Rashidieh - Knowledge (XXG)

1072: 376: 2166: 2068: 2263: 2254: 2272: 1766: 1313:(PLO) in Lebanon, and its control of the camps, the Rashidieh residents worked the Jaftalak fields surrounding the camp without paying any fees. Each farmer could choose a plot of land to plant and they would come to be (informally) known as the owner of that plot. The Jaftalak land was public land divided between the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education, and other-defined state land. Yet the cultivation of Jaftalak fields was limited to greens: pinto beans, lettuce, parsley, cilantro, radishes, etc. The farmers were prohibited from growing fruit-bearing trees since the land did not legally belong to them. According to Lebanese property law, whoever plants a tree, automatically owns the land it is on. 1211: 1915: 781: 1581: 1570: 1559: 1967: 1374: 1269:) to designated refugee camps. The authorities established one of these camps adjacent to the Armenian camp with nothing but tents. The residents there began to build walls from mud and clay in order to reinforce the tents. For every eight housing units, they built a shared bathroom fifty meters away. A decade later, as Armenian residents began to leave, the Palestinian refugees began moving into those lots. 200 of the 311 Armenian houses remain today and are commonly referred to as the >Old Camp.< 874: 69: 1713: 1847: 56: 5708: 1189: 1200: 886: 5433: 1441:" mainly Lebanese Shiite civilians in the Southern Lebanese countryside. Some sources reported that these lethal events took place in July, whereas others dated them to November. According to the latter, the IDF also conducted heavy airstrikes as well as artillery and gunboat shelling on Tyre and surrounding villages, but especially on the Palestinian refugee camps in Rashidieh, Burj El Shimali and El Bass. 4529: 4512: 2079:, as murals, posters and flags express the hope to return homes. In this way they produce and reproduce Palestinian national identity. There have been several other art projects that focused on individual narratives rather than on general symbols. In 2014, for instance, "Humans of Al Rashidiya" portrayed ordinary residents online, inspired by the photoblog "Humans of New York", with the aim of countering 4563: 135: 4580: 2056: 4546: 512: 76: 3970: 1623:, estimated that it actually housed more than 30,000. Most civilians fled into underground tunnels and bomb shelters, while Palestinian fighters tried to hold off the Israeli army. The militants, however, came under massive fire from air strikes, gunboats and artillery. Bulloch reported that the IDF also dropped 2063:

Unlike most other Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, which also house some non-Palestinian residents and Palestinian Christian families, Rashidieh is assumed to be populated entirely by Muslim Palestinians. The two old village churches, which were both partially destroyed during the civil war, are

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For Kesteman, the bloodbath was a turning-point in her life and she joined the Palestinian guerillas after a brief return to France. She was killed two years later when she participated in an attempted attack on Israeli targets off the coast, making her the first French national to die fighting for

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of refugees in Lebanese villages and towns, and the calls for grouping refugees in camps that are easily controlled and ultimately attacked is nothing new. While the whole world is busy discussing what they call the “refugee crisis,” we hope to remember the importance of listening to those who are

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during a visit in 2014 to relatives in a Beirut flat. He comes from the secluded camp of Rashidiyye where he lives and works as a foot soldier in the remnants of the PLO armed forces inside the camp. The telling occurred at this point when relatives are done with the business of sharing essential

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and probably destroyed also much of what was left in the area of what is now Rashidieh. In addition, the city and its population increasingly suffered during the 6th century from the political chaos that ensued when the Byzantine empire was torn apart by wars. The city remained under Byzantine

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plaintively. There was something unsettling to this cat, yet no matter how hard Abu Ali tried, there also was no getting him out of the house. The dream returned for weeks on end and what was only irksome, even a bit funny, at first gradually turned into a liability as Abu Ali found himself

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The priority of Amal remained to prevent the return of any armed Palestinian presence to the South, primarily because this might provoke renewed Israeli intervention in recently evacuated areas. The approximately 60,000 Palestinian refugees in the camps around Tyre (al-Bass, Rashidiya, Burj

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The first agricultural settlement was created in Ra's al-'Ain, near the city of Tyre, in 1926. The operation quickly failed due to the animosity between refugees from different regions, but also between the refugees and the local population. The refugees had therefore to be relocated to

1119:. The latter has apparently the largest property holdings of the Christian confessions in the area and is commonly just called "the Catholic church". In any event, it has been reported that a Lebanese Christian village developed in Rashidieh. In the following years, survivors of the 1865:

in an attempt to cut Amal forces around Rashidieh off from their stronghold in West Beirut. Rashidieh was able to withstand the siege better than the camps in Beirut since food was reaching the camp by sea. By the end of the year 8,000 Palestinians had fled to

1495:(UNIFIL). Its first troops arrived in the area four days later. However, the Palestinian forces were unwilling to give up their positions in and around Tyre. UNIFIL was unable to expel those militants and sustained heavy casualties. It therefore accepted an 1144:

refugees in Rashidieh. According to the above-mentioned oral history project, they were settled on the land which the French authorities had given to the Catholic church. The construction of the camp next to the Lebanese Christian village was planned on a

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Throughout the war, clandestine excavations were conducted in Rashidieh. Many cinerary urns from Phoenician times thus ended up in private collections without any documentation. In addition, Rashidieh's beach was subject to sand grabbing and suction.

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Thus, the IDF obliterated Rashidieh as the main center of Palestinian operations into Upper Galilee. However, in the following three years, their occupation forces in the Tyre area came instead under the growing pressure from a number of devastating

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from the sea side. The takeover followed a siege of five and a half months that caused great suffering from hunger to the population. Eventually, Tyre's Seljuk ruler Toghtekin negotiated an agreement for surrender with the authorities of the Latin

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conducted archaeological excavations in Rashidieh and discovered a number of cinerary urns with human bones and ashes. Some were locally made while others were imported from Cyprus. These findings were apparently sent to the Ottoman capital.

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It is a hill about sixty feet above the level of the sea. It took its present name a few years ago, Rusheid Pasha (commonly written Reshid Pasha) having acquired the place and built a farm upon it of the old materials which covered the

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close to Rashidieh by armed men suspected of being affiliated with Hezbollah. The incident took place following a meeting between Higgins and a local Amal leader and led to renewed clashes between Amal and Hezbollah, mainly in Beirut.

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Many people think that our camps are security time bombs, while others haven’t even heard of us . Stereotypes dating back to the Civil War haven’t really faded away, despite the fact that most of us have always opposed all forms of

1471:"claimed responsibility for that raid. In response, Israeli forces invaded Lebanon on the night of 14/15 March, and in a few days occupied the entire southern part of the country except for the city of Tyre and its surrounding area." 1806:": In September 1986, a group of Palestinians fired on an Amal patrol at Rashidieh. At the end of September Amal imposed a blockade on the camp. After one month of siege, Amal attacked the camp. It was reportedly assisted by the 2576: 1733:

busloads of handcuffed and blindfolded suspects were taken off for interrogation. These men were denied the small comfort of International Red Cross visits since they were not considered prisoners of war, but 'administrative

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forces, he intervened and forced the Franks to raise the siege in April 1112, after about 2.000 of Baldwin's troops had been killed. A decade later, the Fatimids sold Tyre to Toghtekin who installed a garrison there.

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Israeli soldiers dynamited air raid shelters built by the Palestine Liberation Organization. The shelters were scattered throughout the camp and their demolition resulted in the destruction of surrounding houses as

2004:, the Lebanese Army issued a statement saying that they had found three rockets in the Rashidieh area, but that the discovery was not linked to the launch of a number of rockets - apparently Soviet-era short-range 1819: 689:

laid siege on the former island city and probably occupied the mainland, including the area that is now Rashidieh, for that purpose. Tyre in response put itself under the protection of the Seljuk military leader

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in the temple on the island, the Tyrian government refused this and instead suggested that Alexander sacrifice at another temple on the mainland at Old Tyre. Angered by this rejection and the city's loyalty to

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Frequent IDF bombardments of Tyre from ground, sea and air raids continued after 1978. The PLO, on the other side, reportedly converted itself into a regular army by purchasing large weapon systems, including

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The conflict ended with the withdrawal of Palestinian forces loyal to PLO leader Arafat from Beirut and their redeployment to the camps in Southern Lebanon. The one in Rashidieh likewise continued to be the

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family news, and the conversation starts to wander more lazily. A few months before, in his mid-forties, Abu Ali had started to have dreams of being stuck by himself in his own, emptied camp house with a

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Along the way, they weave narratives about the history of the land, their arrival, the struggle to build, and everyday life in a camp situated away from the city, bordered by agricultural fields and the

1419:. They occupied the army barracks, set up roadblocks and started collecting customs at the port. However, the new rulers quickly lost support from the Lebanese-Tyrian population because of their " 375: 788:

The Ottoman Empire conquered the Levant in 1516, yet the desolate area of Tyre remained untouched for another ninety years until the beginning of the 17th century, when the leadership at the

2428: 1243:– thousands of Palestinian refugees fled there, often by boat. However, Rashidieh apparently continued to house Armenian refugees, while Palestinians were sheltered in a tented camp at 1615:

on 6 June 1982, with heavy fighting in and around Tyre. The first target of the invaders was Rashidieh. There were 15,356 registered Palestinian refugees in the camp at the time, but

1963:, who resided in Rashidieh. In 1999, he was sentenced to death in absentia by the Lebanese authorities for inciting armed rebellion and damaging the property of the Lebanese state. 835:

had Fakhreddine executed for his political ambitions. Henceforth, it is unclear how the area of Rashidieh developed in the following 200 years, except that it was apparently called

4279: 4486: 1978:, the camp had about 18,000 residents. Reportedly, more than 1,000 Lebanese fled their homes to seek shelter in Rashidieh during the Israeli bombardments of Southern Lebanon: 1857:

By the end of November, with the fighting having spread to Sidon and Beirut, four small camps in Tyre had been destroyed with an estimated 18,000 residents fleeing to the

1594: 753:. He had all fortifications demolished to prevent the Franks from re-entrenching. After Khalil's death in 1293 and political instability, Tyre lost its importance and " 1687:. According to Bulloch, the occupation forces not only barred international correspondents from visiting the camp, but they also refused to allow the delegates of the 2231:

perpetually tired, unfocused, and less and less capable of holding his guard duty properly. An old neighbor, upon hearing of Abu Ali’s dream from his wife, recognized

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As discontent within the Shiite population about the suffering from the conflict between Israel and the Palestinian factions grew, so did the tensions between the

1365:" was conducted in Rashidieh by Lebanon's Department of Antiquities after a mechanical digger was used to build a shelter and five Iron Age tombs were discovered. 2716: 5808: 1894: 1386: 1253:

In 1950, a couple of years after arriving in south Lebanon, the Lebanese authorities decided to relocate all Palestinians residing in southern towns (e.g.,

733:: two-thirds to the royal domain of Baldwin and one third as autonomous trading colonies for the Italian merchant cities of Genoa, Pisa and - mainly to the 1765: 354:

for Southern Lebanon at the Directorate-General of Antiquities, it can be generally assumed that all villages around Tyre were established already during

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of Palestinian fighters in its area of operation which was dubbed the "Tyre Pocket". In effect, the PLO kept ruling Tyre with its Lebanese allies of the

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Over the course of the 6th century CE, starting in 502, a series of earthquakes shattered Tyre area and left the city diminished. The worst one was the

1648:" On the fourth day, many civilians reportedly left their shelters waving white flags. Those who remained suffered for three more days, until the last 4204: 3621: 1688: 2499:. Beirut: Lebanese Palestinian Dialogue Committee, Central Administration of statistics, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. pp. 231–232 2159:

really in that crisis. We also hope to remember that leaving people in limbo with few resources and rights is not a solution but an absence of one.

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al-Shimali) were cut off from the outside world, although Amal never succeeded in fully controlling the camps themselves. In the Sunni 'canton' of

1522:, which it deployed in the "Tyre Pocket" with an estimated 1,500 fighters. From there, and the area around Rashidieh in particular, it kept firing 5422: 4479: 1492: 97: 1750: 1166:(1904–1994) - "the father of modern Lebanese archaeology" who for decades headed the Antiquities Service in Lebanon and was the curator of the 1914: 909:

for the fifth time in his career at the end of that year. In any case, the transfer took obviously only place after the Ottoman leadership in

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To an overpopulated island, its mainland territory was a vital necessity, supplying it with agricultural products, drinking water, wood and

1210: 2135:, which was contextualised by multidisciplinary research, centered on portraits of four Rashidieh residents around their everyday routes: 727:

Under its new rulers, Tyre and its countryside - including what is now Rashidieh - were divided into three parts in accordance with the

4472: 4015: 3921: 3867: 3839: 3811: 3758: 3729: 3676: 3496: 3463: 3430: 3405: 3348: 3160: 3090: 2951: 2926: 2841: 2792: 1952: 1408:

and three Israeli soldiers were killed as well as seven of the attackers. Israel retaliated by launching a string of attacks on Tyre "

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Smoke rises from IAF attacks on he Rashidieh area during the 2006 Lebanon war (from the collections of the ICRC Audiovisual Archives)

4395: 3595: 3526: 2542: 1580: 1569: 1558: 1310: 1137: 171: 2001: 3023: 68: 1533:- the dominant Shia-party - and the Palestinian militants. The power struggle was exacerbated by the fact that the PLO supported 399:

around 2750 BCE as a walled place. It was later called Palaetyrus (also spelled Palaityros or Palaeotyre), meaning "Old Tyre" in

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in every corner of his house. Abu Ali followed her advice, the nagging cat disappeared from his dreams, and his focus returned.

1488: 1015: 2968: 516: 1861:. On 24 November the Palestinian factions in Sidon launched an offensive against Amal positions in the strategic village of 1415:

Then, in 1976, local commanders of the PLO took over the municipal government of Tyre with support from their allies of the

1149:. The two village churches were incorporated into the camp. During the works a number of Phoenician tombs were discovered. 238:

The name has also been transliterated into Rashidiya, Rashidiyah, Rachidiye, Rashidiyyeh, Rashadiya, Rashidiyya, Reshîdîyeh

3083:(Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis 2182: 1956: 1692: 634: 1878:" of Arafat's Fatah party and loyalist contingents of other PLO factions, though some forces opposed to them - including 1706:

Many other houses were bulldozed, according to camp residents and UNRWA workers, creating wide swaths leading to the sea.

1484:(IDF) targeted especially the harbour on claims that the PLO received arms from there and the Palestinian refugee camps. 4160: 1948: 1545:

between the former allies escalated into violent clashes in many villages of Southern Lebanon, including the Tyre area.

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in Tyre lost their lives in an Israeli attack. Palestinian militants retaliated with rocket fire on the Israeli town of

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Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr

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which channeled the water to Tyre. At the same time, the use of the area as a burial ground seems to have continued: a

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conqueror succeeded after seven months by demolishing the old city on the mainland and using its stones to construct a

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and other villages in Palestine, who were relocated by the Lebanese government from the El Bass refugee camp and from

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When Mouna left the bomb shelter to fetch food for the children, Israeli bombers ripped apart her small slender body.

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from the first or second century CE was discovered there in 1940. It is exhibited at the National Museum in Beirut.

3701:. Beirut: American University of Beirut, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies. pp. 65–90. 1500: 1104: 536: 311: 250: 152: 2577:"Jars from the First Millennium BC at Tell el Rachidieh (south of Tyre): Phoenician Cinerary Urns and Grave Goods" 1944:, units of the Lebanese Army deployed along the coastal highway and around the Palestinian refugee camps of Tyre. 362:(5.000 BCE), especially in the fertile area of Ras al-Ain, next to the Tell El-Rashdiyeh (the Hill of Rashidieh). 5400: 4495: 4388:

Bleeding dreams: Miscarriage and the bindings of the unborn in the Palestinian refugee community of Tyre, Lebanon

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Tyre; the history of Phoenicia, Palestine and Syria, and the final captivity of Israel and Judah by the Assyrians

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more than 600 shelters were totally or partially destroyed and more than 5,000 Palestine refugees were displaced.

1616: 1378: 1167: 457: 442: 304: 253:(PEF) and other sources recorded that in the Mid-19th century the settlement was named after its then owner, the 215: 2703:

Highlights of the Achievements and Accomplishments of the Tyrian Civilization And Discovering the lost Continent

4464: 1966: 1960: 1523: 1373: 453: 2871:((Doctoral)). Durham: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham. pp. 15–16, 34. 2120: 1457:

fighter sailed from Tyre to a beach north of Tel Aviv. Their attacks on civilian targets became known as the

2833: 2468: 2301: 2076: 940: 583: 147: 4076:"The Current Political, Organizational, and Security Situation in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon" 3106:

Attarian, Hourig; Yogurtian, Hermig (2006). Jiwani, Yasmin; Steenbergen, Candis; Mitchell, Claudia (eds.).

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estimated that about sixty percent of the camp were destroyed with some 5,000 refugees living in the ruins:

5408: 5257: 5236: 5188: 5125: 5115: 5055: 2494:"The Population and Housing Census in Palestinian Camps and Gatherings - 2017, Detailed Analytical Report" 2360: 1923: 1660: 1542: 1328: 1258: 1019: 910: 898: 686: 544: 265: 3200: 1358:(IAF) bombed the camp. According to the Lebanese army, 5 people were killed and 21 injured in Rashidieh. 5755: 5226: 5198: 1720:

The Israeli forces then made mass arrests, including women. The male detainees were paraded in front of

1656: 1481: 1458: 914: 873: 817: 621: 602: 496: 2657:(in French). Beirut: Co-édition Presses de l'Ifpo / Presses de l'Université Saint-Joseph. p. 263. 1926:. The clashes lasted two days with three killed and 15 wounded. Amongst the dead was the leader of the 1822:". Fighting spread and continued for one month. In the words of one Palestinian woman from Rashidieh, 905:- obtained personal ownership of the lands in the area of Tell Habish. This was perhaps when he became 662:

restored peace and order, Tyre soon prospered again and continued to do so during half a millennium of

347: 5432: 2100: 1170:- conducted further excavations in Rashidieh and discovered more cinerary urns from Phoenician times. 5750: 5724: 5135: 5095: 5075: 3340: 2296: 1749:. By the end of April 1985, the Israelis withdrew from Tyre and instead established a self-declared " 1454: 1296: 1153: 1140:

was founded in Tyre in 1928. Then, in 1936, the colonial authorities started constructing a camp for

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Palestine and Syria with the chief routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia; handbook for travellers

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2017 map by the Dictaphone Group showing the original Old Camp for the Armenians in the South (left)

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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

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An Israeli air strike on Rashidieh, 24 October 1990, caused 5 casualties and destroyed a school.

1890: 1754: 1416: 1401: 1389:(PFLP) attacked the Tyre barracks of the Lebanese Army. The assault was denounced by the PLO as " 642: 293: 4841: 3908:

The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program

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which was not under Amal control. Around a 1,000 men had been kidnapped from the camps in Tyre.

1538: 4349:"Life on the cusp of form: In search of worldliness with Palestinian refugees in Tyre, Lebanon" 3455: 2919:

A History of Stability and Change in Lebanon: Foreign Interventions and International Relations

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and so it may be assumed that the area of what is now Rashidieh fell into his interest sphere.

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Tyr l'instable : pour un catalogue des séismes et tsunamis de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge

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Gatier, Pierre-Louis (2011). Gatier, Pierre-Louis; Aliquot, Julien; Nordiguian, Lévon (eds.).

2630: 2605: 2538: 2472: 2097: 1649: 1355: 1120: 671: 667: 500: 223: 4089:(1). University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies: 66–80. 3488: 2328: 992:. It stands on a slight hill above the plain, and has two strong springs near, surrounded by 419:

One of the reasons to locate Ushu/Palaetyrus in the Rashidieh area is the delineation of its

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Many scholars assume that the area of what is now Rashidieh actually used to be the original

5511: 4984: 4800: 4360: 4320:"The Humans of Al Rashidiya Project aims to shine a light on Lebanon's Palestinian refugees" 4090: 3985: 3905: 3747: 3702: 3636: 3480: 3447: 3208: 2735: 2284: 1975: 1922:

On 14 June 1990 fierce fighting broke out in the Rashidieh Camp between two factions of the

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Survivor Stories, Surviving Narratives: Autobiography, Memory and Trauma Across Generations

5729: 5501: 5471: 5145: 4914: 4642: 4417: 4280:"Israel-Palestine tension unlikely to spill over to Lebanon for now despite rocket launch" 3182: 3137: 2814: 2765: 2684: 2021: 1721: 1461:

that killed 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, and wounded 71. According to the

1324: 1244: 1092: 1080: 926: 797: 729: 4882: 2368: 1480:, with civilians bearing the brunt of the war, both in human lives and economically: The 1309:

After the 1969 agreement in which the Lebanese government recognized the presence of the

5707: 4230:"Lebanon strengthens deployment to prevent firing of rockets towards Israeli Occupation" 3545:. Beirut / Munich: Publitec Publications & De Gruyter Saur. 2007. pp. 391–392. 2537:(3rd ed.). Beirut: Librairie Orientale. pp. 13–17, 107–117, 119–141, 174–176. 5682: 5589: 5318: 4934: 4730: 4652: 3887: 3860:

Women in Conflict in the Middle East: Palestinian Refugees and the Response to Violence

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Visions of the South : precarity and the 'good life' in the visual culture of Tyre

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Unsettled Modernities . Armenian Refugee Settlements in French Mandate Beirut (1923-43)

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On the first of September 1920, the colonial French rulers proclaimed the new State of

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United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)

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United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)

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at the beginning of his military career - explored the area in May 1878 and described

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Siklawi, Rami (Winter 2012). "The Dynamics of the Amal Movement in Lebanon 1975–90".

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through different forms, interrupts their lives and is especially feared for causing

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Two months later, a PLO commando of eight militants sailed from the coast of Tyre to

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At the end of the 11th century, Tyre avoided being attacked by paying tribute to the

492: 400: 227: 176: 164: 2373:. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 50, 71. 1994:

However, on 8 August 2006, the area of Rashidieh was hit by Israeli attack as well.

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at the turn from the 6th to the 7th century CE, and then briefly regained until the

5564: 5308: 5037: 5027: 4899: 4852: 4810: 4700: 4632: 4442: 2037: 2025: 1931: 1858: 1774: 1634: 1608: 1512: 1453:– a young woman from the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra in Beirut – and a dozen 1351: 1332: 1234: 1199: 1084: 1060: 859: 831:

However, the development of the Greater Tyre area stalled once again in 1635, when

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A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon

1815: 1339:. Rashidieh increasingly became an important recruitment and training center for 711:, Tyre was the last city to be eventually conquered by the Christian warriors, a 5672: 5466: 5379:. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 5338: 5328: 5288: 5155: 4892: 4820: 4682: 4434: 4124:

Middle East International No 387, 9 November 1990; “Fourteen days in brief” p.15

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In May 2020, clashes in Rashidieh left one person dead and five others injured.

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reportedly shelled Rashidieh, killing 5 people and injuring 11. On 20 June, the

1284: 1279:(UNRWA) built a new section in Rashidieh to accommodate Palestine refugees from 1108: 1103:. It is unclear though whether this was the Latin-Catholic School or one of its 985: 764: 761: 590: 351: 319: 289: 4229: 737:. He had a particular interest in supplying silica sands to the glassmakers of 5692: 5677: 5667: 5647: 5549: 5529: 5516: 5278: 5216: 5017: 4994: 4964: 4872: 4672: 4517: 2201:. Perdigon lays out one exemplary case of this phenomenon - which is known as 2186: 2155: 2029: 2005: 1266: 1233:

was declared in May 1948, the area of Tyre was immediately affected: with the

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coast in the 4th century CE. While Frumentius has been credited with bringing

851: 847: 825: 813: 805: 630: 481: 424: 355: 262: 5784: 5771: 2417:(4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine. pp. 5, 7, 62–89, 94, 102–121. 2177:

Sylvain Perdigon - who lived in the Al Bass camp in 2006/2007 and has been a

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were defeated. Bulloch writes that the Israelis lost nine men. The volunteer

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army on the coast - i.e. also in today's Rashidieh area - and a fleet of the

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Middle East International No 379, 6 July 1990; “Fourteen days in brief” p.14

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The battle for South Lebanon: Radicalisation of Lebanon's Shi'ites 1982–1985

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adopted resolutions in which decided on the immediate establishment of the

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In 1291, Tyre was again taken, this time by the Mamluk Sultanate's army of

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or Rusheidiyeh with or without a version of the article Al, El, Ar, or Er.

4455: 2996: 2906:. Amsterdam: Bulaaq, Uitgeverij. pp. 36, 71, 128, 138, 295, 297, 300. 1988:"The irony is that refugees are accepting citizens from their own country. 1986:

said Ibrahim al-Ali, a 26-year-old Palestinian social worker in the camp.

1503:, which was in disarray though after the 1977 assassination of its leader 527:

arrived at the gates of Tyre in 332 BCE and proposed to sacrifice to city

503:, who started a siege of Tyre in 586 BCE that went on for thirteen years. 5622: 5617: 5594: 5569: 5476: 4830: 4780: 4740: 4720: 4049: 4030:

Middle East International No 290, 19 December 1986; Godfrey Jansen pp.6-7

3891: 2973:. Leipzig / New York: K. Baedeker / C. Scribner's sons. pp. 266–267. 2781:

The Venetian Presence in the Crusader Lordship of Tyre: a Tale of Decline

2178: 1879: 1850: 1526:

across the Southern border into Galilee until a cease-fire in July 1981.

1434: 1397: 1052: 902: 832: 821: 682: 666:

rule. The Rashidun period only lasted until 661. It was followed by the

552: 469: 396: 277: 258: 3955: 2604:. Beirut: Ministry of Culture/Directorate General of Antiquities. 2008. 2391:

Meerfahrt nach Tyros zur Ausgrabung der Kathedrale mit Barbarossa's Grab

1727:

who advised the occupation forces whom to detain. Bulloch reported that

511: 5637: 5627: 5609: 5599: 5579: 5574: 5539: 5534: 4568: 4102: 3706: 3648: 3365:"Inventaire du sous-fonds ACICR, B AG, Archives générales, 1951 – 1975" 2634: 2124: 2044: 2009: 1898: 1798:

Tensions between Amal and Palestinian militants soon exploded into the

1653: 1405: 1300: 1288: 1262: 1254: 1220: 1003: 993: 973: 933: 855: 712: 695: 625: 556: 531: 461: 446: 438: 434: 403:, and was the lifeline for Island Tyre as its continental twin sister: 219: 140: 5372: 1437:, leaving three civilians dead. Israel in turn retaliated by killing " 495:

besieged the twin-city in the 720s BCE. Likewise during the attack by

5697: 5687: 5544: 5521: 5491: 5486: 4612: 4585: 2732:

Diplomatic Relations Between Muslim and Frankish Rulers 1097–1153 A.D

2333:

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA)

2223: 2151: 2033: 1640: 1320: 1319:

In 1970, the camp received more Palestinian refugees, this time from

1230: 1033: 901:- the chief architect behind the Ottoman government reforms known as 890: 738: 675: 612: 587: 582:

times, large water reservoirs were built in Ras al-Ain as well as an

477: 427: 326: 273: 269: 246: 4094: 4075: 4061:

Middle East International No 291, 9 January 1987; David McDowell p.4

4039:

Middle East International No 289, 5 December 1986; Jim Muir pp.10-11

3693: 3640: 3213: 3055:

Palestinians in Lebanon: Refugees Living with Long-term Displacement

2898: 2649: 2146:

We are reminded through this project that the disregard of people’s

1679:

When the fighting stopped after one week, more destruction was done

487:

However, Ushu/Palaetyrus apparently suffered great damages when the

4364: 1753:" in Southern Lebanon with its collaborating militia allies of the 976:; now contains about 70 Metawileh, and is surrounded by gardens of 559:

increased greatly in width over the centuries because of extensive

433:

The springs of Ras al-Ain were described by later scholars as the "

5662: 5652: 5584: 5481: 5105: 4551: 4459: 3521:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 30–31, 42, 118, 141, 196–197. 2194: 2193:" amongst many Palestinians in Lebanon: It haunts people in their 2164: 2128: 2066: 2054: 1984:

It's kind of an irony really. It's almost a joke what's going on,"

1965: 1913: 1867: 1845: 1789: 1764: 1711: 1372: 1344: 1276: 1239: 1070: 989: 981: 977: 918: 884: 872: 793: 779: 659: 638: 528: 510: 460:

hold a number of items which were found there. Amongst them is an

456:

have been conducted in Rashidieh. However, the collections of the

410: 374: 4390:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 143–158. 3749:

Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians

2967:

Socin, Albert; Benzinger, Immanuel; Peters, John Punnett (1906).

2863: 1970:

Southern side of Rashidieh, seen from the Ras Al Ain area (2021).

1663:, recounted as exemplary the death of a young Palestinian mother: 1089:

sections of Rashidieh Hill, where there were already two churches

5632: 4307:. Oxford: School of Geography, University of Oxford. p. 71. 4305:

A Refugee Landscape: Writing Palestinian Nationalisms in Lebanon

4138:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 67, 180. 3519:

Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East

2236: 2227: 2147: 1519: 1516: 1292: 1160: 1096: 801: 560: 392: 5404: 5212: 5051: 4910: 4696: 4597: 4468: 3022:

Maguire, Suzanne; Majzoub, Maya (2016). Osseiran, Tarek (ed.).

2020:

Almost half of those residents of Rashidieh who are in work do

1820:

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command

1773:

Tyre was 8 km beyond the security zone and taken over by

4254:"Lebanon: Rockets launched from coastal region towards Israel" 4136:

The Lebanese Army: A National Institution in a Divided Society

4010:. London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. pp. 266, 273. 3882:

Middle East International No 289, 5 December 1986; Publishers

3425:. New Brunswick / London: Transaction Publishers. p. 55. 2219: 1716:"During the evacuation of the western sector in the Tzur area" 1040: 473: 2185:(AUB) since 2013 - has researched another kind of a cultural 1277:

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees

917:

in 1839 after almost eight years. The army of the rebellious

605:(536-596 CE), the hill of what is now Rashidieh was known as 5706: 2944:

Renaissance Emir: A Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici

2008:

projectiles - from the nearby coastal area belonging to the

921:

Governor was defeated not only with allied support from the

2429:"Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon 2 – 18 May 1998" 2393:(in German). Leipzig: Verlag von E.A. Seemann. p. 136. 2075:

Like in other camps, Rashidieh's visual landscape reflects

1637:

recorded that already by the second day much of Rashidieh "

824:, and thus laid the foundation of Rashidieh's 19th century 3450:

Lebanon: Dynamics of Conflict – A Modern Political History

1377:

The Northern side of Rashidie, seen from the beach of the

929:, but mainly by Shiite forces under the leadership of the 547:

despite its reputation as being impregnable. However, the

4386:

Perdigon, Sylvain (2015). Das, Veena; Han, Clara (eds.).

2246:

Gallery: Photos from "Camp Pause" by the Dictaphone Group

1947:

By the end of the 1990s, the Coalition of Fatah with the

1940:

Following the end of the war in March 1991 based on the

678:

became the language of administration instead of Greek.

379:

Cinerary urn from Rashidieh with Phoenician inscription

3596:"Remembering the Israeli withdrawal from south Lebanon" 3298:"S. Lebanon's Palestinians again ask: where can we go?" 2730:

Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia (1993). Shatzmiller, Maya (ed.).

1834:

UNRWA recorded that between 1982 and 1987 in Rashidieh

1350:

In 1974, the Israeli military attacked: on May 19, the

3085:. New York / Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 33, 83. 2946:. London: Olive Branch Pr. pp. 66, 104, 156–157. 972:

A large square building, built by Rusheid Pasha for a

441:" and said to have been commissioned by the legendary 3622:"Israel's Military Performance in Lebanon, June 1982" 2997:"Camp Pause: Stories from Rashidieh Camp and the Sea" 2921:. London / New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 19–20, 33. 1814:

as well as by the pro-Syrian Palestinian militias of

1804:

one of the most brutal episodes in a brutal civil war

897:

It was then in 1856, according to some sources, that

820:- to settle near Tyre in order to secure the road to 566:

on either side, making the former island a permanent

4161:"Lebanese Families Find Shelter at Palestinian Camp" 4048:

Middle East International No 294, 20 February 1987;

2995:

Saksouk, Abir; El Khoury, Tania (January 26, 2017).

2213:

I heard Abu Ali tell of a still fresh encounter with

1882:- kept a presence and representation there as well. 1745:

by Amal and - even more so - its emerging split-off

1691:(ICRC) any access for five weeks. Subsequently, the 1152:

One year later, another camp was constructed in the

1136:

Yet more refugees arrived and hence a branch of the

850:", which in turn might refer to the Tyrian brothers 629:

control until it was captured by the Sassanian shah

5743: 5717: 5459: 3057:. London / New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 204–205. 2000:On 14 May 2021, shortly after the beginning of the 1541:, whereas Amal sided with Teheran. Eventually, the 1476:Tyre was badly affected in the fighting during the 767:visited Tyre in 1355, he found it a mass of ruins. 674:. In the course of the centuries, Islam spread and 200: 195: 187: 182: 170: 158: 146: 128: 34: 3912:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 3746: 3423:Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma 3201:"Camp Code – How to navigate a refugee settlement" 1930:loyalists in the Camp. His followers evacuated to 1589:Daily life in Rashidieh in 1983 - photos taken by 812:). He encouraged the systematically discriminated 2111:foundation of Lebanese-Palestinian art collector 1897:(UNTSO), was kidnapped on the coastal highway to 1595:International Committee of the Red Cross archives 685:who marched on Jerusalem. However, in late 1111, 476:dated 775-750 BCE. The latter was an import from 395:(also transliterated Usu or Uzu), founded on the 329:found that there were 1,510 buildings with 2,417 226:coast about five kilometres south of the city of 3151:Rustom, Joseph (2019). Kilper, Heiderose (ed.). 1828:Amal did the same things that the Israelis did. 881:" on the SWP map, surveyed and drawn in May 1878 480:and gives evidence that Rashidieh was used as a 310:According to a 1998 fact-finding mission of the 3400:. London: Ithaca Press. pp. 90, 179, 222. 1018:, the estate was taken over after the death of 570:- based on the ruins and rubble of Palaetyrus. 268:, known best as the chief architect behind the 4205:"Rashidiyeh camp back to normal after clashes" 3834:. Oxford: Martin Robertson. pp. 178–179. 3398:Sovereignty and Leadership in Lebanon, 1943–76 3110:. Montreal: Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 19. 870:, Edesius returned to Tyre to become a priest. 5416: 4480: 3779:"French woman turned from nurse to guerrilla" 2779:Jacoby, David (2016). Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). 2438:. The Danish Immigration Service. 1 June 1998 1895:United Nations Truce Supervision Organization 1644:." he quoted a UNIFIL officer as commenting: 1387:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8: 3971:"Palestinians and Lebanon: The Common Story" 322:estimated the size to be four square miles. 303:To its northern side, Rashidieh borders the 4441:(Chapter 2: Mrs Zamzam in Rashidieh recall 1646:"It was like shooting sparrows with cannon. 1549:1982 Lebanon War with Israel and Occupation 1219:Palestinian refugees making their way from 1123:started arriving in Tyre, mostly by boat: 1059:". It showed gardens, a mill and a Khan (a 1016:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa" 413:. In isolation the island city was nothing. 5423: 5409: 5401: 4505: 4487: 4473: 4465: 3862:. London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 32, 183. 3806:. Lausanne: Editions Pierre-Marcel Favre. 3722:Sanctuary And Survival: The PLO In Lebanon 2715:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1117:Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre 1014:mission to Tyre in search of the bones of 843:) during that time, the "Hill of Habish": 31: 29:Refugee camp in South Governorate, Lebanon 3671:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 123. 3487:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 3374:(in French). 19 October 2016. p. 967 3212: 1893:, who served in a senior position of the 1619:, then the Beirut-based correspondent of 515:Illustration of Alexander's siege by the 3777:Rosemberg, Claire (September 25, 1984). 3372:International Committee of the Red Cross 3199:Martinez Mansell, Claudia (April 2016). 2492:Kumar, Jayant Banthia (8 October 2019). 2235:and advised him to heap small mounds of 1974:At the time of Israel's invasion in the 1761:1985-1988 War of the Camps: Amal vs. PLO 1689:International Committee of the Red Cross 1067:French Mandate colonial rule (1920–1943) 707:On 7 July 1124, in the aftermath of the 5364: 3574:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 3155:. Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 115–130. 2313: 2249: 1493:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 1445:1978 South Lebanon conflict with Israel 1247:for transit to other places in Lebanon. 519:locating Old Tyre in the Rashidieh area 194: 181: 127: 92: 61: 52: 5180: 5009: 4413: 4403: 4342: 4340: 4069: 4067: 4001: 3999: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3853: 3851: 3825: 3823: 3772: 3770: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3194: 3192: 3178: 3168: 3133: 3123: 3076: 3074: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2810: 2800: 2761: 2751: 2708: 2696: 2694: 2680: 2670: 913:regained control over Jabal Amel from 445:, who was a close ally of Tyrian king 3662: 3660: 3658: 3564: 3562: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3391: 3389: 3291: 3289: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2455: 2453: 2384: 2382: 2380: 1113:Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre 1055:travel guide designates the area as " 314:, the camp covers an area of 248,426 199: 186: 169: 157: 145: 7: 5809:Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon 4498:locations and populations as of 2015 3479:Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985). 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 4353:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 1223:to Lebanon in October–November 1948 1087:project, the new authorities gave " 866:and became the first bishop of the 3594:Hussein, Muhammad (13 June 2019). 3337:Final Conflict: War in the Lebanon 2584:Archaeology and History in Lebanon 1953:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 1792:, the armed PLO returned in force. 1769:Berri (right) and Jumblatt in 1989 1174:Lebanese independence (since 1943) 868:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 637:, when in 640 it was taken by the 25: 5814:Populated places in Tyre District 4180:"Reference : V-P-LB-E-00260" 4159:Shadid, Anthony (July 25, 2006). 3033:. UN HABITAT Lebanon. p. 28. 2150:and personal choices, the casual 2107:commissioned by the Beirut-based 1311:Palestine Liberation Organization 1138:Armenian General Benevolent Union 1045:Imperial Museum at Constantinople 296:of Rashidieh itself and those of 214:camp is the second most populous 75: 5431: 4578: 4561: 4544: 4527: 4510: 4439:Pity the nation: Lebanon at war. 4203:Zaatari, Mohammed (9 May 2020). 3783:United Press International (UPI) 2270: 2261: 2252: 1579: 1568: 1557: 1412:" in August and September 1975. 1209: 1198: 1187: 601:According to the Syrian scholar 191:24.84 ha (61.38 acres) 133: 74: 67: 54: 4074:Suleiman, Jaber (Autumn 1999). 4008:Lebanon: A Country in Fragments 3296:Rubin, Trudy (16 August 1982). 3232:. Paris: Hachette. p. 197. 2465:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 2287:(born 1965) writer and critic. 2117:Qalandia International Festival 2024:seasonal or occasional jobs on 1959:(PPP) in Lebanon was headed by 1391:a premeditated and reckless act 1385:In January 1975, a unit of the 846:"Habish" may be translated as " 4318:Ayoub, Joey (4 October 2014). 4178:Kokic, Marko (8 August 2006). 3832:Lebanon: The Fractured Country 3543:Who's Who in Lebanon 2007–2008 3454:. London: Zed Books. pp. 2575:Doumet-Serhal, Claude (2003). 2096:Two years later, the Lebanese 1607:attempt on Israeli ambassador 1404:, during which eight civilian 1369:Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) 654:Early Muslim period (640–1124) 517:United States Military Academy 292:supplies in the area with the 1: 3620:Sayigh, Yezid (Autumn 1983). 3343:. pp. 34, 44–45, 58–61. 3302:The Christian Science Monitor 2862:Gharbieh, Hussein M. (1996). 2734:. Leiden, New York, Cologne: 2389:Sepp, Johann Nepomuk (1879). 2183:American University of Beirut 1343:, the armed wing of Arafat's 854:, who got shipwrecked on the 635:Muslim conquest of the Levant 5270:(Martyr Azmi el-Mufti camp) 4278:Rose, Sunniva (2021-05-14). 4083:Journal of Palestine Studies 3904:Alagha, Joseph Elie (2006). 3802:Kesteman, Françoise (1985). 3692:Joudi, Reem Tayseer (2018). 3667:Abraham, Antoine J. (1996). 3629:Journal of Palestine Studies 2830:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 2002:2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 1949:Palestinian Liberation Front 615:called Zozyma used to dwell. 430:, who visited Tyre himself. 3969:Hudson, Michael C. (1997). 3753:. Boston: South End Press. 3724:. Boulder: Westview Press. 3081:Migliorino, Nicola (2008). 2705:. Pickering. pp. 9–34. 2413:Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018). 1910:Post-Civil War (since 1990) 1887:Amal seemed to lose control 1808:Progressive Socialist Party 1676:the Palestinian militants. 1321:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1237:exodus – also known as the 942:Survey of Western Palestine 703:Crusader period (1124–1291) 687:King Baldwin I of Jerusalem 5830: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5297: 5287: 5277: 5266: 5256: 5246: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5197: 5187: 5174: 5164: 5154: 5144: 5134: 5124: 5114: 5104: 5094: 5084: 5074: 5064: 5054: 5036: 5026: 5016: 5003: 4993: 4983: 4973: 4963: 4953: 4943: 4933: 4923: 4913: 4898: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4840: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4799: 4789: 4779: 4769: 4759: 4749: 4739: 4729: 4719: 4709: 4699: 4681: 4671: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4600: 4347:PERDIGON, Sylvain (2018). 3978:Journal of Refugee Studies 3228:Boulanger, Robert (1955). 2629:. Ulan Press. p. 48. 2365:Kitchener, Horatio Herbert 2115:. It was exhibited at the 2059:Murals in Rashidieh (2001) 1957:Palestinian People's Party 1802:, which is considered as " 1659:, who was a member of the 1631:and shells on Rashidieh. 1501:National Lebanese Movement 624:. It was accompanied by a 597:Byzantine period (395–640) 468:inscriptions dated to the 454:archaeological excavations 312:Danish Immigration Service 251:Palestine Exploration Fund 5718:Palestinian refugee camps 5704: 5447: 5357: 4503: 4184:ICRC Audiovisual archives 3421:Nisan, Mordechai (2015). 3053:Roberts, Rebecca (2010). 1693:Christian Science Monitor 1683:", as the IDF brought in 1424:and often brutal behavior 1379:Tyre Coast Nature Reserve 1168:National Museum of Beirut 1057:Tell Habesh or Reshîdîyeh 1006:historian and politician 745:Mamluk period (1291–1516) 458:National Museum of Beirut 305:Tyre Coast Nature Reserve 288:There is an abundance of 113:33.2367000°N 35.2181000°E 93: 62: 53: 44: 3804:Mourir pour la Palestine 2897:Smit, Ferdinand (2006). 2828:Harris, William (2012). 2169:View of the camp in 2016 1777:under the leadership of 1429:In 1977, three Lebanese 776:Ottoman rule (1516–1918) 543:, Alexander started his 216:Palestinian refugee camp 38: 4496:Palestine refugee camps 3830:Gilmour, David (1983). 3396:Goria, Wade R. (1985). 2836:. pp. 48, 53, 67. 2834:Oxford University Press 2701:Mroue, Youssef (2010). 2533:Jidejian, Nina (2018). 2471:. pp. 36–39, 580. 2469:Oxford University Press 2361:Conder, Claude Reignier 2302:Palestinians in Lebanon 2121:CounterCurrent Festival 2077:Palestinian nationalism 2012:village a day earlier. 1179:1948 Palestinian exodus 574:Roman times (64BCE-395) 5711: 4590:355,500 UNRWA refugees 4573:188,850 UNRWA refugees 4556:319,958 UNRWA refugees 4539:188,150 UNRWA refugees 4522:518,000 UNRWA refugees 4303:Ramadan, Adam (2009). 4209:The Daily Star Lebanon 4006:Arsan, Andrew (2018). 3944:Arab Studies Quarterly 3745:Chomsky, Noam (1999). 3335:Bulloch, John (1983). 2917:Bayeh, Joseph (2017). 2243: 2189:that he describes as " 2173:Meanwhile, the French 2170: 2163: 2094: 2072: 2060: 2030:agricultural labourers 1992: 1971: 1924:Abu Nidal Organization 1919: 1854: 1844: 1832: 1796: 1770: 1738: 1717: 1710: 1673: 1661:French Communist Party 1639:had become a field of 1543:political polarisation 1474: 1410:from land, sea and air 1382: 1329:Jordanian Armed Forces 1317: 1273: 1134: 1076: 1000: 964: 894: 882: 852:Frumentius and Edesius 785: 520: 417: 388: 387: 350:, the long-time chief- 118:33.2367000; 35.2181000 18:Rachidiye refugee camp 5756:Ladder of the Tyrians 5710: 3517:Hirst, David (2010). 2535:TYRE Through The Ages 2209: 2168: 2137: 2119:2016 and at the 2017 2085: 2070: 2064:now used for storage. 2058: 1980: 1976:July 2006 Lebanon War 1969: 1961:Sultan Abu al-'Aynayn 1917: 1849: 1836: 1824: 1783: 1768: 1729: 1715: 1697: 1665: 1482:Israel Defense Forces 1467: 1459:Coastal Road massacre 1376: 1305: 1249: 1125: 1074: 1010:, who in 1874 led an 968: 956: 888: 876: 783: 622:551 Beirut earthquake 603:Evagrius Scholasticus 514: 405: 380: 378: 4134:Barak, Oren (2009). 3990:10.1093/jrs/10.3.243 3858:Holt, Maria (2014). 3720:Brynen, Rex (1990). 3483:Israel's Lebanon War 2942:Gorton, Ted (2014). 2787:. pp. 181–195. 2297:Armenians in Lebanon 2103:created the project 1455:Palestinian fedayeen 722:Kingdom of Jerusalem 670:(until 750) and the 555:to the island. This 5785:33.2367°N 35.2181°E 5781: / 5560:Deir Qanoun En Nahr 3600:Middle East Monitor 3570:"UNIFIL Background" 3446:Odeh, B.J. (1985). 3269:"Burj Shemali Camp" 3024:"TYRE CITY PROFILE" 1885:In February 1988, " 1621:The Daily Telegraph 1537:'s camp during the 1489:UN Security Council 1363:a rescue excavation 1361:In the same year, " 1335:and the PLO led by 1101:financial endowment 1008:Johann Nepomuk Sepp 899:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 755:sank into obsurity. 525:Alexander the Great 337:History of the site 266:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 109: / 5712: 5460:Towns and villages 4324:Hummus For Thought 3651:– via JSTOR. 3341:Century Publishing 3003:. Dictaphone Group 2171: 2133:video installation 2073: 2061: 2026:construction sites 1972: 1920: 1891:William R. Higgins 1889:" when US-Colonel 1855: 1771: 1755:South Lebanon Army 1718: 1657:Françoise Kesteman 1611:in London the IDF 1449:On 11 March 1978, 1417:Lebanese Arab Army 1402:Savoy Hotel attack 1383: 1229:When the state of 1083:. According to an 1077: 1051:A map from a 1906 915:Muhammad Ali Pasha 895: 883: 786: 658:As the bearers of 643:Rashidun Caliphate 521: 389: 201: • Total 188: • Total 5764: 5763: 5441:South Governorate 5398: 5397: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5207: 5206: 5056:Bourj el-Barajneh 5046: 5045: 4905: 4904: 4691: 4690: 4145:978-0-7914-9345-8 3888:Dennis Walters MP 3552:978-3-598-07734-0 3117:978-1-55164-276-5 3064:978-0-85772-054-2 2745:978-90-04-09777-3 2664:978-2-35159-184-0 2611:978-9953-0-0038-1 2478:978-0-19-280130-2 2207:- from Rashidieh: 2098:artist collective 1487:On 19 March, the 1356:Israeli Air Force 1327:conflict between 1121:Armenian genocide 1043:, curator of the 1002:According to the 948:Herbert Kitchener 672:Abbasid Caliphate 668:Umayyad Caliphate 523:Reportedly, when 507:Hellenistic times 501:Nebuchadnezzar II 423:by Ancient-Greek 356:prehistoric times 342:Prehistoric times 272:'s modernization 222:, located on the 208: 207: 153:South Governorate 16:(Redirected from 5821: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5790:33.2367; 35.2181 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5512:Borj Ech Chemali 5435: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5369: 5227:Jabal el-Hussein 5213: 5052: 5011:Unofficial camps 4911: 4697: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4458:, articles from 4422: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3928: 3927: 3911: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3752: 3742: 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4842:Ein Beit al-Ma' 4692: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4452: 4431: 4429:Further reading 4426: 4425: 4412: 4402: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4258:Middle East Eye 4252: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4165:Washington Post 4158: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4095:10.2307/2676432 4078: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3941: 3940: 3931: 3924: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3698: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3669:The Lebanon War 3666: 3665: 3656: 3641:10.2307/2536925 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3349: 3314: 3285: 3260: 3244:"El Buss Camp" 3235: 3220: 3205:Places Journal 3188: 3162:978-3035619218 3161: 3143: 3116: 3098: 3092:978-1845453527 3091: 3070: 3063: 3036: 3014: 2976: 2959: 2953:978-1566569637 2952: 2934: 2928:978-1784530976 2927: 2909: 2874: 2849: 2843:978-0195181111 2842: 2820: 2794:978-0415824941 2793: 2771: 2744: 2722: 2690: 2663: 2640: 2617: 2610: 2593: 2550: 2543: 2510: 2484: 2477: 2449: 2420: 2396: 2376: 2345: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2281: 2280:Notable people 2278: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2175:anthropologist 2052: 2049: 2017: 2014: 1942:Taif Agreement 1911: 1908: 1812:Walid Jumblatt 1762: 1759: 1588: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1535:Saddam Hussein 1505:Kamal Jumblatt 1463:United Nations 1451:Dalal Mughrabi 1446: 1443: 1439:over a hundred 1370: 1367: 1323:following the 1218: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1164:Maurice Chehab 1156:area of Tyre. 1068: 1065: 1036:archaeologist 952:Er Rusheidiyeh 923:British Empire 911:Constantinople 879:Er Rusheidiyeh 839:(also spelled 804:to administer 798:Fakhreddine II 792:appointed the 777: 774: 772: 769: 746: 743: 735:Doge of Venice 704: 701: 655: 652: 650: 649:Medieval times 647: 641:forces of the 598: 595: 575: 572: 508: 505: 497:Neo-Babylonian 443:King of Israel 385:(House of LB') 372: 369: 367: 364: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333:in Rashidieh. 285: 282: 235: 232: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 130: 126: 125: 91: 90: 81: 80: 73: 72: 66: 65: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 45: 42: 41: 35: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5826: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5794: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 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