38:
57:, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal's readability, strength, and tone. The code was developed in 1934 by Amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR, and was similar to that codified in the ITU Radio Regulations, Cairo, 1938.
171:
stands for "Tone" and is measured on a scale of 1 to 9. Tone only pertains to Morse code and other digital transmission modes and is therefore omitted during voice operations. With modern technology, imperfections in the quality of transmitters’ digital modulation severe enough to be detected by
158:
corresponds to a signal of 50 ÎĽV at the antenna standard terminal impedance 50 ohms. One "S" difference should correspond to 6 dB at signal strength (2x voltage = 4x power). On VHF and UHF receivers used for weak signal communications, S9 often corresponds to 5 ÎĽV at the antenna terminal 50
113:
stands for "Strength". Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the receiving location. Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made
417:
The RSQ system has also been proposed for digital modes as an alternative to the RST system. The Q replaces "Tone" with "Quality" on a similar 1-9 scale indicating presence or number of unwanted 'sidebar pairs' in a narrow-band digital mode, such as
398:
An example RST report for a voice transmission is "59", usually pronounced "five nine" or "five by nine", a report that indicates a perfectly readable and very strong signal. Exceptionally strong signals are designated by the quantitative number of
159:
ohms. Amateur radio (ham) operators may also use a signal strength of "20 to 60 over 9", or "+20 to +60 over 9." This is in reference to a signal that exceeds S9 on a signal meter on a HF receiver.
835:
414:
are all using Morse code, the nines in the RST are typically abbreviated to N to read 5NN. In general, this practice is referred to as abbreviated or "cut" numbers.
619:
84:
transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.
69:
stands for "Readability". Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the
80:
transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a
451:
403:, in excess of "S9", displayed on the receiver's S meter. Example: "Your signal is 30 dB over S9," or more simply, "Your signal is 30 over 9."
675:
667:
779:
435:
830:
757:
594:
635:"Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations for the Summerland Amateur Radio Club"
820:
50:
411:
251:
70:
31:
805:
662:
The beginner's handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2000,
54:
634:
406:
Because the N character in Morse code requires less time to send than the 9, during amateur radio
825:
467:
R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of
Reporting for Telephony, A. M. Braaten, T. & R. Bulletin 1936
671:
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613:
440:
119:
310:
Suffixes were historically added to indicate other signal properties, and might be sent as
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456:
154:
For a quantitative assessment, quality HF receivers are calibrated so that S9 on the
499:
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at the location of signal reception. "Strength" is measured on a scale of 1 to 9.
37:
717:
Ham Radio RST Signal
Reporting System for CW Operation, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
521:
407:
77:
74:
799:
714:
687:
315:
81:
568:
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292:
If there are other notable tonal qualities add one or more of the letters
17:
400:
155:
115:
546:
459:(for wired and wireless telephone circuits only, not radiotelephony)
744:
727:
446:
419:
500:"Ham Radio "RST" Signal Reporting System for CW/Phone Operation"
423:
747:
MORSE CODE, INTERNATIONAL EXTENSIONS AND ABBREVIATED NUMBERS
286:
Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind
780:"R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of Reporting for Telephony"
314:
to indicate a clear, strong signal but with bothersome
800:
Ham Radio RST Signal
Reporting System for CW Operation
239:
Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
704:. Region 1. International Amateur Radio Union. 2013.
806:RSQ - An Improved Signal Reporting System for PSK
486:"Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)"
91:Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
836:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1934
214:Rough, low-pitched a.c. note, slightly musical
275:Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
195:Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad
203:Very rough a.c. note, no trace of musicality
8:
595:"A New Standard System of Reporting Signals"
217:Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
618:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
264:Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
225:Rather rough a.c. note, moderately musical
367:signal distorted by multipath propagation
715:http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html
27:Brevity code for Ham radio signal reports
658:
656:
654:
377:signal distorted by scatter propagation
337:signal distorted by auroral propagation
320:
290:
247:Modulated note, slight trace of whistle
174:
36:
477:
272:Good d.c. note, just a trace of ripple
97:Readable with practically no difficulty
611:
452:Signal strength and readability report
347:"chirp" (frequency shift when keying)
206:Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
94:Readable with considerable difficulty
7:
228:Rough note, some trace of filtering
41:S-Meter (ICOM IC-732 HF Transceiver)
387:stable frequency (crystal control)
25:
250:Filtered tone, definite trace of
745:http://ac6v.com/morseaids.php#AB
126:Faint—signals barely perceptible
547:"The RST Standard of Reporting"
303:listed below, after the number.
522:"The Radio Amateur's Handbook"
357:"drift" (frequency wandering)
261:Near d.c. note, smooth ripple
1:
764:. 28 March 2020. bottom of §
633:Alcorn, John (October 2002).
192:Extremely rough hissing note
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
436:Plain Language Radio Checks
852:
802:, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
593:Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR.
29:
236:Musically modulated note
144:Moderately strong signals
150:Extremely strong signals
502:. University of Buffalo
51:amateur radio operators
762:amateur-radio-wiki.net
702:VHF Managers' Handbook
569:"Can You Read Me Now?"
412:amateur radio stations
42:
758:"Codes and Alphabets"
688:"S9 Signal reference"
443:(for Morse code only)
172:human ears are rare.
40:
410:where the competing
32:RST (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
138:Fairly good signals
55:shortwave listeners
600:. ARRL. p. 18
184:modern definition
100:Perfectly readable
43:
831:Operating signals
676:978-0-07-136187-3
391:
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283:Purest d.c. note
252:ripple modulation
129:Very weak signals
16:(Redirected from
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668:0-07-136187-1
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527:. p. 363
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457:Circuit Merit
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114:based on the
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641:. Retrieved
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602:. Retrieved
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576:. Retrieved
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550:. Retrieved
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529:. Retrieved
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506:24 September
504:. Retrieved
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141:Good signals
135:Fair signals
132:Weak signals
110:
108:
71:transmission
66:
64:
47:R-S-T system
46:
44:
643:February 5,
324:Suffix code
61:Readability
49:is used by
815:Categories
472:References
394:Variations
316:key clicks
88:Unreadable
78:telegraphy
75:Morse code
826:Encodings
766:RST code
614:cite web
463:QSL card
430:See also
408:contests
401:decibels
327:Meaning
120:receiver
105:Strength
73:. In a
18:RST code
732:QSL.net
156:S-meter
116:S meter
674:
666:
604:4 July
578:4 July
574:. ARRL
552:4 July
531:4 July
178:Value
783:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
447:SINPO
420:PSK31
82:voice
728:"CW"
672:ISBN
664:ISBN
645:2020
620:link
606:2015
580:2015
554:2015
533:2015
508:2017
424:RTTY
312:599K
167:The
163:Tone
109:The
65:The
45:The
422:or
817::
760:.
730:.
670:,
653:^
616:}}
612:{{
426:.
318:.
301:,
280:9
269:8
258:7
244:6
233:5
222:4
211:3
200:2
189:1
53:,
785:.
768:.
734:.
690:.
647:.
622:)
608:.
582:.
556:.
535:.
510:.
488:.
383:X
373:S
363:M
353:D
343:C
333:A
299:X
297:–
295:A
169:T
111:S
67:R
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
