315:", a lengthy essay about the summer 1942 Warsaw Ghetto deportation, and another piece recounting the lives of "Jewish writers, artists and cultural activists in Warsaw", both of which were widely circulated underground. "Yizkor", the only one of her works to be translated into English, featured themes that would appear frequently in the books she wrote after the war, including "the importance of the culture that was destroyed; the humanity and specific identity of the victims; the responsibility to remember; and the difficulty of finding appropriate words to convey the enormity of the loss". At one point Auerbakh was spotted writing at night by candlelight and gave her manuscripts for safekeeping to
394:
understand Jewish lives during the
Holocaust, not just the mechanics of Jewish deaths. Second, she saw these testimonies as therapeutic for the survivors, saying: "I am convinced that the confessions, called giving testimony, from the era of the Holocaust have a calming and healing influence and help free them from the horrors". Third, she believed it was crucial to build documentation that could be used in future criminal trials of Nazis. Auerbakh later gathered witness testimonies for the 1961 trial of
386:'s new Department for the Collection of Witness Testimony, which was based in Tel Aviv where most Holocaust survivors had settled. In this role, she interviewed local survivors and began compiling a database of survivors who lived elsewhere. She introduced new methodologies for collecting witness testimonies and trained Holocaust archivists and researchers. While she encouraged survivors to write their memoirs, she was critical of the popular novels being written about the Holocaust in the genre of
406:, who viewed Holocaust research as also embracing "the war against anti-Semitism", "persecution of the Jews", "research on the Jewish question", and "hatred of Israel". Tensions between Auerbakh and Dinur reached a head in 1957–1958, but Auerbakh emerged with her department intact and a large measure of public opinion on the side of the survivor historians. However, in 1968, when she turned 65, the Yad Vashem directorate demanded that she retire.
303:, which recruited historians, writers, rabbis, and social workers to chronicle daily life in the ghetto. Auerbakh kept a diary in Polish and also wrote a vivid account titled "Two Years in the Ghetto", which described the pervasive hunger that she witnessed. She interviewed and transcribed the testimony of Jacob Krzepicki, an escapee from the
355:. In November 1945 she was a member of a fact-finding mission to Treblinka conducted by the Polish State Committee for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes on Polish Soil, and published a report and analysis of the functioning of the camp and those who were murdered. She co-founded the Central Jewish Historical Commission in
393:
Auerbakh accorded great importance to witness testimonies as a
Holocaust research tool for three reasons. First, the available Holocaust documentation largely originated from Nazi sources, which "told only the story of the murderers, but not of the murdered". Witness testimony allowed researchers to
310:
Auerbakh escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto on March 9, 1943, and worked on the Aryan side as a Polish secretary, aided by her "non-Jewish" appearance and fluency in the German language. By night, she continued recording her historical notes of Jews at that time. At the request of an underground Jewish
274:
in 1933, she was a frequent contributor to the leading
Yiddish and Polish newspapers and literary journals of the day. She wrote on "Polish and Yiddish literature, education, psychology, folklore, art, linguistics and theater", and paid special attention to Yiddish and Polish women writers and
421:
Auerbakh willed her estate to Yad Vashem. The Rokhl
Auerbach Personal Archives (Inventory no. P–16) at Yad Vashem contain "personal, published and unpublished manuscripts in Polish and Yiddish, preparatory material concerning her testimony at the Nuremberg and Eichmann Trials, declarations,
401:
By 1965 Auerbakh's department had amassed a collection of 3,000 witness testimonies in 15 languages. However, she and other "survivor historians" experienced ongoing tension with the Yad Vashem directorate, headed by
330:
At war's end, Auerbakh was one of only three surviving members of the Oyneg Shabes group. She initiated the search for and excavation of the documents buried by the group in the Warsaw Ghetto, which yielded the
422:
correspondence, recordings, photographs, film, scripts (in Polish, Yiddish and
English), and administrative documents concerning the Department for Collecting Witness Testimony at Yad Vashem".
390:. She continued to write articles and books about Jewish cultural life before and during the Holocaust in her native Polish and Yiddish, finding it difficult to attain fluency in Hebrew.
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Auerbakh dedicated the rest of her life to collecting witness testimony and writing about the people she had known before and during the
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In 1950 she and several colleagues quit the commission when Jewish communists began to exert more influence over its activities. She
42:
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Yiddish daily newspaper as an editor and writer. Between 1929 and 1930 she edited a literary column in a weekly published by the
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in 1972 and was hospitalized for a recurrence of the disease in
December 1975. She died on May 31, 1976, at the age of 72.
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in prewar Warsaw and was the inspiration for some of his poems. She rescued Manger's archive and returned it to him in
348:
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363:. She created guidelines for collecting witness testimony and began publishing testimonies in Yiddish and Polish.
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1127:
Holocaust
Chronicles: Individualizing the Holocaust Through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts
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312:
1009:
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The sound of hope : music as solace, resistance and salvation during the
Holocaust and World War II
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216:) to Khanina Auerbakh and his wife Mania (née Kimelman). At a young age, she and her family moved to
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In addition to her many newspaper articles and essays, Auerbakh wrote the following books:
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daily newspaper published in Lviv. In the second half of the decade she worked for the
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and personally testified at that trial regarding spiritual life in the Warsaw Ghetto.
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220:. She had one brother who died in 1935; her parents also died before World War II.
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Rokhl
Auerbakh: Literature as Social Service & the Warsaw Ghetto Soup Kitchen
256:
156:) (18 December 1903 – 31 May 1976) was an Israeli writer, essayist, historian,
17:
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909:
833:
383:
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634:(Warsaw Testaments: Encounters, Activities, Fates 1933–1945], Tel Aviv: 1985)
41:
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Enlarging
America: The Cultural Work of Jewish Literary Scholars, 1930–1990
924:
972:
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188:, she directed the Department for the Collection of Witness Testimony at
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66:
327:, buried them on the zoo grounds and she retrieved them after the war.
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in Warsaw collecting witness testimonies, mainly from survivors of
267:, another Galician journal that emphasized the cultural movement.
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129:
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On the Last Journey: In the Warsaw Ghetto and on the Aryan Side
608:
Varshever Tsavoes: Bagegenishn, Aktivitetn, Goyroles, 1933–1945
359:
and served as literary and history editor for its publication
263:, a Yiddish literary journal, and coeditor and contributor to
243:
Auerbakh began her writing career in 1925 as a journalist for
1180:"Rachel Auerbach and the Public Kitchen in the Warsaw Ghetto"
1121:"Landkentenish: Yiddish Belles Lettres in the Warsaw Ghetto"
838:"Rachel Auerbach, Yad Vashem, and Israeli Holocaust Memory"
612:
Warsaw Testaments: Encounters, Activities, Fates 1933–1945
1156:
The World According to Itzik: Selected Poetry and Prose
639:
Baym Letstn Veg: In Geto Varshe un oyf der Arisher Zayt
726:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
582:
In Land Yisroel: Reportazshn, Eseyen, Dertseylungen
430:Auerbakh never married. She lived with Jewish poet
124:Graduate degree in philosophy and general history,
120:
112:
100:
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58:
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32:
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586:In the Land of Israel: Reportage, Essays, Stories
382:On March 1, 1954, Auerbakh was named director of
235:in the fields of philosophy and general history.
307:, between December 28, 1942, and March 7, 1943.
200:Rokhl Eiga Auerbakh was born in Lanovtsy (today
779:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
8:
1079:
1067:
632:Tzavaot varshah: Mifgashim, Maasim, Goralot
1237:Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
957:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
624:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
598:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
572:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
520:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
468:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
291:. She overtly worked as the director of a
231:and completed her graduate studies at the
40:
29:
1146:Roskies, David G.; Wolf, Leonard (2013).
1003:Friedman-Cohen, Carrie (1 January 2007).
1188:English translation of Auerbakh's essay
892:
876:Yad Vashem Jerusalem Quarterly Magazine
867:Silberklang, Dr. David (October 2014).
828:
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820:
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720:Friedman-Cohen, Carrie (1 March 2009).
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295:and covertly as a member of the secret
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347:. From 1945 to 1950 she worked at the
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27:Yiddish and Polish author (1903–1976)
7:
508:Our Reckoning With the German People
1277:Deaths from breast cancer in Israel
645:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1977.
614:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1974.
588:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1964.
510:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1952.
478:Der Yidisher Oyfshtand: Varshe 1943
145:
1123:. In Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.).
562:] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 1963.
536:] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 1954.
534:In the Streets of Warsaw 1939–1943
482:The Jewish Uprising in Warsaw 1943
323:. Żabiński, who was recognised as
180:that chronicled daily life in the
25:
484:] (in Yiddish). Warsaw. 1948.
458:] (in Yiddish). Warsaw. 1947.
164:. She wrote prolifically in both
1282:Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
504:Undzer Kheshbn mitn Daytshn Folk
1040:Auerbach, Rachel (5 May 2016).
287:, Auerbakh was interned in the
259:movement. She was an editor of
1095:Klingenstein, Susanne (1998).
1013:(2nd ed.). Archived from
869:"Sobbing at Their Own Funeral"
1:
1222:People from Kremenetsky Uyezd
1101:. Syracuse University Press.
929:. Jefferson, North Carolina.
1242:Yiddish-language journalists
1217:Writers from Ternopil Oblast
1042:"Book Reviews: Yizkor, 1943"
305:Treblinka extermination camp
52:
906:"Jan and Antonina Zabinski"
630:(translated into Hebrew as
452:Oyf di Felder fun Treblinke
349:Jewish Historical Institute
325:Righteous Among the Nations
1298:
1232:Polish emigrants to Israel
560:The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
456:In the Fields of Treblinka
1131:. KTAV Publishing House.
923:Brown, Kellie D. (2020).
856:– via academia.edu.
530:Behutsot Varsha 1939–1943
39:
233:Jan Kazimierz University
196:Early life and education
126:Jan Kazimierz University
1182:Short Video Documentary
1068:Roskies & Wolf 2013
973:"From Beyond the Grave"
414:She was diagnosed with
370:to Israel, settling in
1267:Jewish Israeli writers
730:Jewish Women's Archive
410:Final years and legacy
311:committee, she wrote "
223:Auerbakh attended the
1257:Warsaw Ghetto inmates
1010:Encyclopaedia Judaica
442:Selected bibliography
206:Volhynian Governorate
71:Volhynian Governorate
1272:Jewish women writers
1247:Polish women writers
285:occupation of Poland
1252:Holocaust survivors
1158:. Open Road Media.
1017:on 22 February 2018
345:Holocaust in Poland
299:group organized by
192:from 1954 to 1968.
104:Writer, historian,
62:Rokhl Eiga Auerbakh
388:historical fiction
333:Ringelblum Archive
319:, director of the
301:Emanuel Ringelblum
283:During the German
178:Emanuel Ringelblum
162:Holocaust survivor
1262:Yad Vashem people
1117:Roskies, David G.
1080:Klingenstein 1998
1005:"Auerbakh, Rokhl"
936:978-1-4766-7056-0
895:, pp. 24–27.
774:"Oyerbakh, Rokhl"
556:Marad Geto Varsha
135:
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64:December 18, 1903
16:(Redirected from
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981:. 12 March 2009
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154:Rachel Auerbach
148:, also spelled
116:Polish, Yiddish
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18:Rachel Auerbach
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1227:Ukrainian Jews
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1189:
1186:"Yizkor, 1943"
1183:
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1174:External links
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1171:
1170:
1165:978-1480440777
1164:
1148:"Introduction"
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1082:, p. 352.
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770:Kassow, Samuel
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404:Ben-Zion Dinur
396:Adolf Eichmann
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361:Dos Naye Leben
340:
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280:
277:
270:Relocating to
240:
239:Interwar years
237:
225:Adam Mickewicz
210:Russian Empire
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150:Rokhl Oyerbakh
138:Rokhl Auerbakh
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88:(aged 72)
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182:Warsaw Ghetto
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1051:. Retrieved
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1025:– via
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1008:
983:. Retrieved
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893:Roskies 1999
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733:. Retrieved
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297:Oyneg Shabes
293:soup kitchen
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174:Oyneg Shabes
153:
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137:
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86:(1976-05-31)
84:May 31, 1976
1212:1976 deaths
1207:1903 births
1053:16 December
1021:16 December
985:18 December
852:18 December
834:Cohen, Boaz
785:18 December
735:15 December
257:Poalei Zion
247:, a Polish
49:Native name
1201:Categories
1138:0881256307
1108:0815605404
945:1134074119
910:Yad Vashem
665:References
384:Yad Vashem
378:Yad Vashem
368:immigrated
321:Warsaw Zoo
261:Tsushtayer
204:), in the
190:Yad Vashem
146:רחל אוירבך
101:Occupation
53:רחל אוירבך
953:cite book
848:: 197–211
651:cite book
620:cite book
594:cite book
568:cite book
542:cite book
516:cite book
490:cite book
464:cite book
353:Treblinka
279:War years
275:authors.
158:Holocaust
121:Education
106:Holocaust
1119:(1999).
1027:HighBeam
882:: 12–13.
836:(2008).
772:(2010).
372:Tel Aviv
202:Lanivtsi
113:Language
91:Tel Aviv
67:Lanovtsy
1154:(ed.).
1089:Sources
912:. 2016.
339:Postwar
249:Zionist
214:Ukraine
208:of the
170:Yiddish
108:scholar
1162:
1135:
1105:
1047:Tablet
943:
933:
436:London
313:Yizkor
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