733:
128:
928:
952:
940:
573:
609:
402:
748:
390:
287:
777:
27:
970:
543:, a pellet (or slug) itself has no casing to be retained and will be entirely inserted into the chamber (often called "seating" or "loading" the pellet, rather than "chambering" it) before a mechanically pressurized gas is released behind the pellet and propels it forward, meaning that an air gun's chamber is functionally equivalent to the freebore portion of a firearm barrel.
237:
763:
845:
reacting vigorously with the fresh supply of ambient air upon escaping the barrel (secondary flash). The size of the flash depends on factors such as barrel length (shorter barrels have less time for complete combustion, hence more unburnt powder), the type (fast- vs. slow-burning) and amount of
709:
slightly and guides the bullet towards the area where the riflingless bore transitions into fully rifled bore. Together they form the throat region, where the riflings impactfully "bite" into the moving bullet during shooting. The throat is subjected to the greatest thermomechanical
798:
of the muzzle is crucial to accuracy, because it is the last point of contact between the barrel and the projectile. If inconsistent gaps exist between the muzzle and the projectile, escaping propellant gases may spread unevenly and deflect the projectile from its intended path (see
692:
When a firearm cartridge is chambered, its casing occupies the chamber but its bullet actually protrudes beyond the chamber into the posterior end of the bore. Even in a rifled bore, this short rear section is without rifling, and allows the bullet an initial "run-up" to build up
228:. This was because manufacturing defects such as air bubbles trapped in the metal were common at that time, and played key factors in many gun explosions; these defects made the barrel too weak to withstand the pressures of firing, causing it to fail and fragment explosively.
612:
Closeup of barrel throat area. The chamber is to the left, and the muzzle is to the right. The freebore (cyan) and leade (dark grey) transition into rifled bore (pale grey), and the comparison between freebore diameter vs. rifling groove and land
301:
Fluting is the removal of material from a cylindrical surface, usually creating rounded grooves, for the purpose of reducing weight. This is most often done to the exterior surface of a rifle barrel, though it may also be applied to the
818:, which also serves to modulate the even expansion of the propellant gases. The crown itself is often recessed from the outside rim of the muzzle to avoid accidental damage from collision with the surrounding environment.
831:
to shape the scatter pattern for better range and accuracy. Chokes are implemented as either interchangeable screw-in chokes for particular applications, or as fixed permanent chokes integral to the barrel.
349:
is a firearm barrel that has been shaved down to be thinner and an exterior sleeve slipped over and fused to it that improves rigidity, weight and cooling. Most common form of composite barrel are those with
625:
of the barrel, and takes up a vast majority portion of the barrel length. It is the part of the barrel where the projectile (bullet, shot, or slug) is located prior to firing and where it gains
814:
barrels, the contour of a muzzle is designed to keep the rifling safe from damage by intruding foreign objects, so the front ends of the rifling grooves are commonly protected behind a recessed
546:
In the context of firearms design, manufacturing and modification, the word "chambering" has a different meaning, and refers to fitting a weapon's chamber specifically to fire a particular
213:
provided a higher rate of fire, but early breechloaders lacked an effective way of sealing the escaping gases that leaked from the back end (breech) of the barrel, reducing the available
115:, so the pipe (often built from staves of metal) needed to be braced periodically along its length for structural reinforcement, producing an appearance somewhat reminiscent of storage
449:
and completely separate from the barrel, with a single cylinder having multiple chambers that are rotated in turns into alignment with the barrel in anticipation of being fired.
3151:
405:
Illustration of the various sections of a typical rifle chamber. The back end is to the left, and the front is to the right. Body (purple), shoulder (pink) and neck (green).
841:
is often seen at the muzzle. This flash is produced by both superheated propellant gases radiating energy during expansion (primary flash), and the incompletely combusted
3674:
3463:
3221:
186:, largely because of their ease of casting and their resistance to the corrosive effects of the combustion of gunpowder or salt water when used on naval vessels.
318:. Most flutings on rifle barrels and revolver cylinders are straight, though helical flutings can be seen on rifle bolts and occasionally also rifle barrels.
256:
is attained by the projectile as it is being pushed out. If the barrel material cannot cope with the pressure within the bore, the barrel itself might suffer
492:, generating high-pressure gas expansion within the cartridge case. However, the chamber (closed from behind by the bolt) restrains the cartridge case (or
3367:
272:
materials known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength.
337:
and make the barrel more efficient to cool after firing, though the reduced material mass also means the barrel will heat up easily during firing.
3611:
2677:
158:, which has a strong, naturally tubular stalk and is cheaper to obtain and process, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons such as
3668:
464:, the contour of which closely correspond to the casing shape of the cartridge it is designed to hold. The rear opening of the chamber is the
1258:
1231:
1204:
1177:
1150:
1123:
1096:
1067:
508:
in shotguns) to separate cleanly from the casing and be propelled forward along the barrel to exit out of the front (muzzle) end as a flying
3626:
3501:
174:, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings and then welded into a hollow cylinder.
1344:
3679:
3458:
3453:
1313:
825:
barrels firing multiple sub-projectiles (such as shotgun shot), the bore at the muzzle end might have a tapered constriction called
732:
3406:
3384:
2991:
1498:
1018:
127:
1924:
3599:
3540:
3418:
3389:
3341:
3171:
3126:
3013:
2801:
1626:
664:
machined into the bore wall. When shooting, a rifled bore imparts spin to the projectile about its longitudinal axis, which
321:
While the main purpose of fluting is just to reduce weight and improve portability, when adequately done it can retain the
3716:
3428:
2584:
3664:
3648:
3513:
3468:
1169:
American
Military Shoulder Arms, Volume III: Flintlock Alterations and Muzzleloading Percussion Shoulder Arms, 1840-1865
3721:
3684:
3643:
3582:
3394:
2208:
2062:
2054:
1817:
260:
and explode, which will not only destroy the gun but also present a life-threatening danger to people nearby. Modern
20:
3638:
3181:
2764:
1386:
1361:
876:
294:
951:
927:
3523:
3146:
2682:
1770:
804:
354:
sleeves, but there are proprietary examples such as the
Teludyne Tech Straitjacket. They are seldom used outside
3289:
3083:
2806:
2769:
2426:
473:
701:, and is usually cylindrical. The portion of the unrifled bore immediately front of the freebore, called the
3279:
3078:
2719:
2660:
2024:
2009:
1883:
1638:
1494:
939:
800:
727:
697:
before encountering riflings during shooting. The most posterior part of this unrifled section is called a
334:
3545:
3508:
3284:
2796:
2559:
2436:
2314:
2277:
1960:
1837:
1697:
1633:
1398:
1337:
737:
572:
973:
Production steps in the cold-hammer forging process to produce the barrels for a double-barrelled shotgun
3216:
3141:
3111:
2836:
2645:
2213:
1797:
1714:
1621:
322:
210:
3264:
3246:
3236:
2744:
2483:
2376:
2178:
2111:
1038:
515:
Chambering a gun is the process of loading a cartridge into the gun's chamber, either manually as in
418:
257:
3374:
3357:
3259:
3201:
2923:
2906:
2667:
2655:
2650:
2628:
2514:
2478:
2381:
2356:
2319:
2257:
2173:
1682:
680:
672:
638:
559:
446:
303:
3589:
3535:
3496:
3196:
3186:
2998:
2986:
2604:
2386:
2193:
2163:
1827:
1549:
711:
414:
384:
281:
241:
3306:
3301:
3254:
3191:
3176:
2971:
2774:
2739:
2594:
2554:
2502:
2334:
2233:
2228:
2218:
1974:
1898:
1868:
1832:
1822:
1780:
1614:
1365:
1330:
1309:
1254:
1248:
1227:
1221:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1119:
1092:
1063:
1008:
993:
846:
propellant (higher total amount means likely more unburnt residues) loaded in the cartridge.
669:
601:
520:
394:
330:
315:
132:
81:
1194:
1167:
1140:
1113:
1084:
3633:
3550:
3488:
3337:
3231:
3131:
3121:
3088:
3023:
2826:
2729:
2589:
2473:
2371:
2366:
2188:
2136:
1994:
1984:
1914:
1855:
1726:
1452:
1357:
1057:
857:
The rapid expansion of propellant gases at the muzzle during firing also produce a powerful
847:
827:
784:
770:
756:
634:
608:
477:
111:
was not advanced enough to cast tubes capable of withstanding the explosive forces of early
34:
of 1586 with its huge bore and a barrel exterior which is perceived like a stack of storage
401:
3621:
3616:
3423:
3413:
3296:
3274:
3003:
2789:
2734:
2724:
2458:
2267:
2141:
2126:
2106:
1919:
1787:
1704:
1687:
1650:
1587:
1577:
911:
842:
718:
the fastest. Throat erosion is often the main determining factor of a gun's barrel life.
653:
622:
469:
355:
311:
269:
253:
214:
61:
76:, through which a contained rapid expansion of high-pressure gas(es) is used to propel a
1322:
747:
389:
286:
3161:
2981:
2831:
2749:
2574:
2529:
2403:
2339:
2329:
2240:
2198:
2168:
2089:
1878:
1748:
1669:
1643:
1594:
978:
891:
630:
367:
776:
3710:
3362:
3206:
2821:
2779:
2451:
2411:
2391:
2351:
2299:
2287:
2272:
2146:
2131:
2004:
1941:
1929:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1721:
1692:
1604:
1524:
998:
903:
854:
can be attached to the muzzle of the weapon to either diminish or conceal the flash.
851:
501:
493:
194:
166:
cannon barrels, and used the technology to make the earliest infantry firearms — the
762:
26:
3568:
3560:
3440:
3379:
3349:
3329:
3136:
2961:
2811:
2569:
2564:
2539:
2534:
2519:
2446:
2361:
2309:
2294:
2262:
2151:
1946:
1893:
1792:
1733:
1709:
1487:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1003:
887:
883:
863:
837:
780:
536:
528:
505:
441:
the rear bore of a barrel blank, with a single chamber within a single barrel. In
351:
265:
206:
171:
147:
1274:
886:
wave that can cause damage to nearby fragile objects. Accessory devices such as
221:
were invented that sealed a breechloader against the escape of propellant gases.
205:
loaded from the front end (muzzle) of the barrel, and were capable of only a low
3577:
3572:
3269:
3116:
3056:
2928:
2911:
2784:
2759:
2672:
2609:
2579:
2549:
2524:
2488:
2463:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2304:
2282:
2116:
2084:
1989:
1888:
1809:
1529:
1043:
1013:
899:
822:
532:
524:
516:
430:
291:
218:
167:
101:
31:
3478:
3473:
3445:
3333:
3226:
3166:
3156:
3039:
2966:
2938:
2866:
2704:
2640:
2468:
2324:
2183:
2158:
2121:
1655:
1599:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1403:
983:
969:
907:
880:
685:
676:
665:
581:
509:
489:
485:
481:
261:
249:
202:
159:
108:
77:
54:
879:
to the shooter and bystanders. The non-audible component of the blast is an
3073:
3068:
3051:
2976:
2933:
2754:
2709:
2544:
2344:
2250:
2245:
2223:
2079:
1999:
1934:
1873:
1572:
1504:
1462:
858:
795:
741:
326:
236:
198:
163:
151:
794:
is the front end of a barrel from which the projectile will exit. Precise
3530:
3518:
3061:
2945:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2862:
2614:
2599:
2203:
2094:
1758:
1609:
1567:
1519:
1472:
694:
649:
567:
442:
307:
183:
89:
69:
3401:
3093:
3008:
2916:
2896:
2874:
2843:
2714:
2441:
2101:
1851:
1775:
1559:
1514:
1509:
1477:
1432:
1381:
1353:
988:
872:
811:
807:
on the outside to allow the attachment of different accessory devices.
767:
752:
590:
563:
547:
540:
438:
437:), the chamber is an integral part of the barrel, often made by simply
426:
248:
A gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the
225:
190:
93:
84:) at a high velocity. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the
65:
57:
706:
3211:
3103:
3018:
2816:
1582:
1482:
1413:
895:
657:
645:
497:
434:
175:
155:
116:
112:
97:
50:
35:
1115:
Concise
History of Science & Invention: An Illustrated Time Line
2034:
2029:
2014:
1969:
1665:
968:
775:
761:
746:
731:
626:
607:
571:
422:
400:
388:
285:
235:
179:
143:
126:
73:
25:
871:, is the loud "bang" sound of gunfire that can easily exceed 140
16:
Firearm component which guides the projectile during acceleration
1142:
The ABCs Of
Reloading: The Definitive Guide for Novice to Expert
715:
3327:
2860:
2051:
1430:
1326:
2019:
1979:
1408:
1393:
468:
of the whole barrel, which is sealed tight from behind by the
421:
is inserted in position ready to be fired. In most firearms (
136:
46:
894:
can be used to redirect muzzle blast in order to counter the
1308:(Revised 3rd ed.). Paducah, Kentucky: Collector Books.
910:(and even muzzle shrouds) can be used to reduce the blast
209:
due to the cumbersome loading process. The later-invented
1089:
The Arming and
Fitting of English Ships of War, 1600-1815
1304:
Quertermous, Russell C.; Quertermous, Steven C. (1981).
867:. The audible component of this blast, also known as a
633:
during the firing process. The projectile's status of
142:
Gun barrels are usually made of some type of metal or
683:). Any gun without riflings in the bore is called a
637:
while travelling down the bore is referred to as its
1145:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p. 21.
3657:
3598:
3559:
3487:
3439:
3348:
3245:
3102:
3038:
2954:
2873:
2697:
2627:
2501:
2402:
2061:
1959:
1907:
1850:
1808:
1664:
1558:
835:During firing, a bright flash of light known as a
119:being stacked together, hence the English name.
3649:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
1196:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact
224:Early cannon barrels were very thick for their
1338:
8:
366:A barrel can be fixed to the receiver using
162:. The Chinese were also the first to master
107:The first firearms were made at a time when
131:A female worker boring out the barrel of a
3604:
3324:
3044:
2879:
2857:
2633:
2507:
2067:
2048:
1861:
1675:
1427:
1374:
1345:
1331:
1323:
1286:
1284:
452:Structurally, the chamber consists of the
445:, the chamber is a component of the gun's
72:tube, usually made of rigid high-strength
1091:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 88–90.
679:after its exit from the barrel (i.e. the
1290:Quertermous & Quertermous, p. 429 f.
496:for shotguns) from moving, allowing the
1030:
1253:. Naval Institute Press. p. 263.
1166:Moller, George D. (15 November 2011).
738:Rheinmetall 120 mm smoothbore tank gun
594:A = land diameter, B = groove diameter
217:. During the 19th century, effective
1275:"Method of manufacturing gun barrels"
755:rifle, equipped with a birdcage-type
476:during firing. When the cartridge's
7:
519:, or via operating the weapon's own
1118:. National Geographic. p. 92.
413:is the cavity at the back end of a
393:A cartridge being chambered into a
170:. Early European guns were made of
1250:Principles of Naval Weapon Systems
1139:James, Rodney (15 December 2010).
1062:. Lerner Publications. p. 8.
333:. Fluting will also increase the
14:
472:, making the front direction the
1019:Tubes and primers for ammunition
950:
938:
926:
1223:50 Weapons That Changed Warfare
356:sports and competition shooting
150:, Chinese inventors discovered
660:) have helical grooves called
1:
3514:Firearms by country
3429:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1226:. Career Press. p. 131.
1172:. UNM Press. pp. 98–99.
644:Most modern firearms (except
740:(seen from the muzzle) of a
668:stabilizes the projectile's
656:) and air guns (except some
539:actions. In the case of an
3685:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
3583:Campaign Against Arms Trade
803:). The muzzle can also be
146:. However, during the late
21:Gun barrel (disambiguation)
3740:
3639:High-capacity magazine ban
2765:Mean time between failures
914:felt by nearby personnel.
725:
557:
382:
279:
92:of the bore is called its
18:
3607:
3368:Household ownership rates
3323:
3047:
2882:
2856:
2636:
2510:
2070:
2047:
1864:
1678:
1439:
1426:
1377:
1373:
783:modulated by an A2-style
329:and increase the overall
1247:Payne, Craig M. (2006).
1199:. ABC-CLIO. p. 77.
1112:Goddard, Jolyon (2010).
474:path of least resistance
3669:by U.S. state
3079:Overpressure ammunition
3014:Improved Military Rifle
2720:Circular error probable
1639:Personal defence weapon
801:transitional ballistics
728:Transitional ballistics
621:is the hollow internal
550:or model of cartridge.
335:surface-to-volume ratio
252:to ensure that optimum
3363:Civilian gun ownership
2892:Firing (Shooting)
1220:Weir, William (2005).
1083:Lavery, Brian (1987).
1059:The History of Weapons
1056:Judith Herbst (2005).
974:
787:
773:
759:
744:
714:and therefore suffers
614:
605:
406:
398:
298:
245:
211:breech-loading designs
139:
96:, usually measured in
80:out of the front end (
68:. It is the straight
38:
2837:Handgun effectiveness
2770:Minute of Angle (MOA)
2646:Ballistic coefficient
1622:Semi-automatic pistol
1193:Kinard, Jeff (2007).
972:
779:
765:
750:
735:
611:
575:
404:
392:
289:
239:
130:
45:is a crucial part of
29:
3717:Artillery components
3454:in the United States
3112:Armour piercing
2673:Rangefinding/keeping
2585:Push/Controlled feed
2377:Synchronization gear
2112:Blank-firing adapter
1963: or famous
1039:A History of Warfare
875:and cause permanent
591:Conventional rifling
417:'s barrel where the
264:barrels are made of
258:catastrophic failure
19:For other uses, see
3546:Privately made
3509:Firearm brands
3395:State firearms
3375:Exhibition shooting
3358:Celebratory gunfire
3217:Plastic tipped
3147:High explosive
2668:Physics of firearms
1085:"The Shape of Guns"
843:propellant residues
681:external ballistics
639:internal ballistics
560:Internal ballistics
323:structural strength
3722:Firearm components
3644:Right to bear arms
3590:Featureless rifles
3536:Improvised firearm
3497:3D printed firearm
3385:United States
3280:Fully powered
3187:Total metal jacket
2827:Stock measurements
1550:Underwater firearm
1446: versus
975:
788:
774:
760:
745:
615:
606:
415:breech-loading gun
407:
399:
385:Chamber (firearms)
299:
297:with fluted barrel
282:Fluting (firearms)
246:
140:
39:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3658:United States Gun
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3202:Hollow point
3127:Full metal jacket
3034:
3033:
2992:Tubes and Primers
2852:
2851:
2802:Power factor
2740:Gun harmonisation
2693:
2692:
2623:
2622:
2497:
2496:
2479:Night vision
2043:
2042:
1955:
1954:
1869:Automatic shotgun
1846:
1845:
1433:Types of firearms
1422:
1421:
1260:978-1-59114-658-2
1233:978-1-56414-756-1
1206:978-1-85109-556-8
1179:978-0-8263-5002-2
1152:978-1-4402-1787-6
1125:978-1-4262-0544-6
1098:978-0-87021-009-9
1069:978-0-8225-3805-9
1009:Polygonal rifling
994:Caplock mechanism
920:Barrel components
902:or to assist the
848:Flash suppressors
766:Various types of
648:, shotguns, most
602:Polygonal rifling
480:is struck by the
395:Springfield M1903
341:Composite barrels
331:specific strength
316:bolt-action rifle
182:were favoured by
133:Lee-Enfield rifle
3729:
3605:
3551:Small arms trade
3489:Firearm industry
3340:, and
3325:
3197:Hollow base
3045:
3024:Smokeless powder
2880:
2858:
2807:Precision-guided
2634:
2508:
2315:Rail system
2189:Flash suppressor
2068:
2049:
1995:Winchester rifle
1985:Antique firearms
1915:20-gauge shotgun
1862:
1676:
1428:
1375:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1035:
954:
942:
930:
906:of the gun, and
785:flash suppressor
757:flash suppressor
736:The inside of a
654:artillery pieces
599:
588:
579:
347:composite barrel
240:The barrel of a
62:artillery pieces
3739:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3653:
3622:Concealed carry
3617:Assault weapons
3612:Air travel
3594:
3571: and
3555:
3483:
3443:
3435:
3424:Shooting sports
3414:Pistol duelling
3344:
3311:
3275:Rifle cartridge
3241:
3182:Supercavitating
3177:Soft point
3098:
3030:
3004:Ball propellant
2950:
2869:
2848:
2844:Twist rate
2735:Gun chronograph
2725:Effective range
2689:
2619:
2590:Recoil-operated
2493:
2398:
2057:
2039:
2025:Colt Peacemaker
1951:
1925:Dragon's breath
1920:Breaching round
1903:
1884:Double-barreled
1842:
1818:General purpose
1804:
1660:
1554:
1495:Multiple-barrel
1435:
1418:
1369:
1351:
1316:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:, Vintage 1993.
1036:
1032:
1027:
967:
962:
961:
960:
959:
958:
955:
947:
946:
943:
935:
934:
931:
922:
921:
912:noise intensity
892:muzzle boosters
730:
724:
604:
597:
595:
593:
586:
584:
577:
570:
556:
488:is ignited and
387:
381:
376:
364:
343:
284:
278:
270:stainless steel
254:muzzle velocity
242:240 mm howitzer
234:
215:muzzle velocity
125:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Assassinations
3456:
3450:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Percussion cap
2979:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2832:Stopping power
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Length of pull
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Out-of-battery
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Forward assist
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Cocking handle
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2053:Mechanics and
2052:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Combat shotgun
1876:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:Submachine gun
1641:
1634:Pistol caliber
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Bore evacuator
966:
963:
956:
949:
948:
944:
937:
936:
932:
925:
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
916:
852:muzzle shrouds
723:
720:
666:gyroscopically
631:kinetic energy
596:
585:
576:
555:
552:
517:single loading
383:Main article:
380:
377:
375:
372:
368:action threads
363:
360:
342:
339:
280:Main article:
277:
274:
244:in use in 1944
233:
230:
124:
121:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Most-produced
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Muzzleloading
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Breechloading
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Muzzle shroud
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:Stripper clip
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:High-capacity
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Mauser rifles
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:Shotgun shell
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Anti-materiel
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
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1538:
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1528:
1526:
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1496:
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1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
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1438:
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1407:
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1400:
1397:
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1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1315:0-89145-146-3
1311:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
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1281:
1276:
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1256:
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1235:
1229:
1225:
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1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
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1197:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
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1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
971:
964:
953:
941:
929:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:gas operation
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:muzzle brakes
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:muzzle report
866:
865:
860:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
839:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
793:
786:
782:
778:
772:
769:
764:
758:
754:
749:
743:
739:
734:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
690:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
603:
592:
583:
574:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
396:
391:
386:
378:
373:
371:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
296:
293:
288:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
238:
231:
229:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:and then the
200:
196:
195:muzzleloaders
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
134:
129:
122:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
3703:
3561:Arms control
3441:Gun violence
3408:Jungle style
3407:
3380:Gun cultures
3285:Intermediate
2962:Fire forming
2812:Rate of fire
2683:Stadiametric
2661:Transitional
2605:Self-loading
2560:Gas-operated
2520:Blow-forward
2452:Red dot
2362:Squeeze bore
2310:Pistol slide
2295:Muzzle brake
2263:Bottom metal
2074:
1810:Machine guns
1468:Line thrower
1448:muzzleloader
1444:Breechloader
1305:
1298:Bibliography
1269:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1088:
1078:
1058:
1051:
1044:Keegan, John
1037:
1033:
1004:Muzzleloader
884:overpressure
877:hearing loss
868:
864:muzzle blast
862:
856:
838:muzzle flash
836:
834:
826:
820:
815:
809:
791:
789:
781:Muzzle blast
751:Muzzle of a
705:, starts to
702:
698:
691:
684:
661:
643:
618:
616:
545:
537:self-loading
529:lever action
514:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:
431:machine guns
410:
408:
365:
352:carbon fiber
346:
344:
320:
300:
266:carbon steel
247:
232:Construction
223:
219:breechblocks
207:rate of fire
188:
172:wrought iron
168:hand cannons
148:Tang dynasty
141:
106:
85:
42:
40:
3675:Legislation
3627:in the U.S.
3578:Disarmament
3573:Gun control
3270:Handloading
3057:Dummy round
2929:Cooking off
2924:Malfunction
2912:Field strip
2907:Maintenance
2797:Penetration
2760:Match grade
2678:Mathematics
2610:Single-shot
2550:Closed bolt
2464:Scope mount
2427:Holographic
2417:Finderscope
2305:Pistol grip
2283:Speedloader
2137:Telescoping
2117:Breechblock
1990:Gatling gun
1889:Pump action
1530:Single-shot
1453:Combination
1306:Modern Guns
1014:Slug barrel
908:suppressors
900:muzzle rise
861:known as a
823:smooth bore
742:Leopard 2A4
652:, and some
533:bolt action
525:pump action
490:deflagrates
370:or rivets.
292:German Army
250:propellants
197:, with the
160:fire lances
154:, and used
144:metal alloy
102:millimetres
32:Tsar Cannon
3711:Categories
3479:Gun safety
3474:Gunfighter
3265:Centrefire
3247:Cartridges
3227:Snake shot
3167:Round shot
3157:Projectile
3142:Incendiary
3040:Ammunition
2999:Propellant
2967:Obturation
2939:Squib load
2867:ammunition
2705:Accurizing
2641:Ballistics
2555:Electronic
2474:Telescopic
2325:Recoil pad
2184:Firing pin
2159:Bump stock
2122:Breechface
2063:Components
2055:components
1908:Ammunition
1656:Wallet gun
1600:Pepper-box
1545:Spring-gun
1540:Smoothbore
1535:Sleeve gun
1025:References
999:Minié ball
984:Bore snake
881:infrasonic
726:See also:
686:smoothbore
677:trajectory
582:Smoothbore
558:See also:
510:projectile
486:propellant
482:firing pin
374:Components
262:small arms
109:metallurgy
88:, and the
78:projectile
43:gun barrel
3519:Gun shops
3469:Forensics
3444:and
3390:Gun shows
3132:Frangible
3122:Expanding
3074:Gas check
3069:Flechette
3052:Cannelure
2977:Gunpowder
2934:Hang fire
2902:Firefight
2755:Lock time
2745:Headspace
2710:Bore axis
2595:Repeating
2545:Open bolt
2459:Magnifier
2345:Auto sear
2251:Wheellock
2246:Flintlock
2224:Half-cock
2179:Extractor
2080:Feed ramp
2010:Tommy Gun
2000:M1 Garand
1935:.410 bore
1899:Sawed-off
1874:Coach gun
1788:Repeating
1781:Polygonal
1705:Automatic
1688:Anti-tank
1573:Derringer
1463:Flare gun
898:-induced
859:shockwave
796:machining
650:tank guns
613:diameter.
443:revolvers
419:cartridge
199:gunpowder
184:gunsmiths
164:cast-iron
152:gunpowder
3680:Politics
3600:Gun laws
3531:Gunsmith
3419:Politics
3338:industry
3260:Caseless
3062:Snap cap
2955:Ignition
2946:Ricochet
2887:Dry fire
2863:Shooting
2790:Velocity
2656:Terminal
2651:External
2615:Slamfire
2600:Revolver
2515:Blowback
2382:Tapering
2357:Silencer
2320:Receiver
2258:Magazine
2214:Foregrip
2204:Freebore
2174:Cylinder
2132:Rotating
2095:Trunnion
1961:Historic
1852:Shotguns
1771:Marksman
1749:Elephant
1651:Starting
1610:Revolver
1578:Duelling
1568:Cane gun
1560:Handguns
1520:Riot gun
1488:Takedown
1473:Long gun
1458:Elephant
1362:glossary
1354:Firearms
965:See also
873:decibels
805:threaded
699:freebore
695:momentum
673:attitude
662:riflings
568:Freebore
458:shoulder
447:cylinder
427:shotguns
362:Mounting
327:rigidity
308:revolver
304:cylinder
191:firearms
90:diameter
70:shooting
66:air guns
58:firearms
53:such as
3667: (
3634:License
3402:Hunting
3350:Society
3330:Society
3307:Wildcat
3302:Pinfire
3232:Spitzer
3162:Raufoss
3104:Bullets
3094:Wadding
3009:Cordite
2987:Rimfire
2917:Fouling
2897:Gunshot
2875:Gunshot
2715:Caliber
2698:Metrics
2629:Physics
2530:Boxlock
2503:Actions
2489:Zeroing
2484:Thermal
2442:Reticle
2412:Diopter
2387:Trigger
2234:Striker
2209:Forearm
2194:Fluting
2164:Chamber
2152:Tilting
2142:Flapper
2102:Bayonet
2090:Threads
1854: (
1776:Rifling
1764:Varmint
1754:Express
1744:Buffalo
1739:Hunting
1722:Carbine
1693:Assault
1668: (
1595:Machine
1515:Pen gun
1510:Net gun
1505:Needler
1497: (
1478:Carbine
1399:History
1382:Firearm
1356: (
989:Cap gun
933:Chamber
768:shotgun
753:SIG 550
658:BB guns
646:muskets
564:Rifling
548:caliber
541:air gun
439:reaming
435:pistols
411:chamber
379:Chamber
310:or the
276:Fluting
226:caliber
135:during
123:History
117:barrels
113:cannons
94:caliber
51:weapons
36:barrels
3464:Deaths
3446:safety
3334:safety
3212:Meplat
3192:Tracer
3019:Ramrod
2972:Primer
2817:Recoil
2780:Energy
2775:Muzzle
2447:Reflex
2404:Sights
2352:Shroud
2335:Safety
2229:Linear
2219:Hammer
2147:Roller
2075:Barrel
1828:Medium
1793:Sniper
1734:Double
1710:Battle
1666:Rifles
1605:Pocket
1583:Pistol
1525:Rotary
1483:Musket
1414:Weapon
1404:Safety
1366:topics
1364:, and
1312:
1257:
1230:
1203:
1176:
1149:
1122:
1095:
1066:
957:Muzzle
896:recoil
812:rifled
792:muzzle
771:chokes
722:Muzzle
712:stress
670:flight
635:motion
600:
598:
589:
587:
580:
578:
566:, and
523:as in
521:action
498:bullet
484:, the
478:primer
466:breech
423:rifles
189:Early
176:Bronze
156:bamboo
98:inches
82:muzzle
64:, and
49:-type
3297:Paper
3255:Blank
3222:ABCBC
3207:Minié
3152:HEIAP
3137:Green
3089:Sabot
2822:Group
2730:Gauge
2565:Lever
2540:Break
2437:Laser
2422:Globe
2392:guard
2372:Stock
2367:Choke
2035:Glock
2030:M1911
2015:MP 40
1975:AR-15
1970:AK-47
1833:Heavy
1823:Light
1387:lists
828:choke
816:crown
707:taper
703:leade
689:gun.
627:speed
623:lumen
494:shell
314:of a
306:of a
193:were
180:brass
74:metal
55:small
3665:Laws
3569:Arms
3524:list
3502:list
3342:laws
3290:list
3172:SLAP
3117:Cast
2865:and
2785:Rise
2580:Pump
2525:Bolt
2469:Tang
2432:Iron
2340:Sear
2273:Drum
2268:Clip
2241:Lock
2127:Bolt
2107:Belt
2085:Slug
1947:Slug
1942:Shot
1894:Riot
1856:list
1798:list
1759:Punt
1727:list
1715:list
1698:list
1670:list
1627:list
1615:list
1588:list
1499:list
1358:list
1310:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1064:ISBN
945:Bore
890:and
790:The
716:wear
675:and
629:and
619:bore
617:The
554:Bore
506:slug
502:shot
500:(or
470:bolt
462:neck
460:and
454:body
433:and
409:The
325:and
312:bolt
203:shot
178:and
86:bore
30:The
3237:VLD
3084:PCA
2330:Rim
2020:Uzi
1980:M16
1838:SAW
1409:War
1394:Gun
850:or
821:In
810:In
535:or
295:G22
268:or
137:WWI
100:or
47:gun
3713::
3336:,
3332:,
1360:,
1283:^
1087:.
1042:–
641:.
562:,
531:,
527:,
512:.
456:,
429:,
425:,
358:.
345:A
290:A
104:.
60:,
41:A
3671:)
1858:)
1672:)
1501:)
1368:)
1346:e
1339:t
1332:v
1318:.
1277:.
1263:.
1236:.
1209:.
1182:.
1155:.
1128:.
1101:.
1072:.
504:/
397:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
