38:
6908:
182:
430:
547:
767:
form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there
707:
The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA
140:
studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions,
1240:. A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. A recent small study of post-mortem brain tissue demonstrated altered expression of long non-coding RNAs in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of autistic brains as compared to controls.
1203:
tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other
306:
Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are
1207:
Another example of non-coding RNA dysregulated in cancer cells is the long non-coding RNA Linc00707. Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, in hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer or breast cancer, and thus promotes osteogenesis,
328:
240:
and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence. Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA, the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications. The cloverleaf
624:
regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementarity to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in
1224:. Prader–Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.
768:
is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are
1204:
diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as
Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer. Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by non-coding RNA.
4970:
Xie M, Ma T, Xue J, Ma H, Sun M, Zhang Z, et al. (February 2019). "The long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 707 promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by interacting with mRNA stabilizing protein HuR".
1138:. The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes, the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication, telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends
980:, are RNAs that have two distinct functions. The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are mRNAs that encode both a protein and ncRNAs. However, a growing number of ncRNAs fall into two different ncRNA categories; e.g.,
1295:. BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of
4328:
Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prospéri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G (February 2002). "Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas".
5359:
Bolton PF, Veltman MW, Weisblatt E, Holmes JR, Thomas NS, Youings SA, et al. (September 2004). "Chromosome 15q11-13 abnormalities and other medical conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders".
5742:
Mencía A, Modamio-Høybjør S, Redshaw N, Morín M, Mayo-Merino F, Olavarrieta L, et al. (May 2009). "Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss".
393:, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP. RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called
5267:
Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (June 2005). "Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader-Willi syndrome mouse models".
1570:
Thind AS, Monga I, Thakur PK, Kumari P, Dindhoria K, Krzak M, et al. (November 2021). "Demystifying emerging bulk RNA-Seq applications: the application and utility of bioinformatic methodology".
2448:
Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, McPherson A, Sneden D, Kim JJ, et al. (January 1973). "Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain".
4589:
Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, et al. (February 2005). "Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs".
1372:
1208:
contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.
6384:
Housman G, Ulitsky I (January 2016). "Methods for distinguishing between protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs and the elusive biological purpose of translation of long noncoding RNAs".
3670:
Zhang J, King ML (December 1996). "Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning".
945:, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In
4085:"The micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) miR-206 targets the human estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and represses ERalpha messenger RNA and protein expression in breast cancer cell lines"
1395:. This eliminates the ambiguity when addressing a gene "encoding a non-coding" RNA. Besides, there may be a number of ncRNAs that are misannoted in published literature and datasets.
876:. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.
2236:
Zachau HG, Dütting D, Feldmann H, Melchers F, Karau W (1966). "Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids. XIV. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and secondary structure models".
4364:
Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S (March 2006). "Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1".
1383:
are nearly synonymous, however others have pointed out that a large proportion of annotated ncRNAs likely have no function. It also has been suggested to simply use the term
3309:
Hirota K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (November 2008). "Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding RNAs".
704:
represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in
Escherichia coli.
3844:
Candeias MM, Malbert-Colas L, Powell DJ, Daskalogianni C, Maslon MM, Naski N, et al. (September 2008). "P53 mRNA controls p53 activity by managing Mdm2 functions".
4538:
Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, et al. (December 2005). "The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution".
4889:
Tu J, Zhao Z, Xu M, Chen M, Weng Q, Wang J, Ji J (July 2019). "LINC00707 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression via sponging miR-206 to increase CDK14".
3174:
Lerner MR, Boyle JA, Hardin JA, Steitz JA (January 1981). "Two novel classes of small ribonucleoproteins detected by antibodies associated with lupus erythematosus".
1299:, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.
504:
Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts; these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs:
1256:, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among
1458:
Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, et al. (May 2005). "Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution".
1363:) from ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. This implies that fRNA (such as riboswitches,
5065:
Yuan RX, Bao D, Zhang Y (May 2020). "Linc00707 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via the miR-30c/CTHRC1 regulatory loop in breast cancer".
1344:
295:
4840:"Long noncoding RNA LINC00707 sponges miR-370-3p to promote osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through upregulating WNT2B"
3266:
Espinoza CA, Allen TA, Hieb AR, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA (September 2004). "B2 RNA binds directly to RNA polymerase II to repress transcript synthesis".
381:
is restricted to eukaryotes. Both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and
1183:. Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs
337:. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow. The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.
6503:
3360:
Park Y, Kelley RL, Oh H, Kuroda MI, Meller VH (November 2002). "Extent of chromatin spreading determined by roX RNA recruitment of MSL proteins".
2769:
Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA (August 2000). "The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution".
791:
2546:
5654:"Variability of clinical and laboratory features among patients with ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease gene mutations"
461:
or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are
1670:
1434:
288:
3715:"Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes"
2739:
2577:"Computational Identification of piRNAs Using Features Based on RNA Sequence, Structure, Thermodynamic and Physicochemical Properties"
6589:
4036:"Temporal regulation of microRNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hormonal signals and broad-Complex gene activity"
1927:
1176:
255:
was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with
2100:
Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, et al. (March 1965). "Structure of a
Ribonucleic Acid".
6876:
3413:"A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide"
1184:
1157:
1153:
3797:"Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants"
999:. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist (e.g., steroid receptor activator/SRA, VegT RNA, Oskar RNA,
6881:
736:
626:
5695:"Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase"
5016:"MicroRNA-876 is sponged by long noncoding RNA LINC00707 and directly targets metadherin to inhibit breast cancer malignancy"
1168:
732:
1253:
6778:
6664:
1180:
498:
494:
386:
1233:
1217:
1161:
805:
711:
A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression.
581:
520:
150:
6942:
6891:
6886:
6871:
6496:
6422:
5933:
Yarham JW, Elson JL, Blakely EL, McFarland R, Taylor RW (September 2010). "Mitochondrial tRNA mutations and disease".
1127:
950:
649:
394:
4683:"Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia"
1052:
Non-coding RNAs are crucial in the development of several endocrine organs, as well as in endocrine diseases such as
1037:
can promote the expression of certain miRNAs. Furthermore, this regulation occurs at distinct temporal points within
573:
3623:"Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer"
1221:
1188:
962:
908:
720:
509:
6337:"Non-coding RNA fragments account for the majority of annotated piRNAs expressed in somatic non-gonadal tissues"
723:. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed.
1199:
mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs. The
781:
505:
2977:"Structural insights into RNA quality control: the Ro autoantigen binds misfolded RNAs via its central cavity"
1023:
There is an important link between certain non-coding RNAs and the control of hormone-regulated pathways. In
512:. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.
6932:
1510:
777:
769:
554:
protein (white) binds the end of a double-stranded Y RNA (red) and a single stranded RNA (blue). (PDB: 1YVP
221:
6911:
6604:
6489:
5554:"Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia"
5403:
Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). "Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions".
5110:"Prader-Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster"
2786:
2192:
1662:
1515:"Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project"
1414:
1292:
1060:
increased global transcription of the noncoding RNAs called lncRNAs near estrogen-activated coding genes.
813:
764:
342:
171:
62:
6457:
6286:"Many lncRNAs, 5'UTRs, and pseudogenes are translated and some are likely to express functional proteins"
6788:
6632:
5456:"Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism"
4238:
2726:
Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (October 1999). "Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block".
2154:
1265:
904:
787:
773:
760:
398:
246:
3938:"Dual-function Spot 42 RNA encodes a 15-amino acid protein that regulates the CRP transcription factor"
6125:
Pedersen JS, Bejerano G, Siepel A, Rosenbloom K, Lindblad-Toh K, Lander ES, et al. (April 2006).
2554:
802:. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.
353:
are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60%
6823:
6806:
6637:
6138:
5412:
5221:
4694:
4598:
4547:
4276:
4194:
3949:
3483:
3424:
3369:
3318:
3183:
2884:
2778:
2684:
2633:
2457:
2402:
2343:
2284:
2197:
2184:
2109:
2036:
1526:
1467:
903:. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a
828:
516:
365:. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs,
316:
163:
2175:
Madison JT, Everett GA, Kung H (July 1966). "Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA".
1605:
Washietl S, Pedersen JS, Korbel JO, Stocsits C, Gruber AR, Hackermüller J, et al. (June 2007).
6818:
6801:
6659:
6542:
5310:
Bazeley PS, Shepelev V, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Fedorova L, Filatov V, Fedorov A (January 2008).
3078:"Dynamic interaction of Y RNAs with chromatin and initiation proteins during human DNA replication"
2791:
1102:, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.
1081:
742:
653:
433:
Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.
276:
242:
28:
5208:
Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (March 2008). Akbarian S (ed.).
6712:
6707:
6582:
6007:
5958:
5768:
5593:
5552:
Ridanpää M, van
Eenennaam H, Pelin K, Chadwick R, Johnson C, Yuan B, et al. (January 2001).
5436:
5385:
5292:
5090:
4996:
4952:
4944:
4914:
4820:
4622:
4571:
4310:
4065:
3869:
3695:
3393:
3342:
3291:
3156:
2910:
2751:
2708:
2657:
2527:
2481:
2218:
2133:
2052:
1974:
1491:
1312:
1269:
1119:
1093:
1077:
954:
690:
641:
159:
118:
6469:— a curated source of data related to over non-coding RNA databases available over the internet
4642:"A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia"
3580:
Ender C, Krek A, Friedländer MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, et al. (November 2008).
1172:
5312:"snoTARGET shows that human orphan snoRNA targets locate close to alternative splice junctions"
3754:
Jenny A, Hachet O, Závorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, et al. (August 2006).
319:, and their current roles remain mostly in regulation of information flow from DNA to protein.
6796:
6758:
6751:
6702:
6654:
6401:
6366:
6317:
6266:
6217:
6166:
6107:
6058:
5999:
5950:
5915:
5866:
5817:
5760:
5724:
5675:
5634:
5585:
5534:
5485:
5428:
5377:
5341:
5284:
5249:
5190:
5157:
Skryabin BV, Gubar LV, Seeger B, Pfeiffer J, Handel S, Robeck T, et al. (December 2007).
5139:
5082:
5047:
4988:
4933:
4906:
4871:
4812:
4771:
4722:
4663:
4640:
Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, et al. (October 2005).
4614:
4563:
4520:
4471:
4422:
4381:
4346:
4302:
4220:
4163:
4106:
4057:
4016:
3977:
3918:
3861:
3826:
3777:
3736:
3687:
3652:
3603:
3562:
3511:
3452:
3385:
3334:
3283:
3248:
3199:
3148:
3107:
3058:
3006:
2957:
2949:
2902:
2853:
2804:
2743:
2700:
2649:
2606:
2519:
2473:
2430:
2371:
2312:
2253:
2210:
2125:
2079:
2009:
1966:
1923:
1900:
1846:
1808:
1773:
1722:
1666:
1636:
1587:
1552:
1483:
1404:
1053:
846:
proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of
817:
712:
675:
672:
346:
110:
42:
6127:"Identification and classification of conserved RNA secondary structures in the human genome"
5693:
Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, et al. (July 2008).
5159:"Deletion of the MBII-85 snoRNA gene cluster in mice results in postnatal growth retardation"
6622:
6461:
6393:
6356:
6348:
6307:
6297:
6256:
6248:
6207:
6197:
6156:
6146:
6097:
6089:
6048:
6038:
5989:
5942:
5905:
5897:
5856:
5848:
5807:
5799:
5752:
5714:
5706:
5665:
5652:
Kavadas FD, Giliani S, Gu Y, Mazzolari E, Bates A, Pegoiani E, et al. (December 2008).
5624:
5575:
5565:
5524:
5516:
5475:
5467:
5420:
5369:
5331:
5323:
5276:
5239:
5229:
5180:
5170:
5129:
5121:
5108:
Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, et al. (June 2008).
5074:
5037:
5027:
4980:
4925:
4898:
4861:
4851:
4802:
4761:
4753:
4712:
4702:
4653:
4606:
4555:
4510:
4502:
4461:
4453:
4412:
4373:
4338:
4292:
4284:
4210:
4202:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4096:
4047:
4008:
3967:
3957:
3908:
3900:
3853:
3816:
3808:
3767:
3726:
3679:
3642:
3634:
3593:
3552:
3542:
3501:
3491:
3442:
3432:
3377:
3326:
3275:
3238:
3230:
3191:
3138:
3097:
3089:
3048:
3040:
2996:
2988:
2941:
2892:
2843:
2835:
2796:
2735:
2692:
2641:
2596:
2588:
2511:
2465:
2420:
2410:
2361:
2351:
2302:
2292:
2245:
2202:
2117:
2044:
2001:
1956:
1890:
1880:
1838:
1829:
Brosius J (May 2005). "Waste not, want not--transcript excess in multicellular eukaryotes".
1800:
1763:
1753:
1712:
1702:
1626:
1618:
1579:
1542:
1534:
1475:
1034:
694:
645:
308:
202:
198:
5786:
Lewis MA, Quint E, Glazier AM, Fuchs H, De
Angelis MH, Langford C, et al. (May 2009).
5210:"SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice"
2027:
Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). "Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues".
1513:, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH, et al. (ENCODE Project Consortium) (June 2007).
6746:
6717:
4401:"GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer"
1659:
Non-coding RNAs and
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection
1308:
911:, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each
855:
847:
799:
593:
565:
524:
406:
133:
4491:"Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation"
1920:
RNA, The
Epicenter of Genetic Information : A New Understanding of Molecular Biology
763:
sequences are found upstream of the first gene of amino acid biosynthetic operons. These
174:; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with an mRNA transcript than a pure
6142:
5976:
Zifa E, Giannouli S, Theotokis P, Stamatis C, Mamuris Z, Stathopoulos C (January 2007).
5416:
5225:
4698:
4602:
4551:
4280:
4198:
3953:
3487:
3428:
3373:
3322:
3219:"A role for the catalytic ribonucleoprotein RNase P in RNA polymerase III transcription"
3187:
3076:
Zhang AT, Langley AR, Christov CP, Kheir E, Shafee T, Gardiner TJ, Krude T (June 2011).
2928:
Jones, Thomas A.; Otto, Wolfgang; Marz, Manja; Eddy, Sean R.; Stadler, Peter F. (2009).
2888:
2824:"Sequence analysis of RNase MRP RNA reveals its origination from eukaryotic RNase P RNA"
2782:
2688:
2637:
2461:
2406:
2347:
2288:
2188:
2113:
2040:
1530:
1471:
640:
is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by
6838:
6741:
6361:
6336:
6312:
6285:
6261:
6236:
6212:
6185:
6161:
6126:
6053:
6026:
5910:
5885:
5861:
5836:
5812:
5787:
5719:
5694:
5529:
5504:
5480:
5455:
5336:
5311:
5244:
5209:
5185:
5158:
5134:
5109:
5042:
5015:
4866:
4839:
4766:
4741:
4681:
Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. (November 2002).
4515:
4490:
4466:
4441:
4297:
4264:
4215:
4182:
4158:
4125:
3972:
3937:
3913:
3888:
3821:
3796:
3647:
3622:
3557:
3530:
3506:
3471:
3447:
3412:
3243:
3218:
3102:
3077:
3053:
3028:
3001:
2976:
2848:
2823:
2601:
2576:
1895:
1868:
1768:
1741:
1717:
1690:
1631:
1606:
1547:
1514:
1340:
1336:
1146:
for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.
1131:
1074:
957:(RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. Both Xist and roX operate by
942:
930:
754:
535:
327:
280:
237:
141:
while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.
137:
5570:
5553:
4717:
4682:
4457:
4342:
4183:"Functional roles of enhancer RNAs for oestrogen-dependent transcriptional activation"
4052:
4035:
4012:
2592:
2425:
2390:
2389:
Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, Brown RS, Rhodes D, Clark BF, Klug A (November 1975).
2366:
2331:
2307:
2272:
1945:"Long Noncoding RNAs and Repetitive Elements: Junk or Intimate Evolutionary Partners?"
1335:
A number of mutations within mitochondrial tRNAs have been linked to diseases such as
656:
genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and
555:
232:) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with
73:
sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA
6926:
6773:
6763:
6644:
6599:
6577:
6102:
6078:"A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences"
6077:
5373:
5094:
4399:
Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT (January 2009).
4314:
1978:
1388:
1368:
1364:
938:
809:
609:
252:
167:
86:
6011:
5962:
5788:"An ENU-induced mutation of miR-96 associated with progressive hearing loss in mice"
5772:
5597:
5389:
5296:
5000:
4918:
4824:
4069:
3699:
3397:
3295:
3160:
2914:
2755:
2712:
2531:
2485:
2137:
1791:
Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (May 2005). "Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?".
1495:
37:
6937:
6856:
6676:
6594:
6513:
5852:
5454:
Nakatani J, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, Ise S, Ohta H, Inoue K, et al. (June 2009).
5440:
4626:
4575:
3873:
3346:
2661:
2222:
2056:
1409:
1324:
1296:
922:
839:
689:
specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent
686:
601:
442:
366:
181:
155:
82:
78:
6252:
3029:"Functional requirement of noncoding Y RNAs for human chromosomal DNA replication"
2121:
612:, transcribed from the enhancer region of a gene, act to promote gene expression.
201:, its structure was published in 1965. To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample,
132:
The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent
6397:
6151:
5234:
5175:
5078:
4984:
3598:
3581:
3547:
3496:
2800:
2469:
2206:
1758:
6768:
6476:
6452:
2873:"The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C"
2249:
2005:
1008:
958:
900:
454:
438:
358:
284:
175:
5670:
5653:
5471:
5327:
4687:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4265:"C. elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance"
3942:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3417:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2992:
2395:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2336:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2277:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6828:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6352:
5520:
5280:
4856:
4288:
4263:
Kaletsky R, Moore RS, Vrla GD, Parsons LR, Gitai Z, Murphy CT (October 2020).
3472:"Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities"
2675:
Poole AM, Jeffares DC, Penny D (January 1998). "The path from the RNA world".
1961:
1944:
1842:
1804:
1424:
1367:, and other cis-regulatory regions) is not ncRNA. Yet fRNA could also include
1316:
1272:
1069:
1025:
946:
912:
884:
750:
605:
429:
410:
362:
333:
294:
Recent discoveries of ncRNAs have been achieved through both experimental and
268:
217:
6093:
6043:
4742:"Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival"
3470:
Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS (November 2008). McEntyre J (ed.).
2953:
1885:
1707:
1160:
primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with
417:(tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete
6692:
6186:"GraphDNA: a Java program for graphical display of DNA composition analyses"
4559:
4377:
4141:
3962:
3683:
3437:
3381:
3195:
2929:
2897:
2872:
2624:
Jeffares DC, Poole AM, Penny D (January 1998). "Relics from the RNA world".
2415:
1479:
1371:, as this is RNA coding for protein, and hence is functional. Additionally
1249:
1057:
1012:
934:
716:
657:
569:
486:
482:
402:
378:
233:
6448:
6426:
6405:
6370:
6321:
6270:
6221:
6202:
6170:
6111:
6062:
6003:
5954:
5919:
5870:
5821:
5764:
5728:
5679:
5638:
5589:
5538:
5489:
5432:
5381:
5345:
5288:
5253:
5194:
5143:
5086:
5051:
4992:
4937:
4910:
4875:
4816:
4775:
4726:
4707:
4667:
4618:
4567:
4524:
4506:
4475:
4426:
4385:
4350:
4306:
4224:
4181:
Li W, Notani D, Ma Q, Tanasa B, Nunez E, Chen AY, et al. (June 2013).
4167:
4110:
4061:
4020:
3981:
3922:
3865:
3830:
3781:
3756:"A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis"
3740:
3656:
3607:
3566:
3515:
3456:
3389:
3338:
3287:
3252:
3152:
3111:
3062:
3010:
2961:
2906:
2857:
2808:
2747:
2740:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10<880::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-P
2610:
2523:
2356:
2129:
2083:
2013:
1970:
1904:
1850:
1812:
1777:
1726:
1640:
1591:
1556:
1487:
5629:
5612:
4941:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
4239:"Researchers discover how worms pass knowledge of a pathogen to offspring"
3691:
3203:
3143:
3126:
2704:
2653:
2502:
Eddy SR (December 2001). "Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world".
2477:
2434:
2375:
2316:
2297:
2257:
2214:
1583:
6846:
6697:
6627:
6481:
6445:— a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs)
6431:
This database is a comprehensive mammalian noncoding RNA database (RNAdb)
5994:
5977:
5837:"Little but loud: small RNAs have a resounding affect on ear development"
5032:
4658:
4641:
4417:
4400:
4149:
4101:
4084:
3904:
3812:
3713:
Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD (August 2005).
3044:
2945:
1740:
van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (May 2010). Eddy SR (ed.).
1429:
1284:
1236:
gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with
1149:
1143:
1139:
1115:
1046:
1030:
992:
926:
896:
869:
851:
701:
668:
636:
has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus,
621:
490:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
350:
225:
209:
90:
6302:
5424:
4610:
4206:
3330:
2839:
1538:
685:, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the
17:
6851:
6184:
Thomas JM, Horspool D, Brown G, Tcherepanov V, Upton C (January 2007).
5580:
3234:
3093:
2696:
2645:
1992:
Dahm R (February 2005). "Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA".
1622:
1320:
1261:
1099:
1042:
1004:
873:
664:
637:
633:
418:
390:
256:
229:
194:
114:
66:
4929:
4902:
4807:
4790:
3772:
3755:
3731:
3714:
3638:
2330:
Cramer F, Doepner H, Haar F VD, Schlimme E, Seidel H (December 1968).
1375:
also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications state that
816:
initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of
546:
6866:
6861:
6811:
5978:"Mitochondrial tRNA mutations: clinical and functional perturbations"
4791:"Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer"
4757:
4034:
Sempere LF, Sokol NS, Dubrovsky EB, Berger EM, Ambros V (July 2003).
2515:
2048:
1439:
1237:
1111:
1000:
996:
981:
888:
861:
835:
832:
682:
577:
551:
446:
374:
341:
Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in
264:
126:
102:
5946:
5901:
4440:
Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT (August 2009).
3857:
3279:
1607:"Structured RNAs in the ENCODE selected regions of the human genome"
678:, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.
608:. There is increasing evidence that a special type of ncRNAs called
6472:
6466:
5803:
5756:
5710:
5125:
4740:
Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, et al. (July 2008).
3996:
2391:"Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution"
629:. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.
6669:
1288:
1257:
1196:
1192:
1135:
1011:.) Bifunctional RNAs were the subject of a 2011 special issue of
985:
561:
458:
428:
414:
382:
326:
272:
106:
98:
94:
3887:
Gimpel M, Preis H, Barth E, Gramzow L, Brantl S (December 2012).
1275:. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.
6386:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
1742:"Most "dark matter" transcripts are associated with known genes"
1419:
1123:
918:
843:
795:
746:
597:
515:
In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the
450:
449:
sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature
370:
354:
312:
260:
213:
122:
74:
6485:
749:
and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a
249:
analysis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.
6731:
6649:
6614:
6569:
6552:
5505:"Aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs in autistic brain"
3217:
Reiner R, Ben-Asouli Y, Krilovetzky I, Jarrous N (June 2006).
1200:
892:
865:
531:
70:
58:
34:
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
4838:
Jia B, Wang Z, Sun X, Chen J, Zhao J, Qiu X (February 2019).
3027:
Christov CP, Gardiner TJ, Szüts D, Krude T (September 2006).
921:(X-inactive-specific transcript) is a long ncRNA gene on the
4126:"Long non-coding RNAs as regulators of the endocrine system"
2273:"Primary structure of wheat germ phenylalanine transfer RNA"
1268:
at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a
580:
which is a target of autoimmune antibodies in patients with
397:
recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the
2975:
Stein AJ, Fuchs G, Fu C, Wolin SL, Reinisch KM (May 2005).
6442:
6439:— a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs
3889:"SR1--a small RNA with two remarkably conserved functions"
3531:"snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia"
1691:"The non-coding oncogene: a case of missing DNA evidence?"
1094:
Long noncoding RNA § Long non-coding RNAs in disease
862:
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
757:; the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.
5067:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
3529:
Saraiya AA, Wang CC (November 2008). Goldberg DE (ed.).
1327:
mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear.
1056:. Specifically in the MCF-7 cell line, addition of 17β-
961:
regulation of transcription through the recruitment of
600:
are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in
2271:
Dudock BS, Katz G, Taylor EK, Holley RW (March 1969).
1869:"Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?"
481:. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are
6237:"What is an RNA? A top layer for RNA classification"
1216:
The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA
193:
The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an
189:) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.
170:
predicted a functional RNA component which mediated
6837:
6787:
6730:
6685:
6613:
6568:
6551:
6520:
6436:
4446:
Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao
3936:Aoyama JJ, Raina M, Zhong A, Storz G (March 2022).
2238:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
1387:, since the distinction from a protein coding RNA (
1351:
Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA
1315:, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The
899:regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic
6076:Carter RJ, Dubchak I, Holbrook SR (October 2001).
4442:"Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer"
1684:
1682:
389:between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA,
6284:Ji Z, Song R, Regev A, Struhl K (December 2015).
2822:Zhu Y, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS, Li Y (May 2006).
1862:
1860:
1110:Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in
991:Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are
2155:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968"
2072:Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology
421:and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.
267:and many more. Recent notable additions include
220:tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with
6025:Abbott JA, Francklyn CS, Robey-Bond SM (2014).
3997:"Coding or non-coding: Need they be exclusive?"
3022:
3020:
1080:after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a
5886:"Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease"
5658:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4489:Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T (March 2008).
2551:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
1264:. The best characterised variant is an A-to-G
895:sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in vertebrates) to
6497:
3582:"A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions"
1319:mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no
1191:patients; these patients were noncarriers of
8:
6467:The Non-coding RNA Databases Resource (NRDR)
3125:Hall AE, Turnbull C, Dalmay T (April 2013).
1345:chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
794:(IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs of various
377:are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes.
6335:Tosar JP, Rovira C, Cayota A (2018-01-22).
4789:Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (March 2009).
4083:Adams BD, Furneaux H, White BA (May 2007).
1943:Lee H, Zhang Z, Krause HM (December 2019).
1307:Variation within the seed region of mature
1287:is transcribed from the opposite strand to
671:ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the
6565:
6504:
6490:
6482:
5613:"RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases"
4955:|...|intentional=yes}}
3411:Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK (December 2007).
2149:
2147:
1652:
1650:
1220:has been shown to be the primary cause of
741:A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5'
212:of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1
162:, and by 1939, RNA had been implicated in
45:are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue.
6360:
6311:
6301:
6260:
6211:
6201:
6160:
6150:
6101:
6052:
6042:
5993:
5909:
5860:
5811:
5718:
5669:
5628:
5579:
5569:
5528:
5479:
5335:
5243:
5233:
5184:
5174:
5133:
5041:
5031:
4865:
4855:
4806:
4765:
4716:
4706:
4657:
4514:
4465:
4416:
4296:
4214:
4157:
4100:
4051:
3971:
3961:
3912:
3820:
3771:
3730:
3646:
3597:
3556:
3546:
3505:
3495:
3446:
3436:
3268:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3242:
3142:
3101:
3052:
3000:
2896:
2847:
2790:
2600:
2424:
2414:
2365:
2355:
2306:
2296:
2196:
2070:Crick FH (1958). "On protein synthesis".
1960:
1894:
1884:
1767:
1757:
1716:
1706:
1630:
1546:
331:Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from
4124:Knoll M, Lodish HF, Sun L (March 2015).
2547:"Advanced Information: RNA interference"
2497:
2495:
2095:
2093:
715:transcription of ncRNAs is required for
545:
185:The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNA (
180:
36:
6451:Prediction and classification of ncRNA
1824:
1822:
1450:
1355:Scientists have started to distinguish
572:and initiation proteins (including the
89:(rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as
6475:- a database of small non-coding RNAs
3995:Francastel C, Hubé F (November 2011).
216:of purified tRNA for analysis. The 80
77:. Abundant and functionally important
6235:Brosius J, Raabe CA (February 2015).
4746:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2575:Monga I, Banerjee I (November 2019).
2332:"On the conformation of transfer RNA"
1435:RNAs present in environmental samples
1232:The chromosomal locus containing the
1179:has been found to be associated with
534:ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA
369:, form an 'adaptor molecule' between
289:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
5935:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
1391:) is already given by the qualifier
1291:and is upregulated in patients with
5884:Taylor RW, Turnbull DM (May 2005).
5503:Ziats MN, Rennert OM (March 2013).
4646:The New England Journal of Medicine
2871:Kishore S, Stamm S (January 2006).
929:that acts as major effector of the
576:). They are also components of the
357:; these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in
6460:Non-coding RNA characterization.
1167:It has been suggested that a rare
864:(CRISPR) are repeats found in the
660:of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.
457:is another RNP often known as the
279:associated with the latter earned
25:
6628:Micro
5509:Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
2593:10.2174/1389202920666191129112705
1509:Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA,
1164:compared to control populations.
445:reactions essential for removing
158:were first discovered in 1868 by
6907:
6906:
6027:"Transfer RNA and human disease"
5374:10.1097/00041444-200409000-00002
5014:Li T, Li Y, Sun H (2019-06-06).
4844:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
4331:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
842:form RNA-protein complexes with
6583:precursor, heterogenous nuclear
4795:International Journal of Cancer
3795:Gultyaev AP, Roussis A (2007).
2930:"A survey of nematode SmY RNAs"
1689:Shahrouki P, Larsson E (2012).
1073:was shown to learn and inherit
798:whose products are involved in
737:Three prime untranslated region
578:Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle
224:(producing fragments ending in
6713:Trans-acting small interfering
6677:Enhancer RNAs
6595:Transfer
5853:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.027
5611:Martin AN, Li Y (March 2007).
5020:Cancer Management and Research
4891:Journal of Cellular Physiology
3033:Molecular and Cellular Biology
2677:Journal of Molecular Evolution
2626:Journal of Molecular Evolution
850:and other genetic elements in
733:Five prime untranslated region
564:are stem loops, necessary for
313:last universal common ancestor
41:The roles of non-coding RNAs:
1:
6600:Ribosomal
6578:Messenger
6253:10.1080/15476286.2015.1128064
5571:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00205-7
4458:10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4
4343:10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3
4130:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
4053:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00208-2
4013:10.1016/S0300-9084(11)00322-1
3127:"Y RNAs: recent developments"
2122:10.1126/science.147.3664.1462
1181:non-small cell lung carcinoma
854:cells, particularly those in
806:Internal ribosome entry sites
387:internal transcribed spacer 1
375:H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs
6398:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.017
6152:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033
5235:10.1371/journal.pone.0001709
5176:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030235
5079:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21175
4985:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.032
3599:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017
3548:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224
3497:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176
2801:10.1126/science.289.5481.905
2470:10.1126/science.179.4070.285
2207:10.1126/science.153.3735.531
1918:Mattick J, Amaral P (2022).
1759:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000371
1234:small nucleolar RNA SNORD115
1162:chronic lymphocytic leukemia
582:systemic lupus erythematosus
519:of mRNA, for example snoRNA
275:; the discovery of the RNAi
151:History of molecular biology
2250:10.1101/SQB.1966.031.01.054
2006:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028
1867:Palazzo AF, Lee ES (2015).
1572:Briefings in Bioinformatics
1331:Mitochondrial transfer RNAs
1222:Prader–Willi syndrome
951:XY sex-determination system
6959:
6779:Multicopy single-stranded
6623:Interferential
6131:PLOS Computational Biology
5671:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036
5472:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.024
5328:10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.037
3627:Nuclear Receptor Signaling
3476:PLOS Computational Biology
2993:10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.009
1091:
1045:is a crucial regulator of
745:(Untranslated Regions) of
730:
574:origin recognition complex
568:through interactions with
523:regulates the splicing of
148:
26:
6902:
6693:Guide
6453:BMC Genomics 2014, 15:127
6353:10.1038/s42003-017-0001-7
5521:10.1007/s12031-012-9880-8
5281:10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2
4857:10.1186/s13287-019-1161-9
4495:British Journal of Cancer
4289:10.1038/s41586-020-2699-5
1962:10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.006
1843:10.1016/j.tig.2005.02.014
1805:10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007
1440:VA (viral associated) RNA
1373:artificially evolved RNAs
1311:has been associated with
1254:cartilage–hair hypoplasia
1252:have been shown to cause
1244:Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
1041:development. In mammals,
963:histone-modifying enzymes
931:X chromosome inactivation
721:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
700:Another bacterial ncRNA,
510:group II catalytic intron
245:was finalised following
6655:Small nuclear
6044:10.3389/fgene.2014.00158
5890:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3621:Leygue E (August 2007).
2504:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1886:10.3389/fgene.2015.00002
1708:10.3389/fgene.2012.00170
1142:at chromosome ends (see
782:Tryptophan operon leader
676:elongation factor P-TEFb
506:group I catalytic intron
385:; RNase MRP cleaves the
79:types of non-coding RNAs
6769:Genomic
6458:ENCODE threads explorer
5835:Soukup GA (June 2009).
4560:10.1126/science.1121158
4378:10.1089/dna.2006.25.135
4142:10.1038/nrendo.2014.229
4089:Molecular Endocrinology
3963:10.1073/pnas.2119866119
3684:10.1242/dev.122.12.4119
3438:10.1073/pnas.0708102104
3382:10.1126/science.1076686
3223:Genes & Development
3196:10.1126/science.6164096
3082:Journal of Cell Science
2898:10.1126/science.1118265
2416:10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414
1657:Morris KV, ed. (2012).
1480:10.1126/science.1108625
1303:miR-96 and hearing loss
1278:
1114:tissues. These include
1064:In pathogenic avoidance
778:Threonine operon leader
770:Histidine operon leader
663:It has been shown that
644:. These include tRNA,
349:(RNP) particles called
222:Pancreatic ribonuclease
6872:Artificial chromosomes
6660:Small nucleolar
6341:Communications Biology
6203:10.1186/1471-2105-8-21
6094:10.1093/nar/29.19.3928
6082:Nucleic Acids Research
4708:10.1073/pnas.242606799
4507:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254
3893:Nucleic Acids Research
3801:Nucleic Acids Research
2357:10.1073/pnas.61.4.1384
1663:Caister Academic Press
1415:Nucleic acid structure
1039:Caenorhabditis elegans
831:(piRNAs) expressed in
792:iron response proteins
788:Iron response elements
558:
434:
415:Transfer-messenger RNA
338:
334:Haloarcula marismortui
190:
46:
6665:Small Cajal Body RNAs
6031:Frontiers in Genetics
5630:10.1038/sj.cr.7310120
4947:|...}}
4924:(Retracted, see
4040:Developmental Biology
3144:10.1515/bmc-2012-0050
3131:Biomolecular Concepts
2298:10.1073/pnas.62.3.941
1994:Developmental Biology
1873:Frontiers in Genetics
1695:Frontiers in Genetics
1212:Prader–Willi syndrome
1144:telomeres and disease
1120:long mRNA-like ncRNAs
905:reverse transcriptase
829:Piwi-interacting RNAs
774:Leucine operon leader
755:small target molecule
681:The bacterial ncRNA,
620:In higher eukaryotes
596:of many thousands of
549:
525:serotonin receptor 2C
432:
399:endoplasmic reticulum
330:
296:bioinformatic methods
247:X-ray crystallography
184:
166:. Two decades later,
149:Further information:
145:History and discovery
61:molecule that is not
40:
6718:Subgenomic messenger
6633:Small interfering
6605:Transfer-messenger
5995:10.4161/rna.4.1.4548
5362:Psychiatric Genetics
5033:10.2147/cmar.s210845
4659:10.1056/NEJMoa050995
4418:10.1038/onc.2008.373
4366:DNA and Cell Biology
4102:10.1210/me.2007-0022
3088:(Pt 12): 2058–2069.
3045:10.1128/MCB.01060-06
2946:10.4161/rna.6.1.7634
949:, which also use an
880:Chromosome structure
753:can directly bind a
747:protein coding genes
517:alternative splicing
29:untranslated regions
6477:Bioinformatics 2018
6303:10.7554/eLife.08890
6143:2006PLSCB...2...33P
5425:10.1038/nature07458
5417:2008Natur.455..919C
5226:2008PLoSO...3.1709D
4699:2002PNAS...9915524C
4693:(24): 15524–15529.
4611:10.1038/nature03315
4603:2005Natur.433..769L
4552:2005Sci...310.1817F
4546:(5755): 1817–1821.
4281:2020Natur.586..445K
4207:10.1038/nature12210
4199:2013Natur.498..516L
3954:2022PNAS..11919866A
3948:(10): e2119866119.
3899:(22): 11659–11672.
3846:Nature Cell Biology
3488:2008PLSCB...4E0176D
3429:2007PNAS..10420454W
3423:(51): 20454–20459.
3374:2002Sci...298.1620P
3368:(5598): 1620–1623.
3331:10.1038/nature07348
3323:2008Natur.456..130H
3188:1981Sci...211..400L
2889:2006Sci...311..230K
2840:10.1261/rna.2284906
2783:2000Sci...289..905B
2689:1998JMolE..46....1P
2638:1998JMolE..46...18J
2462:1973Sci...179..285K
2407:1975PNAS...72.4414L
2348:1968PNAS...61.1384C
2289:1969PNAS...62..941D
2189:1966Sci...153..531M
2114:1965Sci...147.1462H
2108:(3664): 1462–1465.
2041:1939Natur.143..602C
1584:10.1093/bib/bbab259
1539:10.1038/nature05874
1531:2007Natur.447..799B
1472:2005Sci...308.1149C
1466:(5725): 1149–1154.
1293:Alzheimer's disease
1283:The antisense RNA,
1279:Alzheimer's disease
1029:, hormones such as
891:that adds specific
790:(IRE) are bound by
719:remodelling in the
437:In eukaryotes, the
311:or relics from the
243:secondary structure
6943:Molecular genetics
6747:Chloroplast
6590:modified Messenger
6553:Ribonucleic acids
6190:BMC Bioinformatics
4897:(7): 10615–10624.
3905:10.1093/nar/gks895
3813:10.1093/nar/gkm173
3235:10.1101/gad.386706
3094:10.1242/jcs.086561
2697:10.1007/PL00006275
2646:10.1007/PL00006280
2157:. Nobel Foundation
1949:Trends in Genetics
1831:Trends in Genetics
1793:Trends in Genetics
1623:10.1101/gr.5650707
1313:autosomal dominant
1082:bacterial pathogen
978:dual-function RNAs
642:RNA polymerase III
588:In gene regulation
559:
542:In DNA replication
530:In nematodes, the
435:
339:
191:
160:Friedrich Miescher
57:) is a functional
47:
43:Ribonucleoproteins
6920:
6919:
6797:Xeno
6759:Complementary
6732:Deoxyribonucleic
6726:
6725:
6703:Small hairpin
6437:The Rfam Database
6088:(19): 3928–3938.
5411:(7215): 919–923.
4930:10.1002/jcp.30712
4903:10.1002/jcp.27737
4808:10.1002/ijc.24008
4652:(17): 1793–1801.
4597:(7027): 769–773.
4275:(7829): 445–451.
4193:(7455): 516–520.
3773:10.1242/dev.02456
3766:(15): 2827–2833.
3732:10.1242/dev.01919
3725:(15): 3445–3457.
3678:(12): 4119–4129.
3639:10.1621/nrs.05006
3317:(7218): 130–134.
3229:(12): 1621–1635.
3182:(4480): 400–402.
3039:(18): 6993–7004.
2883:(5758): 230–232.
2777:(5481): 905–920.
2456:(4070): 285–288.
2401:(11): 4414–4418.
2183:(3735): 531–534.
1672:978-1-904455-94-3
1525:(7146): 799–816.
1405:Extracellular RNA
1248:Mutations within
1140:telomeric regions
1054:diabetes mellitus
1049:-receptor-alpha.
974:Bifunctional RNAs
927:placental mammals
913:replication cycle
824:In genome defense
818:protein synthesis
713:RNA polymerase II
673:RNA polymerase II
373:and protein. The
347:Ribonucleoprotein
309:molecular fossils
164:protein synthesis
16:(Redirected from
6950:
6910:
6909:
6887:Yeast
6708:Small temporal
6638:Piwi-interacting
6566:
6562:
6543:Deoxynucleotides
6506:
6499:
6492:
6483:
6462:Nature (journal)
6433:
6425:. Archived from
6410:
6409:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6305:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6205:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6154:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6056:
6046:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5997:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5673:
5664:(6): 1178–1184.
5649:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5583:
5573:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5466:(7): 1235–1246.
5451:
5445:
5444:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5322:(1–2): 172–179.
5307:
5301:
5300:
5269:Mammalian Genome
5264:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5237:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5188:
5178:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5073:(9): 4863–4872.
5062:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4922:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4801:(5): 1178–1182.
4786:
4780:
4779:
4769:
4758:10.1172/JCI34934
4752:(7): 2600–2608.
4737:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4300:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4095:(5): 1132–1147.
4080:
4074:
4073:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3852:(9): 1098–1105.
3841:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3807:(9): 3144–3152.
3792:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3541:(11): e1000224.
3526:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3482:(11): e1000176.
3467:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3146:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2581:Current Genomics
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2553:. Archived from
2542:
2536:
2535:
2516:10.1038/35103511
2499:
2490:
2489:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2342:(4): 1384–1391.
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2200:
2198:10.1.1.1001.2662
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2049:10.1038/143602c0
2024:
2018:
2017:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1455:
1175:) that overlaps
1088:Roles in disease
1035:juvenile hormone
982:H/ACA box snoRNA
969:Bifunctional RNA
933:process forming
848:retrotransposons
695:stationary phase
361:and 4 ncRNAs in
302:Biological roles
203:Robert W. Holley
21:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6898:
6839:Cloning vectors
6833:
6819:Locked
6783:
6733:
6722:
6681:
6609:
6556:
6555:
6547:
6516:
6510:
6429:on 2007-08-29.
6421:
6418:
6413:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6024:
6023:
6019:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5947:10.1002/wrna.27
5932:
5931:
5927:
5902:10.1038/nrg1606
5883:
5882:
5878:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5792:Nature Genetics
5785:
5784:
5780:
5745:Nature Genetics
5741:
5740:
5736:
5699:Nature Medicine
5692:
5691:
5687:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5114:Nature Genetics
5107:
5106:
5102:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4950:
4942:
4940:
4923:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4033:
4032:
4028:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3858:10.1038/ncb1770
3843:
3842:
3838:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3280:10.1038/nsmb812
3265:
3264:
3260:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3026:
3025:
3018:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2734:(10): 880–889.
2725:
2724:
2720:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2510:(12): 919–929.
2501:
2500:
2493:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2035:(3623): 602–3.
2026:
2025:
2021:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1955:(12): 892–902.
1942:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1752:(5): e1000371.
1739:
1738:
1734:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1611:Genome Research
1604:
1603:
1599:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1401:
1353:
1333:
1305:
1281:
1246:
1238:autistic traits
1230:
1214:
1108:
1096:
1090:
1066:
1021:
971:
882:
856:spermatogenesis
826:
812:that allow for
800:iron metabolism
739:
731:Main articles:
729:
618:
590:
566:DNA replication
544:
427:
425:In RNA splicing
413:. In bacteria,
407:plasma membrane
325:
304:
153:
147:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6933:Non-coding RNA
6925:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6824:Peptide
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Glycol
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6738:
6736:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6574:
6572:
6563:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:nucleic acids
6511:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6470:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6417:
6416:External links
6414:
6412:
6411:
6376:
6327:
6276:
6247:(2): 140–144.
6227:
6176:
6117:
6068:
6017:
5968:
5941:(2): 304–324.
5925:
5896:(5): 389–402.
5876:
5841:Brain Research
5827:
5804:10.1038/ng.369
5798:(5): 614–618.
5778:
5757:10.1038/ng.355
5751:(5): 609–613.
5734:
5711:10.1038/nm1784
5705:(7): 723–730.
5685:
5644:
5623:(3): 219–226.
5603:
5564:(2): 195–203.
5544:
5515:(3): 589–593.
5495:
5446:
5395:
5368:(3): 131–137.
5351:
5302:
5275:(6): 424–431.
5259:
5200:
5149:
5126:10.1038/ng.158
5120:(6): 719–721.
5100:
5057:
5006:
4973:Cancer Letters
4962:
4881:
4830:
4781:
4732:
4673:
4632:
4581:
4530:
4501:(5): 981–988.
4481:
4452:(8): 447–454.
4432:
4411:(2): 195–208.
4391:
4372:(3): 135–141.
4356:
4320:
4255:
4230:
4173:
4136:(3): 151–160.
4116:
4075:
4026:
4007:(11): vi–vii.
3987:
3928:
3879:
3836:
3787:
3746:
3705:
3662:
3613:
3592:(4): 519–528.
3586:Molecular Cell
3572:
3535:PLOS Pathogens
3521:
3462:
3403:
3352:
3301:
3274:(9): 822–829.
3258:
3209:
3166:
3137:(2): 103–110.
3117:
3068:
3016:
2987:(4): 529–539.
2967:
2920:
2863:
2834:(5): 699–706.
2814:
2792:10.1.1.58.2271
2761:
2718:
2667:
2616:
2587:(7): 508–518.
2567:
2537:
2491:
2440:
2381:
2322:
2283:(3): 941–945.
2263:
2228:
2167:
2143:
2089:
2062:
2019:
2000:(2): 274–288.
1984:
1935:
1928:
1910:
1856:
1837:(5): 287–288.
1818:
1799:(5): 289–297.
1783:
1732:
1678:
1671:
1646:
1617:(6): 852–864.
1597:
1562:
1501:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1365:SECIS elements
1357:functional RNA
1352:
1349:
1341:MERRF syndrome
1337:MELAS syndrome
1332:
1329:
1304:
1301:
1280:
1277:
1245:
1242:
1229:
1226:
1213:
1210:
1177:hsa-mir-196a-2
1132:telomerase RNA
1107:
1104:
1089:
1086:
1065:
1062:
1020:
1017:
970:
967:
909:Telomerase RNA
881:
878:
825:
822:
810:RNA structures
728:
725:
617:
614:
589:
586:
552:Ro autoantigen
543:
540:
536:trans-splicing
426:
423:
324:
323:In translation
321:
307:thought to be
303:
300:
281:Craig C. Mello
238:Chromatography
197:tRNA found in
146:
143:
134:transcriptomic
87:ribosomal RNAs
51:non-coding RNA
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6955:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6913:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Threose
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:Deoxyribozyme
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6752:Mitochondrial
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6570:Translational
6567:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6502:
6500:
6495:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:Cell Research
5614:
5607:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5163:PLOS Genetics
5160:
5153:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5026:: 5255–5269.
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4963:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4935:
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4908:
4904:
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4896:
4892:
4885:
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4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
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4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
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4608:
4604:
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4573:
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4561:
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4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4150:1721.1/116703
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4094:
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4063:
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3991:
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3404:
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2594:
2590:
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2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2557:on 2007-01-20
2556:
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1929:9780367623920
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1389:messenger RNA
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1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:mutations in
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:antisense RNA
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
910:
907:that carries
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:somatic cells
837:
834:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
615:
613:
611:
610:enhancer RNAs
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
553:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:performs the
440:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Transfer RNAs
364:
360:
356:
355:ribosomal RNA
352:
348:
344:
336:
335:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Ribosomal RNA
250:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
199:baker's yeast
196:
188:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:Francis Crick
165:
161:
157:
156:Nucleic acids
152:
144:
142:
139:
138:bioinformatic
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:transfer RNAs
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
30:
19:
6882:Bacterial
6857:Lambda phage
6558:
6521:Constituents
6430:
6427:the original
6392:(1): 31–40.
6389:
6385:
6379:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6034:
6030:
6020:
5988:(1): 38–66.
5985:
5981:
5971:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5702:
5698:
5688:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5220:(3): e1709.
5217:
5213:
5203:
5169:(12): e235.
5166:
5162:
5152:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5023:
5019:
5009:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4951:{{
4943:{{
4894:
4890:
4884:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4337:(1): 55–60.
4334:
4330:
4323:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4242:
4233:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3036:
3032:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2632:(1): 18–36.
2629:
2625:
2619:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2550:
2545:Daneholt B.
2540:
2507:
2503:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2105:
2101:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2032:
2028:
2022:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1876:
1872:
1834:
1830:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1749:
1746:PLOS Biology
1745:
1735:
1698:
1694:
1658:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1522:
1518:
1504:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1410:List of RNAs
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1325:Heterozygous
1306:
1297:beta amyloid
1282:
1247:
1231:
1215:
1206:
1166:
1148:
1109:
1097:
1068:
1067:
1051:
1038:
1024:
1022:
1019:As a hormone
990:
977:
973:
972:
947:drosophilids
923:X chromosome
917:
883:
860:
827:
804:
786:
765:RNA elements
759:
740:
710:
706:
699:
680:
662:
631:
619:
616:Trans-acting
591:
560:
529:
514:
503:
436:
419:polypeptides
340:
332:
305:
293:
269:riboswitches
251:
205:
192:
186:
154:
131:
85:(tRNAs) and
54:
50:
48:
6877:P1-derived
6645:Antisense
6538:Nucleotides
6533:Nucleosides
6528:Nucleobases
6443:NONCODE.org
6241:RNA Biology
5982:RNA Biology
5847:: 104–114.
5581:2066/185709
4046:(1): 9–18.
3760:Development
3719:Development
3672:Development
2934:RNA biology
2683:(1): 1–17.
2244:: 417–424.
2078:: 138–163.
1323:responses.
1189:miR-30c-1of
1009:Spot 42 RNA
935:Barr bodies
901:chromosomes
814:translation
808:(IRES) are
708:synthesis.
455:spliceosome
439:spliceosome
411:prokaryotes
359:prokaryotes
343:translation
285:Andrew Fire
176:polypeptide
172:translation
119:long ncRNAs
6927:Categories
6829:Morpholino
6742:Organellar
6650:Processual
6615:Regulatory
6559:non-coding
6296:: e08890.
6137:(4): e33.
4248:11 October
2940:(1): 5–8.
2561:2007-01-25
2161:2007-07-28
1446:References
1425:Riboswitch
1317:homozygous
1273:pseudoknot
1266:transition
1173:rs11614913
1092:See also:
1075:pathogenic
1070:C. elegans
1026:Drosophila
1003:, p53 RNA
959:epigenetic
887:is an RNP
885:Telomerase
761:RNA leader
751:riboswitch
727:Cis-acting
632:The ncRNA
594:expression
403:eukaryotes
363:eukaryotes
218:nucleotide
63:translated
6789:Analogues
6774:Hachimoji
6557:(coding,
6512:Types of
5095:218759508
4979:: 67–79.
4953:retracted
4945:retracted
4850:(1): 67.
4315:221626129
4001:Biochimie
2954:1555-8584
2787:CiteSeerX
2728:BioEssays
2193:CiteSeerX
1979:204975291
1270:conserved
1250:RNase MRP
1112:cancerous
1078:avoidance
1058:estradiol
1013:Biochimie
897:telomeric
833:mammalian
717:chromatin
658:chromatin
652:RNA, and
622:microRNAs
570:chromatin
379:RNase MRP
351:ribosomes
317:RNA world
287:the 2006
277:mechanism
234:Guanosine
91:microRNAs
6912:Category
6847:Phagemid
6698:Ribozyme
6406:26265145
6371:30271890
6347:(1): 2.
6322:26687005
6271:26818079
6222:17244370
6171:16628248
6112:11574674
6063:24917879
6012:11965790
6004:17617745
5963:43123827
5955:21935892
5920:15861210
5871:19245798
5822:19363478
5773:11113852
5765:19363479
5729:18587408
5680:18804272
5639:17189938
5598:13977736
5590:11207361
5539:22949041
5490:19563756
5433:18923514
5390:37344935
5382:15318025
5346:18160232
5297:12256515
5289:16075369
5254:18320030
5214:PLOS ONE
5195:18166085
5144:18500341
5087:32432749
5052:31239777
5001:54611497
4993:30502359
4938:35297045
4919:54119752
4911:30488589
4876:30795799
4825:20960029
4817:19048628
4776:18521189
4727:12434020
4668:16251535
4619:15685193
4568:16308420
4525:18283318
4476:19683667
4427:18836484
4405:Oncogene
4386:16569192
4351:11890990
4307:32908307
4243:phys.org
4225:23728302
4168:25560704
4111:17312270
4070:17249847
4062:12812784
4021:21963143
3982:35239441
3923:23034808
3866:19160491
3831:17452360
3782:16835436
3741:16000384
3700:28462527
3657:17710122
3633:: e006.
3608:19026782
3567:19043559
3516:19043537
3457:18042713
3398:27167367
3390:12446910
3339:18820678
3296:22199826
3288:15300239
3253:16778078
3161:12575326
3153:25436569
3112:21610089
3063:16943439
3011:15907467
2962:19106623
2915:44527461
2907:16357227
2858:16540690
2809:10937989
2756:45607498
2748:10497339
2713:17968659
2611:32655289
2532:18347629
2524:11733745
2486:28916938
2138:40989800
2130:14263761
2084:13580867
2014:15680349
1971:31662190
1905:25674102
1851:15851065
1813:15851066
1778:20502517
1727:22988449
1641:17568003
1592:34329375
1557:17571346
1496:13047538
1488:15790807
1430:Ribozyme
1399:See also
1321:cochlear
1285:BACE1-AS
1218:SNORD116
1154:miR-16-1
1150:Germline
1100:proteins
1098:As with
1047:estrogen
1031:ecdysone
993:SgrS RNA
870:bacteria
868:of many
852:germline
780:and the
702:OxyS RNA
691:promoter
669:metazoan
654:U6 snRNA
443:splicing
405:and the
315:and the
226:Cytosine
208:used 140
121:such as
117:and the
81:include
27:Compare
18:RNA gene
6852:Plasmid
6423:"RNAdb"
6362:6052916
6313:4739776
6262:4829331
6213:1783863
6162:1440920
6139:Bibcode
6054:4042891
6037:: 158.
5911:1762815
5862:2700218
5813:2705913
5720:2826895
5530:3566384
5481:3710970
5441:4377899
5413:Bibcode
5337:6800007
5245:2248623
5222:Bibcode
5186:2323313
5135:2705197
5043:6559252
4867:6387535
4767:2402113
4695:Bibcode
4627:4430576
4599:Bibcode
4576:1849875
4548:Bibcode
4540:Science
4516:2266855
4467:2854654
4298:8547118
4277:Bibcode
4216:3718886
4195:Bibcode
4159:4376378
3973:8916003
3950:Bibcode
3914:3526287
3874:5122088
3822:1888808
3692:9012531
3648:1948073
3558:2583053
3507:2518207
3484:Bibcode
3448:2154452
3425:Bibcode
3370:Bibcode
3362:Science
3347:4416402
3319:Bibcode
3244:1482482
3204:6164096
3184:Bibcode
3176:Science
3103:3104036
3054:1592862
3002:1769319
2885:Bibcode
2877:Science
2849:1440897
2779:Bibcode
2771:Science
2705:9419221
2685:Bibcode
2662:2029318
2654:9419222
2634:Bibcode
2602:7327968
2478:4566654
2458:Bibcode
2450:Science
2435:1105583
2403:Bibcode
2376:4884685
2344:Bibcode
2317:5257014
2285:Bibcode
2258:5237198
2223:9265016
2215:5938777
2185:Bibcode
2177:Science
2110:Bibcode
2102:Science
2057:4140563
2037:Bibcode
1896:4306305
1769:2872640
1718:3439828
1701:: 170.
1632:1891344
1548:2212820
1527:Bibcode
1511:Dutta A
1468:Bibcode
1460:Science
1262:Finnish
1128:SNORD50
1043:miR-206
1005:SR1 RNA
925:of the
874:archaea
693:during
687:sigma70
665:7SK RNA
646:5S rRNA
638:RNase P
634:RNase P
627:3' UTRs
521:HBII-52
453:. The
391:RNase P
257:snoRNAs
230:Uridine
195:alanine
115:scaRNAs
103:snoRNAs
67:protein
65:into a
6867:Fosmid
6862:Cosmid
6812:Hexose
6734:acids
6686:Others
6449:RNAcon
6404:
6369:
6359:
6320:
6310:
6269:
6259:
6220:
6210:
6196:: 21.
6169:
6159:
6110:
6100:
6061:
6051:
6010:
6002:
5961:
5953:
5918:
5908:
5869:
5859:
5820:
5810:
5771:
5763:
5727:
5717:
5678:
5637:
5596:
5588:
5537:
5527:
5488:
5478:
5439:
5431:
5405:Nature
5388:
5380:
5344:
5334:
5295:
5287:
5252:
5242:
5193:
5183:
5142:
5132:
5093:
5085:
5050:
5040:
4999:
4991:
4936:
4932:,
4917:
4909:
4874:
4864:
4823:
4815:
4774:
4764:
4725:
4718:137750
4715:
4666:
4625:
4617:
4591:Nature
4574:
4566:
4523:
4513:
4474:
4464:
4425:
4384:
4349:
4313:
4305:
4295:
4269:Nature
4223:
4213:
4187:Nature
4166:
4156:
4109:
4068:
4060:
4019:
3980:
3970:
3921:
3911:
3872:
3864:
3829:
3819:
3780:
3739:
3698:
3690:
3655:
3645:
3606:
3565:
3555:
3514:
3504:
3455:
3445:
3396:
3388:
3345:
3337:
3311:Nature
3294:
3286:
3251:
3241:
3202:
3159:
3151:
3110:
3100:
3061:
3051:
3009:
2999:
2960:
2952:
2913:
2905:
2856:
2846:
2807:
2789:
2754:
2746:
2711:
2703:
2660:
2652:
2609:
2599:
2530:
2522:
2484:
2476:
2433:
2426:388732
2423:
2374:
2367:225267
2364:
2315:
2308:223689
2305:
2256:
2221:
2213:
2195:
2136:
2128:
2082:
2055:
2029:Nature
2012:
1977:
1969:
1926:
1903:
1893:
1849:
1811:
1776:
1766:
1725:
1715:
1669:
1639:
1629:
1590:
1555:
1545:
1519:Nature
1494:
1486:
1343:, and
1309:miR-96
1228:Autism
1185:miR-17
1158:miR-15
1136:Y RNAs
1116:miRNAs
1106:Cancer
1007:, and
1001:ENOD40
997:RNAIII
953:, the
889:enzyme
836:testes
683:6S RNA
604:or in
562:Y RNAs
499:U6atac
495:U4atac
477:, and
447:intron
383:snRNAs
265:CRISPR
206:et al.
127:HOTAIR
111:exRNAs
107:snRNAs
99:piRNAs
95:siRNAs
69:. The
6892:Human
6670:Y RNA
6473:DASHR
6290:eLife
6103:60242
6008:S2CID
5959:S2CID
5769:S2CID
5594:S2CID
5437:S2CID
5386:S2CID
5293:S2CID
5091:S2CID
4997:S2CID
4949:with
4915:S2CID
4821:S2CID
4623:S2CID
4572:S2CID
4311:S2CID
4066:S2CID
3870:S2CID
3696:S2CID
3394:S2CID
3343:S2CID
3292:S2CID
3157:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2752:S2CID
2709:S2CID
2658:S2CID
2528:S2CID
2482:S2CID
2219:S2CID
2134:S2CID
2053:S2CID
1975:S2CID
1879:: 2.
1578:(6).
1492:S2CID
1377:ncRNA
1289:BACE1
1258:Amish
1197:BRCA2
1193:BRCA1
986:miRNA
976:, or
937:. An
796:mRNAs
602:trans
598:genes
459:snRNP
273:miRNA
187:inset
55:ncRNA
6402:PMID
6390:1859
6367:PMID
6318:PMID
6267:PMID
6218:PMID
6167:PMID
6108:PMID
6059:PMID
6000:PMID
5951:PMID
5916:PMID
5867:PMID
5845:1277
5818:PMID
5761:PMID
5725:PMID
5676:PMID
5635:PMID
5586:PMID
5558:Cell
5535:PMID
5486:PMID
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