704:
beyond giving the state more powers to discriminate against women and minorities, they would also ignite further ethnic tension. Human Rights
Watched stated that the laws would entrench religious discrimination and expressed concern that the many local boards set up by the laws would be disproportionately or exclusively ethnic Burman Buddhist officials. Beyond discriminatory bias, such local groups could stoke communal tensions. Furthermore, the laws were criticized for relying on gender discriminatory narratives associating women with purity. Furthermore, many regard the language and focus on religion and interfaith marriages as evidence of the bill as an attempt to legalize discrimination.
634:. It mentions religion by stating that marriage conducted in accordance with any law, religion or custom shall only be legal if it is monogamous. Chapter 3 further explicitly repeats this three more times for Buddhists, Buddhist women and non-Buddhist men and for non-Buddhists. The law is applied beyond citizens by including
469:
or migration is currently or expected to be high. Local governments are given the authority to request this assistance to limit reproductive rates in areas where an "imbalance between population and resources" negatively impacts regional development. Of the provisions applied onto the area, the most
501:
and requires any citizen of
Myanmar wishing to convert to be (1) at least 18 years old, (2) submit a complete application to the Scrutiny and Registration Board and (3) pass an interview with the Board. The Board can have the applicant engage in religious studies up to 180 days from the application
390:
prohibited the use of '969' for political uses. The committee issued an order on 2 September prohibiting the creation of formal 969 organizations. The committee did not object to the promotion of 969 ideology but found that drafting proposed laws had gone too far. Wirathu rejected the order calling
456:
to alleviate poverty and provide healthcare relating to "the adjustment of population increase" in socioeconomically underdeveloped regions. The law requires the
Ministry of Health to provide assistance, various administrative and healthcare services and medical distribution to areas determined to
673:
stated that the
Population Control Law and the Monogamy Law required significant revisions, including safeguards, to ensure that they would not be used discriminatorily. The Myanmar National Human Rights Commission, when asked about whether non-citizens would be burdened with bills only targeting
703:
and international conventions that
Myanmar had ratified. Ma Ba Tha, who lobbied for the laws, defends the laws as a way to protect the country against Muslim whom they accuse of trying to take over Myanmar by outbreeding the Buddhist majority. Organizations like Amnesty International stated that
544:
The law explicitly aims to protect the rights of
Myanmar Buddhist women marrying a non-Buddhist man, defining a Myanmar Buddhist women as a citizen woman who professes the Buddhist faith or is a woman born of parents who profess the faith unless the woman has officially converted through the
564:
Amnesty
International criticized the law for blatantly discriminating on both religious and gender grounds as well as relying on stereotypes that Buddhist women are vulnerable to forced conversion by non-Buddhist husbands. The Human Rights Watch (HRW) criticized the violation of Myanmar's
382:
quickly escalated with mobs attacking and torching Muslim houses, mosques and schools across
Mandalay Region. While these riots may not have been incited by the 969 movement, many nationalistic monks "rode the wave" and began to incite greater tensions between Buddhists and Muslims.
661:
The first of the four laws, the
Population Control Law, was passed in the wake of increase pressure from international organizations and foreign governments on the Government of Myanmar to alleviate discriminatory conditions for the persecuted
502:
before willing converts are given a certificate of conversion. In
Chapter 6, the law further prescribes punishments for forced conversions or converts who convert with the intention of "insulting, degrading, destroying or misusing a religion".
399:) was created and began formally lobbying for laws to regulate religious conversion. Particularly the 969 movement sought to pass a law forbidding Buddhist women from marrying non-Buddhist men without the permission of local officials.
477:
as coercive birth-spacing requirements could violate women's human rights. Furthermore, the law only imposes these restrictions on certain regions and could be triggered discriminatorily towards areas with a high Muslim population.
561:, and denies him any joint property or custody if he divorces his Buddhist wife. A non-Buddhist husband is required to disassociate from his original family with all property upon his death going to his Buddhist wife and children.
574:
666:, causing many to fear that the law is designed to target the Rohingya. Amnesty International's analysis of the Religious Conversion Bill found it unclear if the bill would apply to non-citizens like the Rohingya.
1055:
619:
on 21 August 2015. The law was criticized for its potential abuse to arbitrarily interfere with privacy and family affairs. The government denied that it was aimed at Muslims, some of whom practice
626:
The law applies makes it a criminal offense to have more than one spouse or live with an unmarried partner while either has a spouse. The person who enters into another marriage or illegal
553:
to publicly display the application for interfaith marriage for 14 days and allows any objections to the marriage to go to local court. Beyond the increased administrative burden placed on
719:
government coming into power shortly after the laws were passed. Many townships do not have the Scrutiny and Registration Boards as required by the Religious Conversion Law set up.
833:
578:
533:) was signed into law alongside the Religious Conversion Law by Thein Sein on 26 May 2015. This law was perhaps one of the most controversial as the primary law lobbied for by
1209:
985:
615:) was signed into law by President Thein Sein on 31 August 2015 as the last of the four Race and Religion Protection Laws after being briefly sent back to the
803:
1191:
1284:
776:
916:
418:
669:
Many concerns raised were on the grounds of implementation and enforcement. While the laws where still drafts, Amnesty International and the
510:
1087:
967:
670:
392:
893:
505:
The law's requirement for local government officials to approve conversion applications was a cause for concern to many rights groups.
421:. Ma Ba Tha further pressured parliamentarians by asking their congregations not to vote for "traitors" who did not support the laws.
387:
841:
645:
including the criminalization of extramarital affairs. The law further lacks provisions for children of polygamous marriages or for
338:
1043:[The Health Care in the Adjustment of Population Increase Law] (Law 28/2015) (in Burmese). Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. 19 May 2015.
1056:"Myanmar President Approves Population Control Health Care Law Amid Concerns Over Potential Reproductive, Human Rights Violations"
534:
396:
302:
1270:
557:, the law further requires the non-Buddhist husband to respect the free practice of his spouse's Buddhism, including displaying
1346:
1125:
641:
Amnesty International criticized the law for its unclear purpose since polygamy is already criminalized in Article 494 of the
517:
expressed concerns that given the rise of religious tensions, authorities could abuse this law and further harass minorities.
474:
402:
The four laws had been prominent within domestic politics since mid-2013 and reached parliament in late 2014 in the midst of
379:
1253:
871:
716:
407:
1069:
453:
577:
requiring signatories to eliminate discrimination against women in matters relating to marriage. The HRW further cites
1364:
712:
581:, which Myanmar did not sign for its clause to uphold the right to marry without discrimination on religious grounds.
1017:
1258:[The Law Relating to the Monogamous System] (Law 54/2015) (in Burmese). Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. 26 August 2015.
1320:
707:
Since the laws' passing in 2015, the country has undergone many religious and ethnic conflicts including the 2017
537:
and as the most explicit law protecting Buddhism specifically. The law passed 524 to 44 in a joint session of the
1154:
807:
1232:
301:. The laws were drafted in 2013 and pushed by the Committee for the Protection of Nationality and Religion, or
674:
citizens, was unable to conclusively dissuade concerns that non-citizens would be targeted by the four laws.
1388:
942:
715:. While the four laws remain in effect, they have been rarely applied. This may be due to the new 2015-2020
635:
24:
549:
to have parental consent if the woman is under 20 years of age. The Interfaith Marriage Law further allows
642:
678:
514:
344:
686:
550:
498:
470:
controversial was that women would be required to space the birth of their children 36 months apart.
443:
411:
741:
545:
Religious Conversion Law. Unlike the Religious Conversion Law, the Interfaith Marriage Law requires
599:
554:
449:
on 19 May 2015 despite several objections from domestic activists and international organizations.
20:
1180:[Religious Conversion Law] (Law 50/2015) (in Burmese). Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. 26 August 2015.
1113:[Religious Conversion Law] (Law 48/2015) (in Burmese). Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. 26 August 2015.
682:
616:
538:
506:
462:
237:
173:
109:
37:
708:
696:
570:
458:
627:
590:
526:
487:
435:
1306:
1210:"Burmese President signs the "shameful law" regulating religion, marriages and family life"
663:
546:
375:
367:
466:
395:
to control the monkhood. Later, the Committee for the Protection of Race and Religion (
1382:
363:
359:
700:
558:
347:
334:
1175:
1108:
1038:
370:
magazine. On 20 March 2013, tensions between Buddhist and Muslim ethnic groups in
863:
829:
646:
403:
968:"Burma's anti-Muslim "969" movement banned by official Buddhist monk committee"
417:
faced pressure to sign them into law from both Ma Ba Tha and his nationalistic
391:
the committee undemocratic citing that the committee was created by the former
689:
631:
446:
414:
269:
248:
205:
184:
141:
120:
69:
48:
1155:"Scrap 'race and religion laws' that could fuel discrimination and violence"
1305:
Amnesty International; International Commission of Jurists (3 March 2015).
917:"Buddhist Committee's 969 Prohibitions Prompts Meeting of Movement Backers"
575:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
1285:"Myanmar's president signs off on polygamy law seen as targeting Muslims"
650:
620:
371:
355:
1307:
Myanmar: Parliament must reject discriminatory βrace and religionβ laws
298:
57:
The Health Care in the Adjustment of Population Increase Law (28/2015)
1040:αα°α¦αΈαα±ααα―αΈαα½α¬αΈααΎα―ααΊαΈααααΊαΈααΎαααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ αα»ααΊαΈαα¬αα±αΈα
α±α¬αα·αΊααΎα±α¬ααΊααΎα―α₯ααα±
440:αα°α¦αΈαα±ααα―αΈαα½α¬αΈααΎα―ααΊαΈααααΊαΈααΎαααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ αα»ααΊαΈαα¬αα±αΈα
α±α¬αα·αΊααΎα±α¬ααΊααΎα―α₯ααα±
1070:"UNFPA Statement on the Population Control Healthcare Law in Myanmar"
894:"Analysis: How to reverse Buddhism's radical turn in Southeast Asia?"
837:
566:
351:
1271:"Myanmar's president signs off on law seen as targeting Muslims"
1088:"Myanmar's New Family-Planning Law Seen as Targeted at Rohingya"
434:
The Health Care in the Adjustment of Population Increase Law (
497:
The law establishes Scrutiny and Registration Boards in each
457:
need healthcare. Areas are determined to need healthcare if
350:
formed in the early 2010s in opposition to what they see as
193:
The Myanmar Buddhist Women's Special Marriage Law (50/2015)
986:"Buddhism v Islam in Asia: Fears of a new religious strife"
943:"Myanmar Buddhist committee bans anti-Muslim organizations"
695:
The laws also generally saw criticism on its violations of
531:ααΌααΊαα¬αα―ααΉααα¬αα¬αααΊααααΊαΈααα»α¬αΈ α‘αα°αΈααααΊαΈααΌα¬αΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ α₯ααα±
1347:"Burma: Discriminatory Laws Could Stoke Communal Tensions"
1192:"Myanmar President Signs Two Controversial Religion Bills"
1126:"Myanmar president signs final 'religious protection' law"
777:"Burma: Four "Race and Religion Protection Laws" Adopted"
610:
Law Regarding the Practice of One Husband One Wife System
509:
called the law discriminatory and incompatible with the
494:) was signed by President Thein Sein on 26 August 2015.
1365:
2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Burma
630:
will have committed the criminal act of polygamy or
579:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
452:
The law's objectives, as written, are to enable the
257:
The Law Relating to the Monogamous System (54/2015)
1018:"The Truth About Myanmar's New Discriminatory Laws"
941:Jared Ferrie and Min Zayar Oo (11 September 2013).
804:"The Buddhist Monks Advocating Intolerance in Asia"
525:
The Myanmar Buddhist Women's Special Marriage Law (
275:
265:
236:
231:
211:
201:
172:
167:
147:
137:
108:
103:
83:
75:
65:
36:
31:
864:"Burma communal rioting spreads outside Meiktila"
1086:Hookway, James; Mahtani, Shibani (23 May 2015).
297:are a series of 4 controversial laws passed in
1072:. United Nations Population Fund. 9 June 2015.
8:
692:to reject the laws and refuse to sign them.
1300:
1298:
1255:αα
αΊαααΊαα
αΊααα¬αΈα
αα
αΊ αα»αα·αΊαα―αΆαΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬α₯ααα±
1233:"Burma:Reject Discriminatory Marriage Bill"
598:
595:αα
αΊαααΊαα
αΊααα¬αΈα
αα
αΊ αα»αα·αΊαα―αΆαΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬α₯ααα±
589:The Law Relating to the Monogamous System (
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1248:
1246:
1177:ααα―αΈαα½ααΊαα¬αα¬αα¬αα°αΈααΌα±α¬ααΊαΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ α₯ααα±
1170:
1168:
1110:ααα―αΈαα½ααΊαα¬αα¬αα¬αα°αΈααΌα±α¬ααΊαΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ α₯ααα±
1103:
1101:
1033:
1031:
492:ααα―αΈαα½ααΊαα¬αα¬αα¬αα°αΈααΌα±α¬ααΊαΈααΌααΊαΈααα―ααΊαα¬ α₯ααα±
354:'s expansion in Myanmar, a predominantly
1081:
1079:
1011:
1009:
1007:
677:Several rights organizations, including
366:called "The Face of Buddhist Terror" by
1227:
1225:
1223:
728:
254:
190:
129:The Religious Conversion Law (48/2015)
126:
54:
736:
734:
732:
419:Union Solidarity and Development Party
228:
164:
100:
28:
834:"Buddhists sentenced over Burma riot"
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
638:and foreigners married to a citizen.
511:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
1321:"Myanmar passes 'anti-polygamy' law"
915:May Sitt Paing (10 September 2013).
671:International Commission of Jurists
1269:Hnin Yadana Zaw (31 August 2015).
1016:Caster, Michael (26 August 2015).
874:from the original on 25 March 2013
388:State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee
14:
1124:Perez, Emelina (31 August 2015).
358:country. The movement was led by
339:Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar
295:Race and Religion Protection Laws
1309:(Report). Amnesty International.
742:"Burma: Drop Draft Religion Law"
541:, Myanmar's legislative body.
486:The Religious Conversion Law (
475:United Nations Population Fund
473:The law was criticized by the
380:2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots
16:Series of 2015 laws in Myanmar
1:
802:Beech, Hannah (1 July 2013).
717:National League for Democracy
713:2021-2022 Myanmar civil war
1405:
332:
18:
657:Controversy and Reactions
594:
530:
491:
439:
283:
243:
219:
179:
155:
115:
91:
43:
1369:U.S. Department of State
1254:
1176:
1109:
1039:
482:Religious Conversion Law
315:Religious Conversion Law
104:Religious Conversion Law
521:Interfaith Marriage Law
319:Interfaith Marriage Law
168:Interfaith Marriage Law
25:Anti-miscegenation laws
1371:(Report). 2 June 2022.
806:. TIME. Archived from
430:Population Control Law
408:November 2015 election
307:Population Control Law
32:Population Control Law
1159:Amnesty International
679:Amnesty International
515:Amnesty International
974:. 16 September 2013.
896:. IRIN. 16 July 2013
636:residents in Myanmar
555:interfaith marriages
378:turned violent. The
345:Buddhist nationalist
323:Special Marriage Law
1092:Wall Street Journal
1054:Win (26 May 2015).
781:Library of Congress
632:conjugal infidelity
628:extramarital affair
573:, specifically the
305:. They include the
287:Current legislation
223:Current legislation
159:Current legislation
95:Current legislation
21:Anti-conversion law
1351:Human Rights Watch
1237:Human Rights Watch
746:Human Rights Watch
683:Human Rights Watch
569:obligations under
539:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
507:Human Rights Watch
463:population density
454:Ministry of Health
406:sentiment. As the
238:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
174:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
110:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
38:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
1353:. 23 August 2015.
1291:. 31 August 2015.
1198:. 29 August 2015.
870:. 25 March 2013.
709:Rohingya genocide
697:religious freedom
571:international law
459:population growth
321:(also called the
291:
290:
227:
226:
163:
162:
99:
98:
1396:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:. 31 August 2015
1317:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1216:. 12 April 2014.
1206:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1013:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
976:
975:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
840:. Archived from
832:(12 July 2013).
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
773:
758:
757:
755:
753:
738:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
596:
532:
493:
442:) was signed by
441:
229:
165:
101:
29:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1161:. 3 March 2015.
1153:
1152:
1137:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1014:
1005:
995:
993:
984:
983:
979:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
844:on 5 April 2014
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
810:on 21 June 2013
801:
800:
796:
786:
784:
775:
774:
761:
751:
749:
740:
739:
730:
725:
664:Rohingya people
659:
612:
609:
606:
603:
587:
551:local townships
523:
484:
467:fertility rates
432:
427:
393:military regime
376:Mandalay Region
341:
331:
266:Enacted by
261:
258:
253:
252:
202:Enacted by
197:
194:
189:
188:
138:Enacted by
133:
130:
125:
124:
61:
58:
53:
52:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1389:Law of Myanmar
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1338:
1325:Deutsche Welle
1312:
1294:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1239:. 9 July 2015.
1219:
1201:
1183:
1164:
1135:
1116:
1097:
1075:
1061:
1046:
1027:
1003:
992:. 27 July 2013
977:
959:
933:
907:
885:
855:
821:
794:
759:
727:
726:
724:
721:
658:
655:
586:
583:
522:
519:
483:
480:
431:
428:
426:
423:
330:
327:
289:
288:
281:
280:
279:31 August 2015
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
260:
259:
256:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
225:
224:
217:
216:
215:26 August 2015
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
192:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
161:
160:
153:
152:
151:26 August 2015
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
128:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
106:
105:
97:
96:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:Passed by
63:
62:
60:
59:
56:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
34:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:The Economist
987:
981:
978:
973:
969:
963:
960:
948:
944:
937:
934:
922:
921:The Irrawaddy
918:
911:
908:
895:
889:
886:
873:
869:
865:
859:
856:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
822:
809:
805:
798:
795:
782:
778:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
760:
748:. 29 May 2014
747:
743:
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