88:
388:…1,974 have died in direct consequence of the NHS treatment. Yet until today the legal road to redress was blocked, just as unbreakably as any prospect of securing justice by legislative means. Now with today’s historic breakthrough in the High Court and the huge public backing for my Contaminated Blood Support for Infected and Bereaved Persons Bill, both roads are open. Our determination to ensure that ′right is done′ is totally vindicated and a just outcome is now in sight.
1281:
22:
399:, the defendant had until 4pm on Monday 7 June 2010 to apply to the Court of Appeal for permission to appeal. By 2 June 2010, the new coalition government had chosen not to appeal the decision of the High Court. There was a period of vacuum following the quashing order, where the government was required by the court to revisit the matter and remake the decision –
326:
The thrust of the case on behalf of the claimant is that the answers given by the minister on 23 June and 1 July, when considered separately or cumulatively, reveal a material error of fact on the part of the government as to the situation in
Ireland; that that error undermines the reasoning process
1343:
In August 2009 campaigner Andrew March brought judicial review proceedings challenging the government's reasoning (based on the Irish government accepting liability, and that it had been found at fault, whereas it had begun making such payments without any such acceptance) in failing to accept Lord
366:
Since the
Minister chose to expand on the published reasons for the decision in responding to questions in Parliament, the court was left with an obligation to examine the government's reasoning, provided it did not trespass on issues such as allocation of resources or political matters. It was the
835:
Even after a judge in a 2010 judicial review said that the factual basis for the decision was wrong, government continued to assert in submissions that the position in
Ireland was different because the Irish government had set up a payment scheme because it accepted it was at 'fault'. That was not
360:
I stand by the points that I made. Furthermore, a judicial inquiry in
Ireland found failures of responsibility by the Irish blood transfusion service and concluded that wrongful acts had been committed. As a result, the Government of the Republic of Ireland decided to make significant payments to
291:
case demonstrates that the jurisdiction of the court extends to quashing a decision if the published reasons for the decision contain an error which is considered capable of making a material difference to the outcome of the decision – had the error in question not been made. The sequence of
1266:
My Lords, we have decided not to seek leave to appeal the judgment, and we shall be writing shortly to let the court know of our decision. We are considering our response to the judgment and will announce our decision in due course. In the meantime, ex–gratia payments will continue to be paid at
1082:
In my view, the error is material because a different decision might (I stress, might) have been made if the government had correctly focussed on, and grappled with, the compassionate basis of Irish payments, when considering in particular the passage at internal pages 90 – 94 of
229:
and various compensation schemes and statutory provisions were put in place between 1991 and 2002 on compassionate grounds, without legal liability on the part of the state. However, the level of payments made to similarly infected and affected people in the
Republic of Ireland was considerably
351:
Two answers were issued by the
Minister of State at the Department of Health which were considered in turn by the court. A distinction was made out between the two due to the degree of preparation the minister was likely to have had. The first was merely an oral answer given "on the hoof" to a
347:
was permitted by the court due to specific circumstances relating to the decision under review; in particular, the government's reasoning behind their decision. Justice Holman made a clear statement that the court could not go beyond the scope of what was reviewable and could not come to any
367:
Minister's use of the words ″as a result″ that Holman J pointed to as being factually incorrect, since those words suggested, erroneously, that the significant payments made in the
Republic of Ireland were because of findings of wrongful acts and failures of responsibility.
352:
question on 23 June 2009 and thus could not be fully relied on. The second ministerial answer was given on 1 July 2009 as part of a topic–specific debate, so the court felt that this could be relied on by the claimant.
247:. The ministerial decision hinged on the refusal to adopt a key recommendation of the independent, non-statutory Archer Inquiry. In particular, Recommendation 6(h). The rejected recommendation read as follows:
684:
A classical music composer who was infected by HIV when he was nine, who later developed hepatitis, won a judicial review that challenged the basis of health ministers' decision last year not to increase the
240:
in the UK had never been established, whilst they claimed in
Ireland there had been findings of fault. This was found to be incorrect since the basis behind the Irish scheme was compassion, not fault.
327:
of the government in their decision to reject recommendation 6 (h); and, accordingly, that the government should be required to reconsider their response to recommendation 6 (h)
1239:
379:
described how he felt the decision was historic for the haemophilia community and how he expected it would be welcomed by the community of some 5,000 people who were infected
862:
510:
521:
292:
events in
Ireland were critical to this case. The Irish government had decided to make payments at a substantial level, very much like compensation, but strictly speaking
715:
An award-winning composer who contracted HIV and
Hepatitis C through NHS treatment with contaminated blood products has won a legal challenge over compensation payments.
527:
222:
1382:
1049:
532:
42:
1372:
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in nature, and they decided to do this before there was any finding of fault. It was the Westminster government's stance on this that propagated the error.
410:
of the Infected Blood Inquiry which reaffirmed the conclusion that the Irish government had commenced payment absent any acceptance of being at fault.
698:
666:
1362:
733:
The scheme of compensation for persons with haemophilia was put in place on compassionate grounds, without legal liability on the part of the State.
463:
747:
243:
According to the Order handed down by the court, the decision at the centre of the judicial review could be found within a document entitled
87:
1387:
1367:
1217:
192:
230:
greater than payments made to victims in the United Kingdom. In the UK, the Department of Health had consistently refused to increase the
195:
decision not to implement Recommendation 6(h) of the Archer Independent Inquiry. The case was important in developing the doctrine of
1377:
38:
1311:
1175:
1104:
994:
964:
595:
494:
473:
452:
431:
249:″We suggest that payments should be at least the equivalent of those payable under the scheme which applies at any time in Ireland.″
60:
934:
We believe that the following recommendations would help to meet the unmet needs of patients with haemophilia and their families...
869:
31:
263:
188:
1126:
851:
Mr Justice Holman (16 April 2010). Order of the Administrative Court (Report). High Court. p. 2. Claim No: CO/9344/09.
1036:...the fact or evidence must have been ″established″, in the sense that it was uncontentious and objectively verifiable;
1019:
236:
support payments to be on a par with the more generous levels of payments made in the Republic of Ireland, arguing that
904:...that that error undermines the reasoning process of the government in their decision to reject recommendation 6 (h);
313:
The error of fact needs to be ″material″; in that there could have been an alternative decision ″but for the error″.
383:
with HIV and Hepatitis C through contaminated blood and blood products. Lord Morris went on to expand as follows:
276:
I am satisfied that the government′s approach to recommendation 6 (h) has been, and remains, infected by an error.
218:, along with several thousand other patients was treated with contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s.
917:
768:
1254:
817:
516:
245:″Government Response to Lord Archer’s Independent Report on NHS Supplied Contaminated Blood and Blood Products″
863:
Government response to Lord Archer's Independent report on NHS supplied contaminated blood and blood products
538:
1327:
348:
conclusions about the proceedings of Parliament and whether they were in any way inadequate or inaccurate.
98:
730:
Hynes, Lara (30 July 2009). "RE: Blood & Tissue Policy Division, (DOHC)". Letter to Mark A. Ward.
259:
145:
535: – Successful appeal of 2004 developing error of fact as a distinct ground for judicial review
340:
226:
1253:
Earl Howe, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department of Health (2 June 2010).
956:
1307:
1233:
1171:
1100:
990:
960:
591:
490:
469:
448:
427:
355:
As part of the prepared answer, the Minister of State for the Department of Health, stated:
626:
299:
There are a number of conditions which need to be met in order for the court to intervene:
1151:
1077:
899:
803:
573:
126:
109:
The Queen (on the application of Andrew Michael March) v The Secretary of State for Health
237:
785:
The payments by the Irish Government were equally made without an admission of liability.
1060:
Thirdly, the appellant (or his advisers) must not have been responsible for the mistake.
1055:
649:
949:
37:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
1280:
617:
Demetriou, Marie; Houseman, Stephen (1997). "Review for Error of Fact—A Brief Guide".
1356:
1191:
746:
Gillian Merron, Minister of State at the Department of Health (23 June 2009).
630:
603:
Judicial review judges have traditionally been cautious about fact-based challenges
211:
1125:
Gillian Merron, Minister of State at the Department of Health (1 July 2009).
1301:
1165:
484:
442:
421:
1285:
822:
524:(Permission appeal challenging non-inclusion of those infected with hepatitis B)
215:
73:
UK judicial review quashing a decision on the grounds of material error of fact
923:. Independent Public Inquiry Report (Report). Archer Inquiry. pp. 107–110
394:
376:
200:
339:
There was considerable scrutiny over the quality and type of evidence deemed
310:
The claimant and their legal advisors must not have been party to the error;
232:
203:
which previously had not readily been the subject of judicial intervention.
1135:. Vol. 495. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. Column 130WH.
1112:
The role of the court is limited to examining the decision under review.
868:(Report). Department of Health (DH website). 20 May 2009. Archived from
774:. Independent Public Inquiry Report (Report). Archer Inquiry. p. 89
1333:(Report). Vol. 1. Infected Blood Inquiry. 20 May 2024. p. 150
1259:
1131:
752:
344:
1344:
Archer's recommendation of payments equivalent to those in Ireland...
1002:
But the claimant must demonstrate that (i) there is an error of fact;
667:"Court ruling may help contaminated blood victims win higher payouts"
1303:
The Politics of Blood: Ethics, Innovation and the Regulation of Risk
486:
The Politics of Blood: Ethics, Innovation and the Regulation of Risk
1018:
Lidbetter, Andrew; Zar, Nusrat; Condliffe, Anna (30 April 2010).
756:. Vol. 494. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 656.
513:(Consumer law case involving claimants infected with hepatitis C)
1263:. Vol. 719. United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 247.
258:
The judgment was handed down in Court 49 of the High Court by
15:
1099:(Sixth ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd. p. 338.
1020:"Quashing a decision on the basis of material error of fact"
989:(Sixth ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd. p. 511.
955:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
590:(Fifth ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd. p. 468.
699:"Composer wins compensation review over contaminated blood"
1218:"Haemophilia Society Welcomes Historic Victory in Court"
406:
In May 2024, the case was referred to in volume one of
304:
There must be a demonstrable error to an existing fact;
1306:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
375:
On the morning the judgment was handed down, the late
30:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
541:(Right to property case involving bad blood victims)
511:
A and Others v National Blood Authority and Another
151:
141:
136:
122:
114:
104:
94:
80:
1095:Fordham, Michael (July 2012). "<P29.4.10>".
948:
522:CN v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
1238:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1013:
1011:
528:Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom
1050:E v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
645:E v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
444:Public Law—Blackstone′s questions & answers
357:
323:
307:The error needs to be sufficiently established;
273:
533:E v Secretary of State for the Home Department
985:Fordham, Michael (July 2012). "<P49>".
8:
1083:Archer which underpins recommendation 6 (h).
916:Lord Archer of Sandwell (23 February 2009).
767:Lord Archer of Sandwell (23 February 2009).
468:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
447:(Eighth ed.). Oxford University Press.
846:
844:
660:
658:
1220:. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016
86:
77:
1147:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
1073:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
895:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
799:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
569:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
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561:
559:
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184:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
81:R (March) v Secretary of State for Health
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:. Oxford University Press. p. 178.
947:Endicott, Timothy (June 2011). "9.2.3".
725:
723:
586:Fordham, Michael (2008). "<P49>".
1080:, 53 (EWHC (Admin) 2010) ("
902:, 19 (EWHC (Admin) 2010) ("
551:
1383:United Kingdom administrative case law
1231:
1255:"Health: Contaminated Blood Products"
1058:, 66 (EWCA (Civ) 2004) ("
426:(6th ed.). Hart Publishing Ltd.
262:on Friday, 16 April 2010, the eve of
223:contaminated blood and blood products
7:
1373:Blood donation in the United Kingdom
1192:"Campaigner wins tainted blood case"
14:
1267:current levels to those affected.
1154:, , (EWHC (Admin) 2010).
806:, (EWHC (Admin) 2010).
576:, 53 (EWHC (Admin) 2010).
1279:
816:Scolding, Fiona (26 June 2024).
41:. Please discuss further on the
20:
1363:2010 in United Kingdom case law
1260:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1132:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
753:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
665:Meikle, James (16 April 2010).
652:, 51 (EWCA (Civ) 2004).
631:10.1080/10854681.1997.11426925
489:. Cambridge University Press.
225:disaster also occurred in the
1:
1284:The dictionary definition of
1026:. Herbert Smith Freehills LLP
1300:Farrell, Anne-Maree (2012).
972:An error of fact revolution?
483:Farrell, Anne-Maree (2012).
1388:Contaminated blood case law
1368:High Court of Justice cases
173:Contaminated blood products
1404:
1164:Clements, Richard (2015).
462:Endicott, Timothy (2011).
441:Clements, Richard (2015).
1378:History of blood donation
420:Fordham, Michael (2012).
377:Lord Morris of Manchester
319:Admissibility of evidence
156:
85:
1097:Judicial Review Handbook
987:Judicial Review Handbook
818:"Anatomising a disaster"
588:Judicial Review Handbook
517:Abrogation in public law
423:Judicial Review Handbook
191:which challenged the UK
705:. London. 16 April 2010
625:(1). Routledge: 27–32.
539:M.C. and Others v Italy
391:
364:
331:
285:
270:Material error of fact
193:Department of Health's
160:Material error of fact
385:
264:World Haemophilia Day
99:High Court of Justice
39:neutral point of view
1152:765 BMLR 116
1078:765 BMLR 116
900:765 BMLR 116
804:765 BMLR 116
574:765 BMLR 116
212:Andrew Michael March
163:Relevance of Hansard
748:"Topical Questions"
334:— Mr Justice Holman
227:Republic of Ireland
1056:49 QB 1044
951:Administrative Law
875:on 6 November 2009
650:49 QB 1044
465:Administrative Law
132:(2010) 116 BMLR 57
361:those infected...
282:Mr Justice Holman
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