Race and ethnicity in the United States census

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follow-up survey concluded that the miscounting of children under five years of age and that American Indians and Alaska Natives living on reservations continued to have the highest net undercount rate, similar to 2010. One of the leading factors of the misrepresented information in the 2020 census is the coronavirus pandemic, which caused notable delays in the Census Bureau's Post-Enumeration Survey. The Post-Enumeration Survey is used to determine how accurate the census results are and inform planning for the next national count in 2030. Furthermore, discrepancies persisted due to the irrefutable variables of delays to field work, migration of many college students and others, and some respondents failed to answer the necessary questions required for the Post-Enumeration Survey to match the census. Journalist Michael Wines of the

2298:"ethnicity" or "ethnic group" are more salient for scientific purposes and have fewer of the negative, racist connotations for which the concept of race was developed. Yet the concept of race has become thoroughly—and perniciously—woven into the cultural and political fabric of the United States. It has become an essential element of both individual identity and government policy. Because so much harm has been based on "racial" distinctions over the years, correctives for such harm must also acknowledge the impact of "racial" consciousness among the U.S. populace, regardless of the fact that "race" has no scientific justification in human biology. Eventually, however, these classifications must be transcended and replaced by more non-racist and accurate ways of representing the diversity of the U.S. population. 974:"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. 80:". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among the changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. 1614:

generally Black (B) and Mulatto (M). In 1900, there were no specified categories on the census listing form, and the instructions called for enumerators to list "B" for "Black (or negro or negro descent)", displaying the first occurrence of the controversial term "Negro". In 1930, there were specific instructions that used the term "Negro". Mixed persons were to be counted as "Negro" no matter how small the share of blood, also known as the one-drop rule. It was not until 1970 that the term Black appeared on a census form, and in 1990 the enumerator of color was eliminated.

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dis-aggregated data on MENA populations, which made up over 3.5 million Americans. California, New York, and Michigan have the largest MENA populations, and Lebanese, Iranian, and Egyptian populations made up nearly half of them. This was almost triple the 2000 census' estimate of a population of 1.2 million Arab Americans, based on the "Ancestry" question rather than the racial category question. That number may have been an under count however, as 19% of the American population provided no answer for the "Ancestry" question.

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to "Print, for example". The removal of the word origin was due to the surveyed confusion and differentiating meanings origin has for respondents or varying backgrounds. Furthermore, the Census Bureau updated the write-in instructions for the "Some Other Race" category and included the instruction to "Print race", but changed the instruction to read "Print race or origin" to match the primary instruction to "

173: 1610:"White", "Black or African American", and "American Indian or Alaska Native" racial categories. In addition, after 100 years, the term "Negro" was removed from the 2020 census, as a large portion of respondents advocated for its removal. Instead, the category shifted from "Black, African Am., or Negro" to "Black or African Am." on paper questionnaires and electronic instruments. 1876: 146: 1867:

political shifts, apprehensions of unauthorized Mexican immigrants increased considerably after the pandemic started in 2020. In fiscal 2020, the number of detainments of Mexican adults at the U.S.-Mexican border reached sky-high new levels under former president Donald Trump. There were 253,118 such encounters, up 52% from 166,458 the previous year.

2284:(AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one and the same [ 1866:

The total number of non-immigrant visas processed in Mexico by the U.S. Department of State dropped 35% in 2020 compared with the prior year, from about 1.5 million in 2019 to about 960,000 in 2020. The temporary visas were processed for tourism, business, or crossing the border. Consequently, due to

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attributes group quarters like college dormitories, long-term care facilities and prisons to have the largest contingencies in the tally as the pandemic pushed many university students to return home, making it harder to count them in the dormitories or apartments where they normally would have been.

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The next change was reordering the example groups from "Argentinean, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on." to "Salvadoran, Dominican, Colombian, Guatemalan, Spaniard, Ecuadorian, etc." to reflect the ever-increasing geographic diversity of the Hispanic or Latino category

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The improvements are part of a larger effort reviewing the 1997 OMB guidelines, specifically to move MENA from under the White racial category into a new label. An OMB working group officially recommended a new MENA category in 2023 based on public feedback going back to 2015 and "plans to make final

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has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other

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in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the 2000 census data

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The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while a

792:

Corrected figures are 85,425, or 114 less than the figures published in 1790, due to an error of addition in the returns for each of the towns of Fairfield, Milton, Shelburne, and Williston, in the county of Chittenden; Brookfield, Newbury, Randolph, and Strafford, in the county of Orange; Castleton,

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found significant inequalities in household income, citizenship rates, and English-speaking rates between New Jersey's White population and Arab population, concluding that America's White and Arab populations might be different enough both culturally and economically to justify a separate category.

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The Hispanic origin question included the same checkboxes as the 2010 census ("Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano", "Puerto Rican", "Cuban"), along with a "Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin". Under this category, two changes emerged. The first was the shift from "Print origin, for example"

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The 1910 census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's

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represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes

1863:. The predominant reasoning being shifts in political authority and the coronavirus pandemic resulting in policy changes. More specifically, immigrants entering through a permanent legal residency (green card), visa overstays, and apprehensions have drastically changed the input and output of data. 969:

The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to

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During 1900, the "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups

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The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy

2272:

According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 census the largest part white biracial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197,

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Though the issues of identification questions of origin were addressed, the accuracy of the 2020 census displays undercounts and overcounts of Black people, Latinos, and Native Americans according to the work conducted under Robert Santos, the current director of the United States Census Bureau. A

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According to the United States Census Bureau, as a result of significant feedback, a detailed write-in response and example were included for the "White" and the "Black or African Am." racial categories to compensate a wider horizon of identities. There were also six example groups for each of the

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Use of the word "ethnicity" for Hispanics only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also

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The census of 1790, published in 1791, reports 16 slaves in Vermont. Subsequently, and up to 1860, the number is given as 17. An examination of the original manuscript allegedly shows that no slaves were ever in Vermont. The original error occurred in preparing the results for publication, when 16

195:

The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the

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The recommendations of the AAA were not adopted by the Census Bureau for the 2000, 2010, and 2020 censuses. This includes Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin, which remained an ethnicity, not a race. While race/ethnicity definitions for 2020 remained consistent, individuals who identify as White,

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Translating the data set, the 3.45 difference in net coverage error for the Hispanic or Latino category proves widely problematic, but is an avid reflection of the seismic shifts in the United States. Mexican immigrants have been at the center of one of the largest mass migrations in contemporary

1617:

The 2020 census was also "the first to specifically solicit Middle Eastern North African (MENA) responses" through the write-in response for the White racial category. The term MENA includes the Arab American population, which is growing quickly as of 2023. This allowed the 2020 census to include

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featured similar designs to the 2000 and 2010 censuses. Subsequently, the Census Bureau adhered to the 1997 OMB standards and thus used two separate questions to collect data on race and ethnicity. However, there were improvements in the phrasing of the race and ethnicity questions within the OMB

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Some other race — Includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian or Alaska Native", "Asian", and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed,

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Although used in the census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get

977:

For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list

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in 2010. The Arab American population was then estimated through the number of responses that included one or more Arab ancestries. The 2020 census changed this by explicitly prompting write-in responses with Arab American examples listed as "Print, for example, German, Irish, English, Italian,

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The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could choose both "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not

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that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government

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The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants

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Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and

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are considered separate and distinct identities, with a person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the

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The American Anthropological Association recommends the elimination of the term "race" from OMB Directive 15 during the planning for the 2010 census. During the past 50 years, "race" has been scientifically proven to not be a real, natural phenomenon. More specific, social categories such as

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The identification of the term African American first occurred in the 2000 census, reflecting a long-standing history of offensive terminology since the censuses' inception. The 1790 census included other "free persons" by color and "slaves". From 1850 to 1880, the codes for enumerators were

820:

The figures for Virginia do not include the population of Kentucky. Though Kentucky was then a part of Virginia, the Kentucky figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Kentucky. The Virginia figures do include the portion of Virginia that later became the state of West

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For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as

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The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from about 50,000 households to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 census with the purpose of creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 census with previous census racial data.

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included changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That included adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races." Additionally, the Hispanic terms were modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or

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and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology.

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This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents:

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decisions on revisions by Summer 2024". Many people in the community "may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White". The added category could allow for more targeted funding, social programs, and political representation. A 2015 study from

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The 1920 census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively.

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into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

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The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized" was included.

866:. However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in the census form. 1384:

including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes "Asian Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", and "Other

833: 998:

treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the

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notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the

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No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included a combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation.

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The 1940 census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population.

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The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed.

1409:— People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses. 1320:

on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the U.S. population over time.

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In the 2000 census, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race.

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Clarendon, Hubbardton, Poultney, Rutland, Shrewsburg, and Wallingford, in the county of Rutland; Dummerston, Guilford, Halifax, and Westminster, in the county of Windham; and Woodstock, in the county of Windsor.

120:). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the 1951:

The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses. Many residents of the United States consider race and ethnicity to be the same.

904:. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. 2348: 802:

The figures for Massachusetts do not include the population of Maine. Though Maine was then a part of Massachusetts, the Maine figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Maine.

3350: 1285:

Census data indicate that the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one-half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. In 1990, for interracial families with one

4036: 3023: 4172: 4115: 3977: 3843: 921:, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " 978:

Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American.

1356:. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro", or provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. 874:

In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves".

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in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the

3627: 1890: 981:

The supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry.

2343: 863: 3515: 1038:

This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry is from the

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chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of

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Reynolds, Gerald A.; Thernstrom, Abigail; Gaziano, Todd; Heriot, Gail; Kirsanow, Peter N.; Melendez, Arlan D.; Taylor, Ashley L. Jr; Yaki, Michael (April 7, 2006).

149: 2992: 1342:. It includes people who indicate their race as "white-skinned people" or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish. 5018: 4029: 3331: 2714:"OMB Publishes Revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity | OMB" 2353: 3720: 2543: 1445:

Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin – Print origin, for example, Argentinian, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on.

3909: 6308: 4182: 4150: 4080: 1230:

The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the

274:. However, the census was proven factual and the existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. 6298: 4200: 2433: 3354: 2961: 2868: 2785: 900:

schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were

5327: 4440: 4100: 4054: 4022: 999: 214:

About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from

4482: 4324: 4299: 4167: 3892: 2378: 2373: 2322: 2312: 1508: 77: 49: 38: 1531:

In the 2000 census, 12.5% of the U.S. population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity.

4509: 4140: 4120: 4110: 4075: 5501: 4445: 4095: 4007: 2910: 2338: 1359: 1298: 952:

version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage.

926: 112:

Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the

3482: 2466: 4416: 4215: 4145: 4130: 2832: 2281: 1392: 61: 2505: 1021:

The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices.

5485: 4715: 4708: 4641: 4428: 4314: 4155: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1424:

The 23rd federal census, 2010 asks one ethnic and one race question (questions 1-4 not reproduced here, questions 5 and 6 paraphrased):

6303: 4536: 4433: 4411: 4230: 4090: 1363: 105:

decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data is needed to monitor compliance with the

3403: 3151: 3065: 2290:] underscor the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people." 5414: 4267: 4210: 4162: 4085: 4045: 2326: 1042:) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: 189: 3778: 2403: 1395:. It includes people who indicate their race as "Native Hawaiian", "Guamanian or Chamorro", "Samoan", and "Other Pacific Islander". 3544: 3299: 3215: 3185: 891:

In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included.

4346: 4304: 4289: 4105: 1010: 294: 1403:, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here. 4356: 4294: 3477: 2630: 88: 65: 30: 156:, February 6, 2015. An illustrated history of the racial and ethnic categories used in the U.S. census from 1790 through 2010. 4401: 4376: 4257: 4177: 4070: 2368: 201: 197: 3103: 6313: 5937: 4237: 4205: 4192: 2318: 2303:

Black/African American, and/or American Indian or Alaska Native were asked to specifically identify their racial origins.

42: 2768: 1621:

This is significant because MENA identities were previously only tracked through the "Ancestry" write-in question on the

6007: 4309: 4242: 4135: 3981: 3574: 3000: 2743: 2280:

In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB Directive No. 15, the

1577:

to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

286: 153: 92: 84: 6273: 6248: 6044: 4381: 3747: 2965: 2872: 2509: 2470: 2437: 2407: 2363: 3335: 3899:, James P. Allen and Eugene Turner, Department of Geography, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 3868: 6029: 4252: 3516:"Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures" 3035: 1388: 125: 87:(MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the 6253: 6220: 5864: 5344: 4942: 3951: 3917: 1622: 1590: 1545: 1316: 1231: 181: 121: 113: 106: 3932:"Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research" 938:

off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white."

6268: 6243: 5027: 4874: 4596: 4546: 4492: 4284: 2682: 117: 6205: 5812: 5354: 4524: 4460: 2969: 2876: 2789: 2358: 3804: 124:; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the 5992: 4551: 4406: 4277: 3575:"Lebanese, Iranian and Egyptian Populations Represented Nearly Half of the MENA Population in 2020 Census" 855: 302: 5258: 1247:

If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay?

6172: 6089: 6054: 6049: 5950: 5409: 5379: 5109: 5072: 4994: 4842: 4837: 4450: 4351: 4125: 1558: 1406: 990: 5384: 5374: 5334: 3889: 3655:"Middle Eastern and North African Americans may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White" 3458: 2569: 2441: 60:

practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the

6162: 6152: 6142: 6132: 6084: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5955: 5394: 5359: 5349: 5186: 5004: 4974: 4928: 4794: 4769: 4591: 4529: 4421: 3931: 3666: 3602: 2855:"A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790–1900" 2623: 1417: 994: 709: 223: 185: 22: 3126: 6157: 6127: 6117: 6107: 5987: 5881: 5480: 5473: 5451: 5429: 5424: 5312: 5233: 5052: 4989: 4959: 4911: 4901: 4854: 4830: 4784: 4779: 4627: 4497: 4455: 4386: 4371: 4366: 4262: 3997: 1860: 1381: 1039: 298: 3844:"Before COVID-19, more Mexicans came to the U.S. than left for Mexico for the first time in years" 6147: 6137: 6112: 6021: 5960: 5945: 5930: 5399: 5369: 5297: 5275: 5243: 5221: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5153: 5114: 5104: 5099: 5062: 5037: 4964: 4906: 4869: 4818: 4813: 4685: 4678: 4663: 4646: 4622: 4601: 4586: 4576: 4561: 4541: 4519: 4465: 4396: 4361: 4002: 3472: 3047: 2916: 2687: 1631: 1566: 811:

Corrected figures are 59,096, or 2 more than figures published in 1790, due to error in addition.

56: 26: 2836: 2513: 1500:

This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups."

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persons, returned as "Free colored", were carried forward to the following page as "Slave". See

6238: 6122: 6064: 5997: 5854: 5668: 5456: 5441: 5434: 5404: 5364: 5339: 5322: 5280: 5248: 5238: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5119: 5057: 5042: 4984: 4979: 4947: 4916: 4879: 4864: 4847: 4806: 4774: 4752: 4725: 4673: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4514: 4502: 4391: 4341: 3812: 3702: 3684: 2906: 1859:

history, reaching a peak of 12.8 million in 2007, but have since declined, as reported by the

1574: 1562: 1345: 842: 778: 2854: 1470:

Other Asian – Print race, for example, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, Cambodian, and so on.

862:

for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the

6074: 6069: 6059: 6039: 5718: 5596: 5516: 5446: 5419: 5389: 5302: 5285: 5263: 5181: 5092: 5087: 5077: 5013: 4921: 4894: 4884: 4859: 4825: 4757: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4720: 4668: 4658: 4651: 4632: 4608: 4581: 4487: 4220: 3721:"Why Arab Americans are pushing for a 'Middle East or North African' category on the census" 3692: 3674: 3039: 2383: 1123: 1113: 1107: 484: 290: 247: 72: 6034: 5982: 5623: 5586: 5541: 5468: 5317: 5307: 5270: 5253: 5226: 5161: 5082: 5067: 5047: 4969: 4952: 4933: 4889: 4799: 4789: 4762: 4747: 4703: 4272: 3955: 3896: 3144: 2474: 1391:— A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other 1369: 1327: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1128: 1118: 1072: 914: 3992:(Princeton University Press; 2013) argues for dropping the race question from the census. 3890:

Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations

2624:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity" 3880:(see Table 10. Hispanic and Not Hispanic Population by Race for the United States: 2000) 3670: 1934:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5876: 5829: 5693: 5688: 5653: 5638: 5216: 5032: 4999: 4477: 4472: 3697: 3654: 3306: 3226: 3193: 1570: 1377: 1302: 859: 774:

The Connecticut River Valley in southern Vermont and New Hampshire; historical sketches

684: 659: 263: 251: 6292: 5921: 5792: 5740: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5618: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5124: 4247: 3259: 3051: 2920: 2900: 2657:"Census Changes: Biden Administration Proposes New Categories For Race And Ethnicity" 1076: 1062: 971: 772: 409: 359: 239: 235: 4014: 2805:

The Census Book: A Genealogists Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes

5901: 5777: 5561: 3779:"The 2020 census had big undercounts of Black people, Latinos and Native Americans" 1349: 1339: 1013:. The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. 534: 434: 297:, directed U.S. Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the 259: 255: 34: 3089: 2321:

adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15, as did the

2411: 1889:

Please expand the to include this information. Further details may exist on the

83:

As of 2023, the OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a

6180: 5896: 5817: 5797: 5683: 5556: 5461: 3104:"Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II" 2709: 1335: 918: 459: 215: 172: 3628:"Initial Proposals for Updating OMB's Race and Ethnicity Statistical Standards" 3283: 5906: 5859: 5802: 5658: 5633: 3043: 509: 243: 3978:"The Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Classifications in the Decennial Census" 3816: 3688: 2603:

Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting

1458:

American Indian or Alaska Native – Print name of enrolled or principal tribe.

6233: 6210: 6185: 5911: 5807: 5663: 5613: 5531: 3679: 3186:"2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race" 2818: 1550: 1491:

Other Pacific Islander – Print race, for example, Fijian, Tongan, and so on.

1082: 5643: 3706: 1875: 3990:

What Is Your Race? The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans

3653:

Maghbouleh, Neda; Schachter, Ariela; Flores, René D. (February 15, 2022).

3407: 6190: 5844: 5834: 5762: 5735: 5648: 5628: 5566: 5546: 5526: 5521: 3435: 3332:"Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology" 3078:

A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights: FDR and the Controversy over Whiteness

2598: 2273:

and finally white/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander at 125,628.

1400: 1373: 1103: 1057: 922: 634: 609: 584: 559: 301:. The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's 271: 231: 219: 6215: 6002: 5916: 5891: 5839: 5824: 5708: 5536: 5506: 4225: 1643:

Percent Net Coverage Error by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 and 2020

1364:

original peoples of North and South America (including Central America)

901: 334: 314:

Free white males at least 16 years of age, including heads of families

267: 3948: 1002:

in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.

6195: 5787: 5772: 5767: 5755: 5750: 5678: 5608: 5511: 5290: 1841:*Net coverage error is statistically significantly different from 0. 1353: 1331: 1096:

a. For persons born in a foreign country – Is the person naturalized?

1067: 970:

be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "

3430: 3805:"Despite Many Obstacles, the 2020 Census Gets a Cautious Thumbs-Up" 3334:(Press release). US Census Bureau. January 16, 2003. Archived from 2599:"American Anthropological Association Response to OMB Directive 15" 5886: 5869: 5849: 5782: 5745: 5673: 5603: 2902:

Who Counts?: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America

832: 384: 227: 171: 116:

and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the

6269:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

2313:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission § Race and ethnicity

6200: 5551: 3494: 1372:— A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the 1186:

a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?

4018: 3022:

Gratton, Brian; Merchant, Emily Klancher (September 19, 2016).

2740:"Infographic: Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data" 3959: 2549:(Report). American Anthropological Association. September 1997 2349:

Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

2286: 1914: 1869: 3549:

Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

1180:

a. Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?

1366:

and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.

1330:— A person having origins in any of the original peoples of 1412: 1293:

for about 20 percent of all children, the other parent was

1241:

In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?

3949:

Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1)

2848: 2846: 1183:

b. When did this person come to the United States to stay?

3260:"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief" 1657:

Is There A Significant Difference Between 2020 and 2010?

1323:

The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.

2681:

Lai, K.K. Rebecca; Medina, Jennifer (October 16, 2023).

1594:

guidelines, that would enhance clarity for respondents.

1253:

write-in of 'white-black' was assigned a code of 'white.

1099:

b When did the person come to the United States to stay?

6265:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

3748:"U.S. Census Bureau Classification of Arab Populations" 3378:"Census Takes Aim to Tally 'Hard to Count' Populations" 3258:

Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (March 2001).

3066:

https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930instructions.pdf

1207:

Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent?

732: 2577:

University of Maryland: Thurgood Marshall Law Library

2434:"American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin" 1911:

Relation between ethnicity and race in census results

1429:

Is the person of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin?

1174:

In what state or foreign country was the person born?

3459:"They ask, 'Where are we going to write Armenian? '" 3351:"Caribbeans urged to write in ancestry on US Census" 2506:"Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race" 6171: 6100: 6020: 5494: 5152: 4696: 4334: 4323: 4191: 4061: 3976:Ahmad, Farah Z.; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). 3837: 3835: 3833: 3431:"Arab-Americans Aim to Increase Their Census Count" 2738:Ahmad, Farah Z.; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). 1192:

c. If yes, how well does this person speak English?

858:from the 1790 population census are available, but 138: 3404:"The Arab American Institute | Get Involved!" 2807:. North Salt Lake, Utah: HeritageQuest. p. 7. 1639:and the variations in populations sums each year. 1261:Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent 1201:Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent 1142:Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent 150:"Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data" 2899:Anderson, Margo J.; Fienberg, Stephen E. (1999). 2344:Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom 1280:Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic, print one group ... 864:National Historical Geographic Information System 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 841:Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President 320:Free white females, including heads of families 204:were also responsible for governing the census. 16:Self-identification collected by the U.S. census 3772: 3770: 3768: 3659:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3024:"La Raza: Mexicans in the United States Census" 2780: 2778: 2295: 1512:Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." 1177:If this person was born in a foreign country... 3603:"Census 2000 Brief: The Arab Population: 2000" 3545:"Race and the Census: The "Negro" Controversy" 1956:Population distribution by race (2000 census) 1516:declaring various racial identities (see also 1433:No, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin 1244:Is this person a citizen of the United States? 4030: 2354:Judicial aspects of race in the United States 1110:, was spoken in the person's home as a child? 1093:What country was the person's mother born in? 1090:What country was the person's father born in? 8: 3869:"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" 3538: 3536: 3278: 3276: 3597: 3595: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 2683:"An American Puzzle: Fitting Race in a Box" 2542:"A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15". 1265:Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin? 305:as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. 4331: 4037: 4023: 4015: 3294: 3292: 3064:copy of the full 1930 census instructions 2570:"Racial Categorization in the 2010 Census" 1954: 1798:Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1389:Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 925:", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " 307: 3696: 3678: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 2821:. 1930 Census Resources for Genealogists. 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2467:"American FactFinder Help: Ethnic Groups" 1297:for 45 percent, and the other parent was 837:Commemorative pitcher with census results 3958:by the EEOC. The page contains links to 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 1641: 1362:— A person having origins in any of the 1348:— A person having origins in any of the 1271:Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano 1213:Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano 1054:b. Is this person's origin or descent... 1000:League of United Latin American Citizens 6234:People of the United States / Americans 4483:Southeast Africans in the United States 4441:African immigrants to the United States 3127:"Papers show Census role in WWII camps" 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2833:"1790 Census of Population and Housing" 2650: 2648: 2395: 2379:Racial segregation in the United States 2374:Race and ethnicity in the United States 2323:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1509:federal government of the United States 761: 176:Title page of 1790 United States census 4510:Southern Africans in the United States 4352:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 3842:Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (July 9, 2021). 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3157:from the original on October 20, 2003. 2461: 2459: 1770:American Indian Areas Off Reservation 135: 100:How data on race and ethnicity is used 4446:Central Africans in the United States 4008:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3803:Wines, Michael (September 14, 2021). 3485:from the original on January 21, 2017 3114:from the original on August 29, 2013. 2853:Census Office, United States (1909). 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2339:Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood 7: 4417:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 3910:"Race/Ethnicity and the 2020 Census" 2835:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 2788:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 2767:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 2282:American Anthropological Association 1146:Is this person's origin or descent? 777:. Rutland, Vt., Tuttle Co. pp. 62:American Anthropological Association 5486:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 4709:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 4642:North Africans in the United States 4429:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 3349:Kay, Jennifer (February 24, 2010). 3282:Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. " 3080:(University of Arizona Press, 2012) 1526:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 1522:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 1518:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 6309:Ethnic groups in the United States 4537:West Africans in the United States 4412:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 3998:"Racial classification in America" 3429:Ashmawey, Roqaya (March 1, 2010). 1436:Yes, Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano 1315:Race was asked differently in the 14: 6299:Demographics of the United States 6081:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 5415:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 4046:Demographics of the United States 3777:Lo Wang, Hansi (March 11, 2022). 3543:Cohn, D'Vera (January 21, 2010). 3125:Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007). 2327:United States Department of Labor 1742:American Indian or Alaska Native 1360:American Indian and Alaska Native 1189:b. If yes, what is this language? 6259:Race and ethnicity in the census 4347:African diaspora in the Americas 3996:Prewitt, Kenneth (Winter 2005). 3916:. March 23, 2019. Archived from 2512:. March 14, 2001. Archived from 2404:"American FactFinder Help: Race" 1919: 1874: 317:Free white males under 16 years 144: 4357:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 3520:The United States Census Bureau 3478:Office of Management and Budget 3286:." 2006. accessed July 7, 2008. 3102:J. R. Minkel (March 30, 2007). 2631:Office of Management and Budget 2579:. US Commission of Civil Rights 1195:What is this person's ancestry? 1155:Central American Other Spanish 89:Office of Management and Budget 85:Middle Eastern or North African 66:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 45:origin in a separate question. 31:Office of Management and Budget 4402:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 4377:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 3090:The 1930 Census in Perspective 2544:"Response to OMB Directive 15" 2369:Race and ethnicity in censuses 2144:Hawaiian N. & Pacific Is. 1289:partner, the other parent was 1049:a. Where was this person born? 1009:1940 census data was used for 1: 5938:Hispanic and Latino Americans 3936:National Institutes of Health 3457:SMITH, DOUG (April 5, 1990). 3284:2010 Decennial Census Program 2319:National Institutes of Health 1784:Balance of the United States 1675:Race Alone or in Combination 1494:Some other race – Print race. 6008:Indigenous Mexican Americans 3982:Center for American Progress 3028:Journal of Political History 2803:Dollarhide, William (2001). 2744:Center for American Progress 1222:Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic 1011:Japanese American internment 771:Lyman Simpson Hayes (1929). 154:Center for American Progress 93:Statistical Policy Directive 6249:Maps of American ancestries 6045:French Polynesian Americans 4382:Dutch West Indian Americans 3054:– via Cambridge Core. 2966:United States Census Bureau 2905:. Russell Sage Foundation. 2873:United States Census Bureau 2510:United States Census Bureau 2471:United States Census Bureau 2438:United States Census Bureau 2408:United States Census Bureau 2364:Race (human categorization) 1449:What is the person's race? 6330: 6030:Pacific Islander Americans 3036:Cambridge University Press 2765:"History: 1790 Fast Facts" 2310: 1714:Black or African American 1626:Lebanese, Egyptian, etc". 190:United States Constitution 126:Community Reinvestment Act 71:In 1997, the OMB issued a 6304:Race in the United States 6229: 6221:Punjabi Mexican Americans 5345:Liechtensteiner Americans 4052: 3962:, forms, and instructions 3376:The Washington Diplomat. 3044:10.1017/S0898030616000257 2218: 2191: 2189: 2049: 2022: 2020: 1995: 1960: 1928:This section needs to be 1700:Non-Hispanic White alone 1648:Race and Hispanic Origin 1623:American Community Survey 1600:Mark ☒ one or more boxes 1455:Black or African American 1346:Black or African American 1268:No, not Spanish/Hispanic 1210:No, not Spanish/Hispanic 182:1790 United States census 143: 132:Brief overview of history 122:Public Health Service Act 109:by local jurisdictions". 6244:Native American ancestry 5019:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 4875:Indo-Caribbean Americans 4597:Sierra Leonean Americans 4547:Bissau-Guinean Americans 4493:South Sudanese Americans 3954:August 13, 2009, at the 3895:October 2, 2008, at the 3145:"US Census Bureau, 2000" 2786:"History: 1790 Overview" 1173: 1086: 1080: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 6206:Louisiana Creole people 5355:Luxembourgish Americans 4525:South African Americans 4461:Equatoguinean Americans 3680:10.1073/pnas.2117940119 2359:Language Spoken at Home 1428: 1240: 829:Contemporary perception 323:All other free persons 163:18th and 19th centuries 91:published revisions to 5993:Puerto Rican Americans 4552:Cape Verdean Americans 4407:Saint Lucian Americans 4183:Ethnocultural politics 4151:Racial achievement gap 4081:Educational attainment 3225:. 2010. Archived from 2991:Census History Staff. 2300: 2098:A. Indian/Alaska Nat. 1885:is missing information 1416:Snapshot: Race in the 1308: 1250: 1198: 1139: 838: 303:admission to the Union 177: 33:(OMB) define a set of 6090:New Zealand Americans 6055:Micronesian Americans 6050:Marshallese Americans 5951:Costa Rican Americans 5410:Sammarinese Americans 5380:Montenegrin Americans 5110:Azerbaijani Americans 5073:Palestinian Americans 4995:Singaporean Americans 4843:Bangladeshi Americans 4451:Cameroonian Americans 4173:Unemployment by state 3783:National Public Radio 3461:– via LA Times. 3384:on September 16, 2011 3300:"2010 US Census form" 3216:"2010 US Census Form" 3003:on September 28, 2009 2962:"Through the Decades" 2921:10.7758/9781610440059 2879:on September 5, 2009. 2792:on September 5, 2009. 2311:Further information: 2293:The AAA also stated: 2221:Some other + W/B/N/A 1581:Hispanic or Latino". 1559:West Indian Americans 1485:Guamanian or Chamorro 1305:for about 34 percent. 1282: 1236: 1169: 1044: 991:Franklin D. Roosevelt 836: 192:and applicable laws. 175: 6314:United States census 6163:Venezuelan Americans 6153:Surinamese Americans 6143:Paraguayan Americans 6133:Ecuadorian Americans 6085:Australian Americans 5976:Salvadoran Americans 5971:Panamanian Americans 5966:Nicaraguan Americans 5956:Guatemalan Americans 5395:Portuguese Americans 5360:Macedonian Americans 5350:Lithuanian Americans 5187:Belarusian Americans 5005:Vietnamese Americans 4975:Indonesian Americans 4929:Sri Lankan Americans 4795:Fuzhounese Americans 4592:Senegalese Americans 4530:Zimbabwean Americans 4422:Vincentian Americans 3920:on October 12, 2019. 3338:on October 12, 2006. 2972:on September 1, 2009 2075:Black or African A. 995:Good Neighbor policy 870:1800 and 1810 census 23:United States census 6158:Uruguayan Americans 6128:Colombian Americans 6118:Brazilian Americans 6108:Argentine Americans 5988:Dominican Americans 5882:Alaskan Athabaskans 5481:Non-Hispanic whites 5474:Ukrainian Americans 5452:Slovenian Americans 5430:Norwegian Americans 5425:Icelandic Americans 5313:Hungarian Americans 5259:Dagestani Americans 5234:Bulgarian Americans 5053:Jordanian Americans 4990:Malaysian Americans 4960:Cambodian Americans 4912:Pakistani Americans 4902:Maldivian Americans 4855:Bhutanese Americans 4831:Mongolian Americans 4785:Taiwanese Americans 4780:Hong Kong Americans 4628:Ethiopian Americans 4498:Tanzanian Americans 4456:Congolese Americans 4387:Grenadian Americans 4372:Bermudian Americans 4367:Barbadian Americans 4101:Housing segregation 4055:Demographic history 3878:. US Census Bureau. 3848:Pew Research Center 3671:2022PNAS..11917940M 3108:Scientific American 3076:Patrick D. Lukens, 2839:on October 3, 2014. 1957: 1861:Pew Research Center 1826:Hispanic or Latino 1644: 1382:Indian subcontinent 1350:black racial groups 1152:Puerto Rican Cuban 1040:Indian subcontinent 299:Southwest Territory 6148:Peruvian Americans 6138:Guyanese Americans 6113:Bolivian Americans 6035:Chamorro Americans 5961:Honduran Americans 5946:Belizean Americans 5931:Canadian Americans 5400:Romanian Americans 5370:Moldovan Americans 5298:Galician Americans 5276:Estonian Americans 5244:Croatian Americans 5222:Scottish Americans 5177:Austrian Americans 5172:Asturian Americans 5167:Albanian Americans 5115:Georgian Americans 5105:Assyrian Americans 5100:Armenian Americans 5063:Lebanese Americans 5038:Bahraini Americans 4965:Filipino Americans 4907:Nepalese Americans 4870:Gujarati Americans 4819:Ryukyuan Americans 4814:Japanese Americans 4686:Sudanese Americans 4679:Tunisian Americans 4664:Algerian Americans 4647:Egyptian Americans 4623:Eritrean Americans 4602:Togolese Americans 4587:Nigerian Americans 4577:Liberian Americans 4562:Ghanaian Americans 4542:Beninese Americans 4520:Malawian Americans 4466:Gabonese Americans 4397:Jamaican Americans 4362:Bahamian Americans 4268:Moorish Scientists 4168:Standard of living 3988:Prewitt, Kenneth. 3938:. October 9, 2001. 3876:2000 Census Briefs 3809:The New York Times 3752:Rutgers Policy Lab 3746:Swedberg, Tamara. 3634:. January 27, 2023 3196:on August 31, 2009 2712:(March 28, 2024). 2688:The New York Times 2633:. October 30, 1997 2477:on August 19, 2018 2414:on August 19, 2018 1955: 1887:about 2020 census. 1854:Hispanic or Latino 1642: 1632:Rutgers University 1567:Armenian Americans 1274:Yes, Puerto Rican 1216:Yes, Puerto Rican 1158:No, none of these 1136:None, only English 839: 295:Secretary of State 178: 78:federal government 57:Race and ethnicity 43:Hispanic or Latino 39:race and ethnicity 27:U.S. Census Bureau 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6239:American ancestry 6123:Chilean Americans 6065:Palauan Americans 5998:Mexican Americans 5457:Spanish Americans 5442:Serbian Americans 5435:Swedish Americans 5405:Russian Americans 5385:Occitan Americans 5375:Monacan Americans 5365:Maltese Americans 5340:Latvian Americans 5335:Kosovan Americans 5323:Italian Americans 5281:Finnish Americans 5249:Cypriot Americans 5239:Catalan Americans 5212:English Americans 5207:Cornish Americans 5202:British Americans 5197:Bosnian Americans 5192:Belgian Americans 5142:Turkish Americans 5137:Kurdish Americans 5130:Israeli Americans 5120:Iranian Americans 5058:Kuwaiti Americans 5043:Emirati Americans 4985:Laotian Americans 4980:Iu Mien Americans 4948:Burmese Americans 4917:Punjabi Americans 4880:Punjabi Americans 4865:Bengali Americans 4848:Bengali Americans 4807:Tibetan Americans 4775:Chinese Americans 4753:Turkmen Americans 4726:Pashtun Americans 4674:Moroccan American 4572:Ivorian Americans 4567:Guinean Americans 4557:Gambian Americans 4515:Angolan Americans 4503:Ugandan Americans 4392:Haitian Americans 4342:African Americans 4141:Racial inequality 4111:Income inequality 4076:Gender inequality 3914:census2020now.org 3495:National Archives 2912:978-0-87154-256-4 2771:on June 25, 2010. 2266: 2265: 1949: 1948: 1908: 1907: 1839: 1838: 1575:Iranian Americans 1563:Turkish Americans 1505: 1504: 1439:Yes, Puerto Rican 1407:Two or more races 850:Data availability 843:George Washington 758: 757: 160: 159: 114:Voting Rights Act 107:Voting Rights Act 50:racial categories 6321: 6075:Tongan Americans 6070:Samoan Americans 6060:Native Hawaiians 6040:Fijian Americans 5942:Central America 5502:Native Americans 5447:Slovak Americans 5420:Danish Americans 5390:Polish Americans 5303:German Americans 5286:French Americans 5264:Lezgin Americans 5182:Basque Americans 5125:Jewish Americans 5093:Yemeni Americans 5088:Syrian Americans 5078:Qatari Americans 5014:Romani Americans 4922:Sindhi Americans 4895:Telugu Americans 4885:Sindhi Americans 4860:Indian Americans 4826:Korean Americans 4758:Uyghur Americans 4743:Kyrgyz Americans 4738:Kazakh Americans 4733:Baloch Americans 4721:Afghan Americans 4669:Libyan Americans 4659:Berber Americans 4652:Coptic Americans 4633:Somali Americans 4609:Yoruba Americans 4582:Malian Americans 4488:Kenyan Americans 4332: 4325:By continent and 4096:Household income 4039: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4011: 3985: 3963: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3727:. April 28, 2023 3717: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3682: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3632:Federal Register 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3571: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3406:. Archived from 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3380:. Archived from 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353:. Archived from 3346: 3340: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3312:on July 24, 2017 3311: 3305:. Archived from 3304: 3296: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3267:US Census Bureau 3264: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3232:on July 24, 2017 3231: 3223:US Census Bureau 3220: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3192:. Archived from 3190:US Census Bureau 3182: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3092:, 1930census.com 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2997:US Census Bureau 2993:"1930 - History" 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2968:. Archived from 2958: 2925: 2924: 2896: 2881: 2880: 2875:. Archived from 2865: 2859: 2858: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2516:on April 5, 2001 2502: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2473:. Archived from 2463: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2440:. Archived from 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2410:. Archived from 2400: 2384:Visible minority 1958: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1878: 1870: 1812:Some Other Race 1645: 1413: 1256: 822: 818: 812: 809: 803: 800: 794: 790: 784: 782: 766: 308: 291:Thomas Jefferson 148: 147: 136: 118:Civil Rights Act 73:Federal Register 6329: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6278: 6225: 6167: 6096: 6016: 5983:Cuban Americans 5624:Mission Indians 5490: 5469:Swiss Americans 5318:Irish Americans 5308:Greek Americans 5271:Dutch Americans 5254:Czech Americans 5227:Welsh Americans 5162:White Americans 5148: 5083:Saudi Americans 5068:Omani Americans 5048:Iraqi Americans 4970:Hmong Americans 4953:Karen Americans 4934:Tamil Americans 4890:Tamil Americans 4800:Hoklo Americans 4790:Hakka Americans 4763:Uzbek Americans 4748:Tajik Americans 4704:Asian Americans 4692: 4619:Horn of Africa 4327:ethnic ancestry 4326: 4319: 4285:Native American 4273:Nation of Islam 4263:Five Percenters 4187: 4156:Racial wage gap 4146:Race and health 4131:Personal income 4063: 4057: 4048: 4043: 3995: 3975: 3972: 3970:Further reading 3967: 3966: 3956:Wayback Machine 3947: 3943: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3897:Wayback Machine 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3572: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3502: 3488: 3486: 3473:"OMB Standards" 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3410:on May 26, 2010 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2928: 2913: 2898: 2897: 2884: 2869:"1790 Overview" 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2718:The White House 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2444:on May 24, 2017 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2335: 2315: 2309: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1888: 1879: 1756:On Reservation 1587: 1542: 1537: 1482:Native Hawaiian 1393:Pacific Islands 1313: 1299:American Indian 1254: 1228: 1164: 1036: 1027: 1019: 987: 967: 958: 949: 944: 935: 910: 897: 889: 880: 872: 852: 831: 826: 825: 819: 815: 810: 806: 801: 797: 791: 787: 770: 767: 763: 282: 280: 212: 210: 170: 165: 145: 134: 102: 64:and members of 35:self-identified 17: 12: 11: 5: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5877:Alaska Natives 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Tohono Oʼodham 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5217:Manx Americans 5214: 5209: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5033:Arab Americans 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5000:Thai Americans 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4943:Southeast Asia 4940: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4478:Igbo Americans 4475: 4473:Fula Americans 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4338: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305:Scientologists 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4278:Value Creators 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126:Middle classes 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4091:Home-ownership 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3993: 3986: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3941: 3923: 3901: 3882: 3860: 3829: 3795: 3764: 3738: 3712: 3645: 3619: 3591: 3561: 3532: 3500: 3464: 3449: 3421: 3395: 3368: 3357:on May 1, 2019 3341: 3323: 3288: 3272: 3243: 3207: 3160: 3136: 3117: 3094: 3082: 3069: 3057: 3014: 2983: 2926: 2911: 2882: 2860: 2842: 2824: 2810: 2795: 2774: 2756: 2730: 2701: 2673: 2644: 2615: 2590: 2560: 2527: 2488: 2455: 2425: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2308: 2307:Other agencies 2305: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1947: 1946: 1927: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1882: 1880: 1873: 1847:New York Times 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1586: 1583: 1571:Arab Americans 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1396: 1386: 1378:Southeast Asia 1367: 1357: 1343: 1312: 1309: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1227: 1224: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1163: 1160: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1077:South American 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1015: 986: 983: 966: 963: 957: 954: 948: 945: 943: 940: 934: 931: 909: 906: 896: 893: 888: 885: 879: 876: 871: 868: 860:aggregate data 851: 848: 830: 827: 824: 823: 813: 804: 795: 785: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 706: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 685:South Carolina 681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 660:North Carolina 656: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 631: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 581: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 481: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 456: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 381: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 356: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 281: 278: 276: 264:South Carolina 252:North Carolina 211: 208: 206: 184:was the first 169: 166: 164: 161: 158: 157: 141: 140: 139:External image 133: 130: 101: 98: 37:categories of 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6326: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101:South America 6099: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495:North America 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4434:Black Indians 4432: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:Non-religious 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2857:. p. 47. 2856: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2819:"1790 Census" 2814: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2561: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2481:September 13, 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2448:September 13, 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2418:September 13, 2413: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317:In 2001, the 2314: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1940:December 2019 1931: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1902: 1899:February 2021 1892: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604:print origins 1603: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557:non-Hispanic 1554: 1552: 1547: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399:interracial, 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1303:Alaska Native 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106:, other than 1105: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1087:None of These 1084: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1001: 996: 992: 984: 982: 979: 975: 973: 972:one-drop rule 964: 962: 955: 953: 946: 941: 939: 932: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 907: 905: 903: 894: 892: 886: 884: 877: 875: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 849: 847: 844: 835: 828: 817: 814: 808: 805: 799: 796: 789: 786: 780: 776: 775: 765: 762: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 736: 733: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 411: 410:Massachusetts 408: 407: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 361: 360:New Hampshire 358: 357: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 277: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:New Hampshire 237: 236:Massachusetts 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 207: 205: 203: 202:U.S. Marshals 199: 193: 191: 187: 183: 174: 167: 162: 155: 151: 142: 137: 131: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 99: 97: 94: 90: 86: 81: 79: 74: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 51: 46: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 6258: 4716:Central Asia 4315:Zoroastrians 4163:Social class 4001: 3989: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3918:the original 3913: 3904: 3885: 3875: 3863: 3851:. Retrieved 3847: 3820:. Retrieved 3808: 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3782: 3755:. Retrieved 3751: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3725:PBS NewsHour 3724: 3715: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3636:. Retrieved 3631: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3606: 3582:. Retrieved 3578: 3552:. Retrieved 3548: 3523:. Retrieved 3519: 3493:– via 3487:. Retrieved 3476: 3467: 3452: 3440:. Retrieved 3434: 3424: 3412:. Retrieved 3408:the original 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3355:the original 3344: 3336:the original 3326: 3314:. Retrieved 3307:the original 3266: 3234:. Retrieved 3227:the original 3222: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3194:the original 3189: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3107: 3097: 3085: 3077: 3072: 3060: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 3001:the original 2996: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2970:the original 2901: 2877:the original 2863: 2837:the original 2827: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2790:the original 2769:the original 2759: 2747:. Retrieved 2733: 2721:. Retrieved 2717: 2710:Orvis, Karin 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2686: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2660: 2655:Faguy, Ana. 2635:. Retrieved 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2602: 2593: 2581:. Retrieved 2576: 2563: 2551:. Retrieved 2518:. Retrieved 2514:the original 2479:. Retrieved 2475:the original 2446:. Retrieved 2442:the original 2428: 2416:. Retrieved 2412:the original 2398: 2316: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2193: 2192: 2024: 2023: 1996: 1979:Not Hispanic 1950: 1937: 1929: 1896: 1884: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1637: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1588: 1579: 1555: 1543: 1535:21st century 1530: 1514: 1506: 1499: 1461:Asian Indian 1340:North Africa 1322: 1314: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1165: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1063:Puerto Rican 1037: 1028: 1020: 1008: 1004: 988: 980: 976: 968: 959: 950: 942:20th century 936: 911: 898: 890: 881: 873: 853: 840: 816: 807: 798: 788: 783:for details. 773: 764: 734: 535:Pennsylvania 435:Rhode Island 285:color), and 283: 260:Rhode Island 256:Pennsylvania 213: 209:Loss of data 194: 179: 111: 103: 82: 70: 55: 47: 20: 18: 6254:2010 census 6173:Multiethnic 5462:Californios 5328:before 1880 4231:Protestants 4193:By religion 4106:Immigration 4062:By economic 3757:October 10, 3612:October 10, 3236:December 9, 3038:: 537–567. 2976:January 18, 2694:October 22, 2608:December 7, 2583:December 7, 2244:2+ W/B/N/A 2167:Some other 2064:194,552,774 2039:241,513,942 2010:246,116,088 1964:Hispanic or 1591:2020 census 1585:2020 census 1546:2010 census 1540:2010 census 1418:U.S. census 1336:Middle East 1317:2000 census 1311:2000 census 1277:Yes, Cuban 1232:1990 census 1226:1990 census 1219:Yes, Cuban 1162:1980 census 1034:1970 census 1025:1960 census 1017:1950 census 993:promoted a 985:1940 census 965:1930 census 956:1920 census 947:1910 census 933:1900 census 908:1890 census 895:1850 census 887:1830 census 878:1820 census 460:Connecticut 293:, then the 216:Connecticut 168:1790 census 6293:Categories 6181:Afro-Asian 5803:Potawatomi 5634:Chemehuevi 4838:South Asia 4300:Rastafaris 4258:Ahmadiyyas 4211:Christians 4086:Emigration 4064:and social 3731:October 6, 3638:October 2, 3607:Census.gov 3584:October 2, 3579:Census.gov 3200:January 5, 2666:October 2, 2637:October 7, 2390:References 2170:14,891,303 2133:10,123,169 2087:33,947,837 2055:16,907,852 2030:33,081,736 2001:35,305,818 1479:Vietnamese 1442:Yes, Cuban 989:President 754:3,893,635 745:1,541,263 510:New Jersey 244:New Jersey 6211:Melungeon 6186:Amerasian 5912:Tsimshian 5719:Chochenyo 5664:Kitanemuk 5614:Menominee 5597:Tuscarora 5532:Chickasaw 5517:Blackfeet 5028:West Asia 4770:East Asia 4290:Neopagans 4216:Catholics 4206:Buddhists 4071:Affluence 3817:0362-4331 3788:March 22, 3689:0027-8424 3489:April 25, 3442:March 14, 3414:March 15, 3361:March 14, 3316:March 15, 3131:USA Today 3052:157124212 3007:April 22, 2723:March 28, 2520:April 25, 2329:in 2007. 2256:3,299,271 2233:1,302,875 2224:1,859,538 2208:4,602,146 2199:2,224,082 2110:2,068,883 1997:All races 1981:or Latino 1891:talk page 1553:origin". 1380:, or the 856:microdata 821:Virginia. 311:District 198:president 6191:Blaxican 6003:Chicanos 5897:Gwich'in 5845:Shoshone 5835:Seminole 5763:Muscogee 5736:Tataviam 5699:Suisunes 5649:Diegueño 5629:Cahuilla 5587:Onondaga 5567:Iroquois 5547:Comanche 5542:Colville 5527:Cheyenne 5522:Cherokee 4116:Language 3952:Archived 3893:Archived 3853:April 1, 3822:April 1, 3707:35131945 3554:April 1, 3525:April 1, 3483:Archived 3436:Newsweek 3152:Archived 3112:Archived 2749:July 24, 2333:See also 2194:2+ races 2025:One race 1984:% of not 1473:Japanese 1467:Filipino 1374:Far East 1149:Mexican 1104:language 923:Quadroon 915:Japanese 751:694,280 742:791,850 739:807,094 704:249,073 701:107,094 679:393,751 676:100,572 670:140,710 635:Kentucky 629:747,610 626:292,627 620:215,046 617:116,135 614:110,936 610:Virginia 604:319,728 601:103,036 595:101,395 585:Maryland 560:Delaware 554:434,373 545:206,363 542:106,948 539:110,788 529:184,139 504:340,120 495:152,320 485:New York 479:237,946 470:117,448 429:378,787 420:190,582 379:141,885 272:Virginia 248:New York 232:Maryland 220:Delaware 29:and the 6216:Mulatto 6022:Oceania 5917:Tlingit 5907:Iñupiat 5892:Alutiiq 5840:Shawnee 5825:Quechan 5709:Awaswas 5694:Serrano 5689:Salinan 5669:Luiseño 5659:Juaneño 5654:Esselen 5639:Chumash 5537:Choctaw 5507:Abenaki 4253:Muslims 4226:Mormons 4221:Coptics 4201:Baha'is 4136:Poverty 4003:Dædalus 3698:8851556 3667:Bibcode 2553:May 18, 2325:of the 2247:364,544 2179:467,770 2156:353,509 2153:<0.1 2130:<0.1 2124:119,829 2101:407,073 2078:710,353 1930:updated 1832:-4.99* 1829:-1.54* 1818:-4.34* 1815:-1.63* 1790:-0.86* 1762:-5.64* 1759:-4.88* 1748:-0.91* 1720:-3.30* 1717:-2.06* 1551:Spanish 1464:Chinese 1401:We-Sort 1385:Asian". 1124:Italian 1114:Spanish 1108:English 1083:Spanish 1073:Central 1058:Mexican 919:Chinese 902:mulatto 748:59,150 729:82,548 726:29,264 720:25,739 717:14,044 714:13,103 710:Georgia 695:66,880 692:37,722 689:35,576 667:77,506 664:69,988 654:73,677 651:12,430 645:28,922 642:17,057 639:15,154 623:12,866 592:51,339 589:55,915 579:59,094 570:22,384 567:12,143 564:11,783 526:11,423 520:83,287 517:41,416 514:45,251 501:21,324 492:78,122 489:83,700 467:54,403 464:60,523 454:68,825 445:32,652 442:15,799 439:16,019 417:87,289 414:95,453 404:96,540 395:46,870 392:24,748 389:24,384 370:70,160 367:34,851 364:36,086 354:85,539 345:40,505 342:22,328 339:22,435 335:Vermont 326:Slaves 268:Vermont 224:Georgia 21:In the 6274:Racism 6196:Cajuns 5865:Yakama 5830:Salish 5808:Pueblo 5793:Pawnee 5788:Paiute 5773:Ojibwe 5768:Navajo 5756:Yokuts 5751:Wintun 5741:Tongva 5729:Tamyen 5724:Karkin 5714:Chalon 5704:Ohlone 5679:Patwin 5644:Cupeño 5619:Mohave 5609:Lenape 5592:Seneca 5582:Oneida 5577:Mohawk 5572:Cayuga 5512:Apache 5291:Cajuns 5154:Europe 4335:Africa 4238:Hindus 4178:Wealth 3815: 3705: 3695: 3687: 3388:May 5, 3050: 2919: 2909: 2661:Forbes 2147:45,326 2121:Asian 2052:White 1966:Latino 1883:This 1801:-1.02 1745:-0.15 1734:2.62* 1728:Asian 1706:1.64* 1703:0.83* 1692:0.66* 1689:0.54* 1686:White 1668:-0.24 1662:Total 1573:, and 1524:, and 1488:Samoan 1476:Korean 1354:Africa 1334:, the 1332:Europe 1129:German 1119:French 1081:Other 927:Indian 698:1,801 673:4,975 598:8,043 576:8,887 573:3,899 551:3,737 548:6,537 523:2,762 498:4,654 476:2,764 473:2,808 448:3,407 423:5,463 329:Total 287:slaves 270:, and 200:. 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