fire on Malta's shore batteries, destroying them one after the other, while keeping outside the effective range of the batteries' guns. But the British Army's concerns had no immediate effect on London bureaucracy; until the Italians launched
349:
Armstrong, the main
British artillery producer, began a project for creation of an even larger weapon, an 18 in (460 mm) gun, also called the '100 ton'. Armstrong offered it to the Royal Navy, which rejected the gun, deeming it too heavy and costly.
634:
The careers of the guns were unspectacular, as no
Italian battleship threatened Malta after their installation. The Malta guns were phased out in 1906, as was the remaining gun at Gibraltar. All had fired their last shots a few years before in 1903 or 1904.
376:
The gun was 9.953 m (32.65 ft) long. The barrel's maximum outer diameter was 1.996 m (6 ft 6.6 in), which reduced to 735 mm (28.9 in) at the muzzle. The construction method of an inner steel tube surrounded by multiple
341:
at 2,000 yards (1,800 m). This weapon was adequate for the needs of the time, but the progress of gun technology was very rapid. French industries soon made a 420 mm (17 in), 76 t (75 long tons; 84 short tons) gun. This led the
381:
coils, was very complex, with several structures containing one another. The internal barrel was 30 feet 3 inches (9.22 m) long, or 20.5 calibers. The weight of the gun was 103,888 kg (229,034 lb), or about 100 tons.
1030:
365:
406 mm (16.0 in)/50cal guns, even though their barrels were quite short. They were muzzle-loading guns, with a rifled tube and rigid mount. Each gun required a crew of 35 men, including 18 men to handle the ammunition.
525:
s guns cracked while firing at the maximum charge. At the suggestion of the
British Army, it was officially established that the maximum practical charge was 204 kg (450 lb) and not 255 kg (562 lb).
623:, which was completed in 1884. Cambridge received its gun on 16 September 1882 but only mounted it on 20 February 1884. Rinella received its on 31 July 1883 and mounted it on 12 January 1884. By this time, the
542:
in 1869 had rendered Malta the most important
British base in the Mediterranean. Although Malta's defenses included 320 mm (13 in) guns, this left Malta poorly defended against a possible attack from
419:, 44 inches (1.12 m) long, steel forward section, capable of piercing 21 in (0.53 m) of steel at 2,000 yd (530 mm at 1,800 m). with a 32-pound (14.5 kg) explosive internal charge.
588:, because generally a shore battery with the same caliber guns as a vessel retains an advantage over the vessel. Four guns were requested in March 1878 and manufacture started in August; in the meantime
754:
584:
at 3,000 yd (2,700 m). Due to the emergency, it was decided that the fastest and simplest solution was to quit designing the bigger guns and to buy the same weapons as those on
681:
also delivered
Gibraltar's two guns. The first gun arrived on 19 December 1882 and the second on 14 March 1883. These two guns were ready on their mounts in July and September 1883.
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1001:
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685:
not easily repairable so it was used as a foundation for a building. The gun at
Victoria Battery was moved to Napier, which the military deemed the more effective site.
595:
When
Gibraltar's commanders heard of these big guns they too asked for some, which they obtained. Two of the four guns ordered for Malta would go to Gibraltar instead.
1035:
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Italy : 8 for Duilio and Dandolo, 1 for Spezia defences, 2 spare. Britain : 2 for Malta, 2 for Gibraltar. Campbell, "British Super-Heavy Guns".
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stopped due to the need to rework hydraulic systems, but nevertheless the guns were considered quite reliable, serving for more than 20 years.
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In December 1877, Simmons, chief of Malta defenses, was called to London to discuss the issue. He asked for four guns comparable to
78:
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445:: 45 inches (1.1 m) long, with a charge of only 5 pounds (2.3 kg) HE, but also 920 bullets of 4 ounces (110 g) each.
389:
that distance the projectile could still pierce 394 mm (15.5 in) of steel (it is not clear if it was mild or hardened).
513:
897:
Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE
674:, was placed one kilometre north. Construction started in December 1878, with the first ready in 1883 and the second in 1884.
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1117:
671:
408:
Projectiles were of three types, all weighing 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and having a diameter of 17.7 inches (450) mm:
412:
334:
1614:
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1205:
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492:-class, armed with 380 mm guns. They were already very powerful, but in February 1874 when the UK started to build
1040:
358:
These new artillery pieces were enormous weapons for their time. Their weight was comparable to that of the much later
309:. The 15 guns Armstrong made were used to arm two Italian battleships and, to counter these, British fortifications at
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49:
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111:
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Trust. The pink paint on the Fort Rinella gun was added only recently; originally they were not painted at all.
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This was a second-generation RML gun, equipped with polygroove rifling and firing only studless ammunition with
60:
1460:
1420:
1329:
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813:
Firing 2000 lb projectile with 450 lb Prism powder propellant. Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. Table XII, Page 337.
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On 21 July 1874, Armstrong signed a contract with Italy to deliver eight of its 100-ton guns, enough to arm
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615:, a cargo vessel specially adapted for the task, delivered Malta's two guns. One gun was placed in
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traversed the guns through an arc of 150 degrees; another hydraulic system provided elevation.
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851:"Building Great Guns.; Herr Krupp's Latest Work – an 80-ton Breech-loader Costing $ 100,000"
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333:) gun, with a mass of 38 long tons (38.6 t), firing an 818-pound (371 kg) projectile
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admirals called for even more powerful guns, to hold the lead in battleship design.
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inches (1.23 m) long, with thinner walls and a 78-pound (35 kg) HE charge.
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hydraulic pistons in the rear part of platform absorbed the remaining energy.
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937:
Schull, Lieut. Herman W. (1901) "Spanish Ordnance in the Defense of Havana".
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551:, one of the key architects of the Italian reunification, had called Malta "
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Firing was mechanical or electrical, with an optical system for aiming.
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650:(9.3–12.4 mi) and a rate of fire of one shot every 30 seconds.
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began an innovative program to field the best and most powerful
983:
933:
Britain in the Mediterranean: the defense of her Naval stations
924:
Handbook for RML 17.72 inch gun, 1887, HMSO publications.
534:
The Italian contract shocked British authorities, who had the
301:, the armaments division of the British manufacturing company
28:
346:
to ask for an 81 t (80 long tons; 89 short tons) gun.
642:
the guns at Malta were supposedly made ready for use when
627:-class ships had been operational for around seven years.
826:
The Rise of Militarism in the Progressive Era, 1900-1914
959:
Video of 100-ton gun being fired at Fort Rinella, Malta
969:
photo of 100-ton gun automatic gas-check @ BBC website
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The first battery built for the guns in Gibraltar was
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Around 1870 the largest gun made by UK firms was the
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would have had no difficulty engaging Malta's guns.
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547:-class ships. This was a worrying problem because
941:, Vol. 15, No. 2, Whole No. 48, pp. 129–146.
206:bore: 362.9 inches (9.22 m) (20.5 calibres)
804:Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. Table XII, Page 337
607:Rinella gun, Malta, still on the original mount
518:. During firing trials on 5 March 1880, one of
499:, armed with 406 mm (16.0 in) guns,
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800:
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8:
913:, Volume II. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
619:, which was ready in 1886, and the other in
221:HE, AP, Shrapnel, 2,000 pounds (910 kg)
1600:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
921:, Storia militare magazine n.22, July 1995.
747:RML 17.72 in (45.0 cm), Gibraltar
735:RML 17.72 in (45.0 cm), Gibraltar
592:had been conducting sea trials since 1877.
1162:
1002:
988:
980:
93:
538:naval base to defend. The opening of the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
42:This article includes a list of general
774:
711:17.72 in (45.0 cm) projectile
701:
939:Journal of the United States Artillery
7:
929:Malta: A Guide to the Fortifications
271:1,548 feet per second (472 m/s)
872:The Journal of the Royal Artillery
293:) was a 17.72-inch (450 mm)
48:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1013:small arms & ordnance of the
486:of the time, the first being the
241:1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
752:
740:
728:
716:
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104:
33:
1595:Artillery of the United Kingdom
1071:Webley .455" Revolver Mk I – IV
764:Firing and loading video, model
1118:Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon
276:Maximum firing range
231:450-millimetre (17.72 in)
176:
1:
823:Roger Possner (1 July 2009).
337:16.3 inches (410 mm) of
908:Brassey, Sir Thomas (1882)
1636:
1446:BL 9.2-inch Mk IV & VI
1244:RML 7-pounder mountain gun
974:Animation of firing cycle
829:. McFarland. p. 218.
279:6,600 yards (6,000 m)
1378:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
1355:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun
1345:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun
1249:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
884:Schull (1901), pp. 144-5.
670:, and the second, called
210:
132:Place of origin
112:Napier of Magdala Battery
103:
1456:BL 12-inch Mk I, VI, VII
1411:BL 6-inch Mk III, IV, VI
1300:& garrison artillery
953:BRITISH SUPER-HEAVY GUNS
560:The British feared that
557:" ("Unredeemed Italy").
299:Elswick Ordnance Company
171:ÂŁ16,000 (ÂŁ176,000 today)
162:Elswick Ordnance Company
1401:QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt
1211:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt gun
1041:Beaumont–Adams revolver
63:more precise citations.
1373:BL 5-inch gun Mk I – V
1061:Kerr's Patent revolver
919:The British 100 t guns
689:The two surviving guns
608:
476:reunification of Italy
471:
373:
331:rifled, muzzle-loading
98:Armstrong 100-ton gun
1498:10-inch 18 cwt mortar
1493:13-inch 36 cwt mortar
1383:BL 9.45-inch howitzer
1350:RML 64-pounder 58 cwt
1335:RML 25-pounder 18 cwt
1307:4.1-inch 'Long Cecil'
1278:RML 6.6-inch howitzer
1273:RML 6.3-inch howitzer
1201:RML 16-pounder 12 cwt
1174:SBML 9 pounder 13 cwt
971:(accessed 2016-09-03)
781:Brassey 1882, Page 95
606:
466:
372:
295:rifled muzzle-loading
291:Armstrong 100-ton gun
1288:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
1226:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
1196:RML 13-pounder 8 cwt
1113:Pattern 1853 Enfield
874:. 126–127: 40. 1999.
512:and her sister-ship
403:automatic gas-checks
267:Muzzle velocity
1615:Naval guns of Italy
1502:8-inch 9 cwt mortar
1368:RML 8-inch howitzer
1216:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1206:BL 12-pounder 7 cwt
1191:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
1036:1897 infantry sword
723:Twin turret, Duilio
335:capable of piercing
303:Armstrong Whitworth
289:(also known as the
1340:RML 40-pounder gun
1320:SBML 8-inch 65 cwt
1283:BL 5-inch howitzer
1236:Mountain artillery
1108:Pattern 1851 Minié
856:The New York Times
609:
472:
374:
297:(RML) gun made by
153:Production history
18:RML 17.72 inch gun
1605:Coastal artillery
1580:
1579:
1562:0.45" Gatling gun
1479:
1478:
1393:Coastal artillery
1221:BL 15-pounder gun
917:Caruana, Joseph,
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664:Napier of Magdala
658:Gibraltar service
617:Cambridge Battery
307:William Armstrong
283:
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127:Coast defence gun
89:
88:
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16:(Redirected from
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1610:450 mm artillery
1540:Hales 24-pounder
1436:BL 8-inch Mk VII
1364:RML 6.6-inch gun
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1066:Tranter revolver
1056:Enfield revolver
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902:12 July 2012 at
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549:Francesco Crispi
530:British response
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110:"Rockbuster" at
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59:this article by
50:inline citations
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1316:SBML 24-pounder
1312:SBBL 32-pounder
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1265:heavy artillery
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1167:Field Artillery
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1123:Whitworth rifle
1103:Brunswick rifle
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327:320 mm RML
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145:In service
140:Service history
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55:Please help to
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859:. 21 May 1877.
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1567:Gardner gun
1510:War rockets
1466:RML 16-inch
1406:QF 4.7-inch
1148:Lee–Enfield
1143:Lee–Metford
1098:Baker rifle
638:During the
484:battleships
354:Description
305:, owned by
287:100-ton gun
179: built
114:, Gibraltar
61:introducing
1589:Categories
1531:24-pounder
1525:12-pounder
1441:RML 9-inch
1431:RML 8-inch
1426:RML 7-inch
1421:RBL 7-inch
1330:RBL 7-inch
1093:Brown Bess
1051:Webley RIC
891:References
540:Suez Canal
496:Inflexible
474:After the
397:Ammunition
344:Royal Navy
339:mild steel
44:references
1572:Maxim gun
1519:6-pounder
1261:, medium,
1259:Howitzers
1158:Artillery
770:Citations
668:Rosia Bay
315:Gibraltar
247:Elevation
148:1877-1906
124:Naval gun
91:Naval gun
1529:Congreve
1523:Congreve
1517:Congreve
1023:Sidearms
900:Archived
417:Palliser
257:Traverse
195:103 tons
158:Designer
1485:Mortars
1081:Muskets
964:YouTube
870:"TBD".
698:Gallery
679:Stanley
613:Stanley
566:Dandolo
515:Dandolo
501:Italian
454:Service
434:⁄
321:Origins
251:10° 30'
227:Calibre
57:improve
1085:rifles
833:
652:Goeben
646:Goeben
625:Duilio
590:Duilio
586:Duilio
578:Duilio
570:Duilio
562:Duilio
545:Duilio
520:Duilio
509:Duilio
489:Duilio
478:, the
469:Duilio
363:-class
237:Recoil
201:Barrel
46:, but
1534:Boxer
1298:Siege
666:, on
580:'
536:Malta
522:'
415:(AP)
311:Malta
217:Shell
1263:and
1083:and
931:and
831:ISBN
677:HMS
644:SMS
611:HMS
564:and
494:HMS
361:Iowa
313:and
285:The
261:150°
192:Mass
120:Type
962:on
177:No.
1591::
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