190:. The Canadian crime victimization survey does not collect data on the ethnic origin of perpetrators, so comparisons between incidence of victimizations and incidence of charging are impossible. Although aboriginal persons make up 3.6% of Canada's population, they account for 20% of Canada's prison population. This may show how racial profiling increases effectiveness of police, or be a result of racial profiling, as they are watched more intensely than others.
3192:
269:. The extent of the vast system was published in the spring of 2019 by the NYT who called it "automated racism". In research projects aided by European institutions it has combined the facial output with people's DNA, to create an ethnic profile. The DNA was collected at the prison camps, which are interning more than one million Uyghurs, as had been corroborated in November 2019 by data leaks, such as the
180:, a small city where most of the inhabitants are white. The study showed that black-skinned people were 3.7 times more likely to be pulled over by police than white-skinned people, while Asian and White people are less likely to be pulled over than Black people. Several police organizations condemned this study and suggested more studies like this would make them hesitant to pull over visible minorities.
619:, which protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure, was extended after a run of controversial court cases in the 1960s in which people of color were facing higher rates of frisking and intimidation. This extension says that police must obey the law while enforcing it. Although the Supreme Court has claimed continued adherence to objectivity in the face of
61:(when the practice occurs outside official legislation). Critics argue that racial profiling is discriminatory as it disproportionately targets people of color. Supporters claim it can be an effective tool for preventing crime but acknowledge that it should be closely monitored and used in a way that respects civil rights.
1615:
The
Ethiopian government has been rounding up ethnic Tigrayan security forces deployed in United Nations and African peacekeeping missions abroad and forcing them onto flights to the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, where it is feared they may face torture or even execution, according to an internal
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court case of 1968 has also led to countless incidents of racial profiling in the US, as it allows police officers to stop an individual or vehicle without probable cause if they think an individual is committing a crime or about to commit a crime, although they must have a reasonable suspicion based
401:
The
General Law on Population (Reglamento de la Ley General de Poblacion) of 2000 in Mexico has been cited as being used to racially profile and abuse immigrants to Mexico. Mexican law makes illegal immigration punishable by law and allows law officials great discretion in identifying and questioning
607:
This is exemplified in the large wage and generational wealth gaps and workplace and housing discrimination that exists between the White and non-White populations. Racial profiling in policing institutions is not new, either. The modern
American police force has taken inspiration and structure from
281:
In
February 2012, the first court ruling concerning racial profiling in German police policy, allowing police to use skin color and "non-German ethnic origin" to select persons who will be asked for identification in spot-checks for illegal immigrants. Subsequently, it was decided legal for a person
408:
stated that "Mexico has a law that is no different from
Arizona's", referring to legislation which gives local police forces the power to check documents of people suspected of being in the country illegally. Immigration and human rights activists have also noted that Mexican authorities frequently
626:
Recent incidents of racial profiling, often in mundane situations like traffic stops, have resulted in unnecessary violence and deaths. Data suggest that “African
American and American Indian/Alaska Native women and men are killed by the police at higher rates” than their White counterparts, and
305:
A 2017 statement by the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Rights after a visit to Germany states: "While the Basic Law guarantees equality, prohibits racial discrimination, and states that human dignity is inviolable, it is not being enforced." and calls racial profiling by police officials
1562:
Ethiopian police visited a U.N. World Food
Programme (WFP) office in Amhara region to request a list of ethnic Tigrayan staff, according to an internal U.N. security report seen by Reuters on Friday. ... The U.N. report said that the local police chief informed the WFP office of "the order of
155:
between belonging to a specific racial group and committing certain crimes. However, should such a correlation exist, it is based on data that is skewed by previous racial profiling. Because more subjects of a certain racial group were targeted, more crime was registered in this group. It is
105:
analysis of racial profiling, weighing the benefits and costs against each other. They conclude that racial profiling is morally permissible because the harms done to the search subjects are fewer than the potential benefits for society in terms of security. Moreover, the (innocent) subjects
232:
addressed this issue and planned on implementing a new policy regarding officer racially profiling persons, "the policy explicitly forbids officers from investigating or detaining anyone based on their race and will force officers to go through training on racial profiling". This policy was
376:
based on name or physical appearance. Additionally, all passengers, including those who do not appear to be of Arab descent, are questioned as to why they are traveling to Israel, followed by several general questions about the trip in order to search for inconsistencies. Although numerous
85:
Those who argue in favor of racial profiling usually set some conditions for the practice to be justified. The profiling should be fair, evidence-based and non-abusive. Proponents of racial profiling generally argue that, if these conditions are met, it can be an efficient tool for
517:
powers. However, there are concerns that these powers lead to discrimination and racial profiling with statistics showing that there were 54 stop and searches for every 1000 black people compared to just 6 for every 1000 white people. Following social dissatisfaction and claims of
301:
in
Germany. The reports concluded that there were more than 10 attacks per day against migrants in Germany in 2016. This report from Germany garnered the attention of the United Nations, which alleged that people of African descent face widespread discrimination in Germany.
509:
in 2019 show that people born outside of the UK made up 14% of the UK's population or 9.5 million people. Black
Britons make up 3% of the population and Indian Britons occupy 2.3% of the population with the remainder being largely EU or North American migrants.
585:
According to an American College of Physicians study, 92% of Blacks, 78% of Latino Americans, 75% of Native Americans, and 61% of Asian Americans have “reported experiencing racial discrimination in the form of racial slurs, violence, threats, and harassment.”
597:. The US harbors a sense of fear and danger in people of color through the uncontested use of racial profiling in day-to-day interactions - from personal implicit biases, overt and covert racist laws and practices, and discriminatory law enforcement agencies.
371:
are carried out by people who can be found and stopped by an effective security methodology." As part of its focus on this so-called "human factor", Israeli security officers interrogate travelers using racial profiling, singling out those who appear to be
136:) make it unjust. The costs of racial profiling for black communities in the U.S. are much higher than Risse and Zeckhauer account for. Racial profiling can make targeted individuals assume they have an inferior political status, which can lead to an
485:
367:. Since then, security at the airport has relied on a number of fundamentals, including a heavy focus on what Raphael Ron, former director of security at Ben Gurion, terms the "human factor", which he generalized as "the inescapable fact that
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500:
Racial issues have been prevalent in the UK for a long time. For example, following the arrival of Windrush migrants from the Caribbean and West Indies after the Second World War, racial tensions began to flare up in the country - see the
328:
or refused permission to board, prevented from overseas travel, and an "order of identifying ethnic Tigrayans from all government agencies and NGOs" being used by federal police to request a list of ethnic Tigrayans from an office of the
199:
daily newspaper found that black people across Toronto were three times more likely to be stopped and documented by police than white people. To a lesser extent, the same seemed true for people described by police as having "brown" skin
241:
showing the strip search where one witnesses the black woman being held to the ground and then having her bra and shirt cut ripped/cut off by a member of the Ottawa Police Force which was released to the viewing of the public in 2010.
492:, Mutuma Ruteere, described the practice of ethnic profiling by Spanish law enforcement officers "a persisting and pervasive problem". In 2014, the Spanish government approved a law which prohibited racial profiling by police forces.
227:
have acknowledged that racial profiling does occur and have taken measures to address , including upgrading training for officers, identifying officers at risk of engaging in racial profiling, and improving community relations".
286:
in public. A higher court later overruled the earlier decision declaring the racial profiling unlawful and in violation of anti-discrimination provisions in Art. 3 Basic Law and the General Equal Treatment Act of 2006.
600:
Sociologist Robert Staples said that racial profiling in the U.S. is “not merely a collection of individual offenses”, but rather a systemic phenomenon across American society, dating back to the era of slavery.
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604:“At the root of the emergence of the modern Anglo-American police was the problem of changing social relations and conditions arising from industrialization and urbanization,” says sociologist Dr. Tia Dafnos.
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1151:
When good people are swept up with the bad - We're not trying to make any excuses for this. We recognize that bias in police decision making is a big, big issue for us, and so we're working really hard on
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endemic. Recommendations include legal reform, establishing an independent complaint system, training and continuing education for the police, and investigations to promote accountability and remedy.
125:
Opponents of racial profiling have claimed that those who support racial profiling grossly underestimate the harms done by racial profiling and fail to recognize how the practice can exacerbate
630:
Unlawful and wrongful death in the cases of George Floyd and Sonya Massey have been attributed to extreme racial profiling and met with social media outburst and growing attention towards the
2696:
An Investigation by the Joint Legislative Task Force on Government Oversight into Racial Profiling Practices by the California Highway Patrol as part of a program known as Operation Pipeline
449:
also condemned the act, describing it as a clear violation of international human rights law. Their press release urged government of Sri Lanka to desist from any further enforced removals.
534:. The report and its findings were criticised by many including the United Nations working group who argued that the report 'attempts to normalise white supremacy' and could 'fuel racism'.
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urged the Spanish government to take "effective measures" to ethnic profiling, including the modification of existing laws and regulations which permit its practice. In 2013, the
3240:
1378:
53:. Racial profiling can include disproportionate stop-and-searches, traffic stops, and the use of surveillance technology for facial identification. Racial profiling can occur
1461:"Statement to the media by the United Nations' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, on the conclusion of its official visit to Germany, 20-27 February 2017"
2751:
1535:
1306:
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Baker, Al. "Judge Declines to Dismiss Case Alleging Racial Profiling by City Police in Street Stops." The New York Times. Nytimes.com, 31 August 2011. Web. 26 April 2012
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506:
385:, an Israeli terrorism expert, "it would be foolish not to use profiling when everyone knows that most terrorists come from certain ethnic groups. They are likely to be
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294:(Office for the Implementation of Equal Treatment) makes a distinction between criminal profiling, which is legitimate in Germany, and ethnic profiling, which is not.
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3178:
1926:
549:
438:
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1959:"Sri Lanka: Treatment of Tamils in Colombo by members of the Sri Lankan security forces and police; registration requirements in Colombo for Tamil citizens"
3032:
333:. Tigrayans' houses were arbitrarily searched and Tigrayan bank accounts were suspended. Ethnic Tigrayan members of Ethiopian components of United Nations
523:
77:
status. Some believe that racial profiling is morally permissible under certain circumstances, whereas others argue it is never morally permissible.
649:
phenomenon draws from data that supports that people of color disproportionately experience police shootings, traffic stops, searches, and arrests.
445:
Embassy in Sri Lanka condemned the act, asking the government of Sri Lanka to ensure the constitutional rights of all the citizens of the country.
3166:
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1628:
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49:, rather than individual suspicion or evidence. This practice involves discrimination against minority populations and often relies on negative
3255:
2955:
2449:
114:
2562:
2380:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Mutuma Ruteere"
1881:
1847:
575:
543:
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missions were disarmed and some forcibly flown back to Ethiopia, at the risk of torture or execution, according to United Nations officials.
627:
Latinx men are killed at higher rates than White men. African American men are 2.5 times more likely to be killed by police than White men.
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3022:
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1487:
699:
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2312:
694:
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slave patrols and as a result people in minority populations report high rates of unfair treatment by courts, unreasonable arrests and
381:
groups have demanded an end to the profiling, the Israeli government maintains that it is both effective and unavoidable. According to
2759:
1386:
1181:
930:
3104:
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1600:
489:
315:
132:
Adam Omar Hosein argues that racial profiling may be permissible under certain circumstances, but the present circumstances (in the
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1102:
2711:
2748:
2231:
298:
2725:
2773:
2594:, "Racial Profiling – Who is the Executioner and Does he have a Face?" 15 Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy (2009) 71–9.
220:
2027:
1788:
1698:
Hasisi, Badi; Margalioth, Yoram; Orgad, Liav (2012). "Ethnic Profiling In Airport Screening: Lessons From Israel, 1968-2010".
1133:
109:
Risse and Zeckhauser conclude that the objections to racial profiling are not rooted in the practice per se but in background
2085:
3084:
2423:
2255:
1332:"Anwaltskanzlei Sven Adam Polizei-, Ordnungs- und Versammlungsrecht Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main - Az.: 2 Ss 329/11"
2734:
2338:
1656:
1086:
747:
531:
502:
422:
3220:
2707:
1200:
426:
2363:"Examen de los informes presentados por los Estados partes de conformidad con el artĂculo 9 de la ConvenciĂłn: España"
1933:
437:
and emergency regulations if found not living in the house in the certificate they could be arrested. In 2007 Tamils
1629:"What can we learn from Ben Gurion Airport in Israel to help push aviation security in the U.S. to the next level?"
579:
473:, found that people of non-white aspect are up to ten times more likely to be stopped by the police on the street.
378:
346:
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has also condemned the action. Human rights groups, Local think tank and other observers have termed this act as "
2977:
1436:
1063:
251:
3260:
3150:
2950:
2810:
2598:
Ruiz, James; Julseth, Jason W.; Winters, Kathleen H. (2010). "Profiling, Cajun Style: The FBI Investigation?".
1660:
893:
571:
209:
141:
1256:
477:
accused Spanish authorities of using racial and ethnic profiling, with police singling out people who are not
865:
176:
released the first study ever in Canada which pertains to racial profiling. The study focused on the city of
3215:
3145:
3109:
3063:
2994:
254:
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1460:
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In the United States, racial profiling is mainly used when referring to the disproportionate searching of
470:
3225:
3135:
2989:
2835:
2830:
2825:
719:
474:
324:
that started in November 2020, with Ethiopians of Tigrayan ethnicity being put on indefinite leave from
2542:
Glaser, Jack. 2014. Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (Oxford University Press)
2280:
1816:
2555:
Ethnic profiling and counter-terrorism : examples of European practice and possible repercussions
1636:
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689:
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360:
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1980:
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1492:
679:
646:
3172:
3037:
2644:
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2002:
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and House Committee on Foreign Affairs (20 February 2013).
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1003:
659:
631:
364:
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238:
165:
98:
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have to compulsory register with the Police and mandatory carry a police certificate as per the
2064:
2003:
3053:
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2900:
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1877:
1871:
1843:
1354:
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1231:
1177:
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684:
555:
418:
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engage in racial profiling, harassment, and shakedowns against migrants from Central America.
356:
297:
According to a 2016 report by the Interior ministry in Germany, there had been an increase in
177:
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when an individual is more likely to commit a crime because they are perceived as a criminal.
137:
1904:
1837:
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An increase in knife crime in the capital in recent decades has led to an increase in police
3140:
2945:
2933:
2905:
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2636:
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1707:
1037:
995:
964:
709:
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567:
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102:
87:
2545:
Hadden, Sally. 2021. “Police and Slave Patrols,” in Jones, Ben, and Eduardo Mendieta, eds.
2212:
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illegal immigrants. Mexico has been criticized for its immigration policy. Chris Hawley of
168:
who accuse police of targeting them due to their ethnic background is a growing concern in
2755:
2729:
2702:
1553:
669:
559:
514:
187:
173:
91:
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problem. Arguments in favor of racial profiling are based on the premise that there is a
2695:
1110:
2962:
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2738:
1605:
952:
835:
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258:
224:
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110:
37:
is the act of suspecting, targeting, or discriminating against a person based on their
2722:
2716:
2294:
94:
to focus their efforts on groups that are statistically more likely to commit crimes.
3209:
2648:
2619:
1601:"U.N. Fears Ethiopia Purging Ethnic Tigrayan Officers From Its Peacekeeping Missions"
1049:
1007:
968:
640:
442:
229:
133:
2110:
2035:
807:
113:. Instead of banning racial profiling, they argue, efforts should be made to remedy
3125:
2865:
2591:
1138:
612:, and hesitancy to call the police in times of need out of fear of discrimination.
590:
478:
458:
382:
334:
270:
234:
195:
148:
2501:
2163:
2089:
999:
156:
therefore epistemically unjustified to assume that this group commits more crime.
2174:
1577:"Exclusive: Ethiopia says disarms Tigrayan peacekeepers in Somalia over security"
1410:
461:
did to the Jews", and the Asian Center of Human Rights urged India to intervene.
212:). This was the result of an analysis of 1.7 million contact cards filled out by
3191:
2915:
2259:
1958:
983:
674:
469:
Racial profiling by police forces in Spain is a common practice. A study by the
152:
70:
46:
17:
2611:
2536:
Suspect Citizens: What 20 Million Traffic Stops Tell Us About Policing and Race
1288:
3196:
2885:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2640:
1224:"One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority"
635:
321:
97:
The most influential defense of racial profiling comes from Mathias Risse and
50:
1358:
1307:"The World from Berlin: Profiling Ruling 'Sows Seeds of Distrust and Racism'"
1268:
1235:
1821:
441:. The move to expel these people drew wide criticism of the government. The
430:
404:
390:
368:
352:
106:
themselves also benefit because they will live a safer environment overall.
38:
2680:"Discrimination or 'good' policing? The racial profiling debate in Canada."
2657:
Racial Profiling and Borders: International, Interdisciplinary Perspectives
1905:"SL State reinforces stringent police registration of residents in Colombo"
1734:
1674:
486:
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
1758:
1711:
1488:"Ethiopia Airlines accused of ethnic profiling over civil war with Tigray"
1347:"Urteil zu Kontrollen nach Hautfarbe: Gericht verbietet Polizei-Rassismus"
1085:
Brzozowski, Jodi-Anne; Taylor-Butts, Andrea; Johnson, Sara (6 June 2006),
623:
cases, American police employ racial profiling with harmful consequences.
3099:
2765:
609:
563:
266:
74:
58:
42:
1719:
1661:
Israeli airport security order dancer to prove identity with dance steps
389:
and young, and the potential threat justifies inconveniencing a certain
233:
implemented after the 2008 incident where an African Canadian woman was
2999:
1581:
1041:
386:
262:
54:
1519:
1517:
1349:[Judgment on checks on skin color: Court bans police racism].
1026:"Racial Profiling and a Reasonable Sense of Inferior Political Status"
457:". The media group said that this type of act reminds people of what "
2534:
Baumgartner, Frank R.; Epp, Derek A.; Shoub, Kelsey (July 10, 2018).
2281:"The police have arrested me 160 times just because of my appearance"
2063:. Norway - the official site in Sri Lanka. 2007-06-08. Archived from
1088:
Victimization and offending among the Aboriginal population in Canada
1025:
921:
Lever, Annabelle (2016). "Race and Racial Profiling". In Zack (ed.).
589:
Racial profiling has roots in slavery and has grown with the rise of
450:
446:
169:
126:
2256:"Deportation of Tamils from Colombo is reminiscent of The Holocaust"
1563:
identifying ethnic Tigrayans from all government agencies and NGOs".
2398:"Interior prohĂbe por ley las identificaciones por razones Ă©tnicas"
2574:"New Jersey Argues That the U.S. Wrote the Book on Race Profiling"
1550:"Ethiopian police seeking lists of ethnic Tigrayans – U.N. report"
373:
1411:"Germany hate crime: Nearly 10 attacks a day on migrants in 2016"
2627:
Ryberg, Jesper (2011). "Racial Profiling And Criminal Justice".
2769:
2008:. Government Printing Office. pp. 2613–. GGKEY:NN89UP1JS4T
1346:
282:
submitted to a spot-check to compare the policy to that of the
1526:"Ethnic profiling of Tigrayans heightens tensions in Ethiopia"
1103:"Aboriginal people over-represented in Saskatchewan's prisons"
2502:"Race report: UN experts say conclusions could 'fuel racism'"
2476:"The report of the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities"
2187:"Ethnic cleansing claim after police move Tamils at gunpoint"
1509:
1839:
Sovereignty, Space and Civil War in Sri Lanka: Porous Nation
946:
944:
942:
528:
The report of the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities
283:
186:
are more likely to be charged with crimes, particularly on
140:
from the state. This can make racial profiling turn into a
69:
The subject of racial profiling has sparked debate between
2482:. Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities. 28 April 2021
2057:"Norway condemns enforced removal of Tamils from Colombo"
2028:"The United States condemns the forced removal of Tamils"
530:
in 2021, finding overall that there was no institutional
2600:
International Journal of Police Science & Management
2430:. The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford
320:
Ethnic profiling against Tigrayans occurred during the
57:(when state policies target specific racial groups) or
2034:. U.S. Department of State. 2007-06-08. Archived from
1932:. Justice Government. 11 December 2006. Archived from
1257:"China Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the West"
2295:"Identificación policial por perfil étnico en españa"
1201:"Ottawa police introduce new racial profiling policy"
2213:"Sri Lanka court blocks state deportation of Tamils"
1289:"Huawei patent mentions use of Uighur-spotting tech"
830:
828:
261:
output of surveillance cameras to track and control
3159:
3118:
3072:
3046:
3008:
2924:
2803:
2232:"Sri Lanka police evict ethnic Tamils from capital"
1876:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 250–.
1759:"Rights group challenges Israel's airport security"
1465:
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
316:
Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia § Tigray War
265:, a Muslim minority in China's Western province of
2735:"Ethnic Profiling: A Rational and Moral Framework"
2675:Appearance Bias and Crime. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
1165:
742:
740:
738:
736:
3080:Race in the United States criminal justice system
3018:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
2664:Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform
1735:"New study delves inside a suicide bomber's mind"
507:Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford
2164:Apex court halts eviction of Tamils from Colombo
1437:"UN says racial profiling widespread in Germany"
1405:
1403:
1195:
1193:
802:
800:
798:
363:that led to the deaths of at least 24 people at
3251:Race-related controversies in the United States
2723:CBC backgrounder on racial profiling in Canada.
2311:Giles, Ciaran; Clendenning, Alan (2011-12-14).
1789:"Mexico's illegals laws tougher than Arizona's"
888:
886:
299:hate crimes and violence against migrant groups
3179:List of death row inmates in the United States
2708:Bureau of Justice Criminal Offender Statistics
2339:"Spanish Police Accused Of Racially Profiling"
1810:
1808:
1019:
1017:
2781:
1782:
1780:
772:
770:
768:
550:Airport racial profiling in the United States
8:
3241:Islam-related controversies in North America
1873:In My Mother's House: Civil War in Sri Lanka
1134:"When good people are swept up with the bad"
916:
914:
237:by members of the Ottawa police. There is a
3033:Overturned convictions in the United States
2669:Wotherspoon, Terry, and John Hansen. 2019.
1064:"Police stop more blacks, Ont. study finds"
2788:
2774:
2766:
2685:. p. 197-201. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
2313:"Spain police accused of racial profiling"
1927:"RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs)"
1817:"Activists blast Mexico's immigration law"
1524:Freudenthal, Emmanuel (17 December 2020).
984:"Racial profiling: A reply to two critics"
894:"Racial Profiling in the Age of Terrorism"
193:In February 2010, an investigation of the
2749:"Racial Profiling in an Age of Terrorism"
2088:. Dailymirrir. 2007-06-08. Archived from
2005:Country reports on human rights practices
923:Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Race
860:
858:
856:
645:on "specific and articulable facts". The
524:Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities
2717:Rational Profiling in America's Airports
2086:"Canada condemns 'dislodging' of Tamils"
1255:Wee, Sui-Lee; Mozur, Paul (2019-12-03).
866:"Racial Profiling Violates Human Rights"
250:The Chinese government has been using a
3167:Capital punishment in the United States
2678:Wortley, Scot and Julian Tanner. 2004.
2666:(New York: Cambridge University Press).
1575:Houreld, Katharine (17 December 2020).
925:(1st ed.). OUP. pp. 425–435.
732:
292:BĂĽro zur Umsetzung von Gleichbehandlung
3231:African-American-related controversies
1870:Sharika Thiranagama (16 August 2011).
1842:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 93–.
505:. The most recent statistics from the
2662:Weitzer, Ronald; Tuch, Steven. 2006.
1172:. Toronto: Nelson Education. p.
582:along with other visible minorities.
544:Racial profiling in the United States
7:
3028:List of miscarriage of justice cases
3023:List of exonerated death row inmates
2672:Racial Profiling and Reconciliation.
700:Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy
2549:New York University Press. 205–221.
840:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
695:Race and crime in the United States
164:Accusations of racial profiling of
2760:Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
2572:Kocieniewski, David (2000-11-29).
2136:""Ethnic Cleansing" in Sri Lanka?"
2111:"Police evict Tamils from Colombo"
1981:"Tamils must register with Police"
216:officers in the period 2003–2008.
25:
3105:Ineffective assistance of counsel
3059:National Registry of Exonerations
1700:American Law and Economics Review
1613:from the original on 2021-01-16.
1560:from the original on 2021-01-16.
1486:Zelalem, Zecharias (2020-12-04).
1091:, vol. 26, Statistics Canada
481:in the street and public places.
101:. Risse and Zeckhauser provide a
3190:
1836:Anoma Pieris (25 October 2018).
1589:from the original on 2021-01-16.
1538:from the original on 2021-01-16.
1211:from the original on 2012-07-23.
969:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00009.x
2230:Amal, Jayasinghe (2007-06-07).
1500:from the original on 2021-01-23
1030:Journal of Political Philosophy
957:Philosophy & Public Affairs
221:Ontario Human Rights Commission
2185:Ramesh, Randeep (2007-06-08).
1983:. Tamil Guardian. 15 July 2006
1815:Hawley, Chris (May 25, 2010).
1345:Rath, Christian (2012-10-30).
752:American Civil Liberties Union
290:The civil rights organisation
1:
3256:Law enforcement controversies
2428:migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk
2396:Navarro, Mayka (2014-07-11).
2337:Frayer, Lauren (2012-05-29).
2211:Gardner, Simon (2007-06-08).
1000:10.1080/0731129X.2007.9992207
951:Risse and Zeckhauser (2004).
782:National Institute of Justice
2258:. 2007-06-08. Archived from
2142:. 2007-06-11. Archived from
1675:"Airport Security in Israel"
1657:International Herald Tribune
3236:Islam-related controversies
3085:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
1961:. RefWorld. 9 February 2012
1787:Seper, Jerry (2010-05-03).
1379:"What is ethnic profiling?"
435:Prevention of Terrorism Act
3277:
3246:Race-related controversies
2612:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.173
2553:Kaufmann, Mareile (2010).
1673:Somin, Ilya (2007-11-27).
1435:Saeed, Saim (2017-02-28).
1222:Mozur, Paul (2019-04-14).
1132:Rankin, Jim (2010-02-06).
1024:Hosein, Adam Omar (2018).
580:Pacific Islander Americans
547:
541:
439:were expelled from Colombo
347:Racial profiling in Israel
344:
313:
111:injustice in our societies
3187:
2978:Eyewitness identification
2641:10.1007/s10892-010-9098-3
147:Hosein also points to an
3151:Innocence Protection Act
2811:Prosecutorial misconduct
1733:Lee, Dave (2010-11-17).
1164:Griffiths, Curt (2008).
1066:. CBC News. May 27, 2005
572:Middle Eastern Americans
142:self-fulfilling prophecy
27:Law-enforcement practice
3146:Equal Protection Clause
3064:Investigating Innocence
2995:Tampering with evidence
2659:(Lake Mary: Vandeplas).
2547:The Ethics of Policing.
2061:press release June 2007
2032:press release June 2007
1907:. Tamilnet. 22 May 2018
988:Criminal Justice Ethics
982:Risse, Mathias (2007).
812:Encyclopedia Britannica
255:surveillance technology
2911:Spoliation of evidence
2797:Miscarriage of justice
2557:. Berlin: LIT Verlag.
2422:Vargas-Silva, Carlos.
615:The US Constitution's
503:Notting Hill Race Riot
471:University of Valencia
3136:Right to a fair trial
2990:Misinformation effect
2836:Selective enforcement
2831:Malicious prosecution
2826:Selective prosecution
1679:The Volokh Conspiracy
1633:SecuritySolutions.com
1351:Die Tageszeitung: taz
898:Brookings Institution
720:Selective enforcement
490:UN Special Rapporteur
475:Amnesty International
3131:Exculpatory evidence
3110:Prosecutor's fallacy
3090:Blue wall of silence
3073:Contributing factors
3010:Wrongful convictions
2758:, By Peter Siggins (
2719:(Law Review Article)
2655:Shantz, Jeff. 2010.
1793:The Washington Times
1609:. 23 November 2020.
1556:. 13 November 2020.
1531:The New Humanitarian
1168:Canadian Police Work
1113:on February 27, 2009
690:Presumption of guilt
665:Institutional racism
520:institutional racism
331:World Food Programme
184:Canadian Aboriginals
73:who disagree on its
2856:Abuse of discretion
2846:Attorney misconduct
2804:Types of misconduct
2038:on November 5, 2009
1712:10.1093/aler/ahs009
1663:, September 9, 2008
1493:The Daily Telegraph
680:Driving while black
647:driving while black
421:traveling from the
3221:Offender profiling
3173:Batson v. Kentucky
3119:Norms and remedies
3038:Wrongful execution
2956:Child sexual abuse
2754:2019-01-08 at the
2745:, October 2, 2001)
2728:2018-08-01 at the
2701:2005-11-25 at the
2683:Our Diverse Cities
2319:. Associated Press
1467:. 27 February 2017
1295:. 13 January 2021.
1261:The New York Times
1228:The New York Times
1042:10.1111/jopp.12162
953:"Racial Profiling"
870:Human Rights Watch
836:"Racial Profiling"
808:"Racial Profiling"
778:"Racial Profiling"
748:"Racial Profiling"
660:Affirmative action
632:Black Lives Matter
365:Ben Gurion Airport
326:Ethiopian Airlines
252:facial recognition
166:visible minorities
117:in our societies.
99:Richard Zeckhauser
90:because it allows
3203:
3202:
3054:Innocence Project
2983:Cross-race effect
2973:Eyewitness memory
2968:Mistaken identity
2939:Forced confession
2901:Witness tampering
2876:Legal malpractice
2871:Gaming the system
2821:Police corruption
2816:Police misconduct
2762:, March 12, 2002)
2629:Journal of Ethics
2564:978-3-64-310447-2
2450:"Stop and search"
2283:. 7 January 2014.
1883:978-0-8122-0511-4
1849:978-1-351-24632-3
1107:Statistics Canada
715:Police harassment
685:Police misconduct
593:, conflated with
556:African Americans
423:Northern Province
419:Sri Lankan Tamils
369:terrorist attacks
357:Japanese Red Army
178:Kingston, Ontario
16:(Redirected from
3268:
3195:
3194:
3160:Related concepts
3141:Actual innocence
3095:Racial profiling
2946:False accusation
2934:False confession
2906:Brady disclosure
2841:Abuse of process
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2652:
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2588:
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2472:
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2463:
2461:
2456:. UK Home Office
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2146:on June 15, 2007
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1765:. March 19, 2008
1763:Associated Press
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1635:. Archived from
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1109:. Archived from
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758:
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710:Social profiling
705:Edward C. Lawson
621:Fourth Amendment
617:Fourth Amendment
576:Native Americans
568:Latino Americans
532:racism in the UK
455:ethnic cleansing
427:Eastern Province
115:racial injustice
103:consequentialist
88:crime prevention
35:ethnic profiling
31:Racial profiling
21:
18:Racial Profiling
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:Risk management
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2799:
2794:
2756:Wayback Machine
2730:Wayback Machine
2703:Wayback Machine
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2527:
2525:Further reading
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2508:. 19 April 2021
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724:
670:Contempt of cop
655:
638:movements. The
560:Asian Americans
552:
546:
540:
515:stop and search
498:
467:
415:
399:
349:
343:
318:
312:
279:
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225:police services
174:Kingston Police
172:. In 2005, the
162:
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92:law enforcement
83:
67:
65:Academic debate
28:
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3197:Law portal
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2926:False evidence
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2896:Jury tampering
2893:
2891:Sharp practice
2888:
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2881:Kangaroo court
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2739:Robert A. Levy
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2690:External links
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2635:(1/2): 79–88.
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2606:(3): 401–425.
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1939:on 9 July 2021
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1706:(2): 517–560.
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1207:. 2011-08-16.
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963:(2): 131–170.
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675:De-policing
153:correlation
51:stereotypes
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3210:Categories
2886:Show trial
2861:Entrapment
2851:Bad apples
2408:2019-01-08
2348:2019-01-08
2323:2019-01-08
2266:2007-06-08
2241:2007-06-07
2197:2010-05-02
2150:2010-05-02
2121:2010-05-02
2096:2007-06-13
2071:2007-06-13
2042:2007-06-08
1798:2017-03-07
1744:2016-09-16
1684:2019-01-08
1643:2017-01-08
1504:2021-01-16
1471:4 November
1446:2017-03-06
1421:2017-03-06
1393:2019-01-08
1364:2019-01-08
1317:2019-01-08
1274:2019-12-04
1241:2019-12-04
727:References
548:See also:
526:published
353:terrorists
322:Tigray War
138:alienation
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1822:USA Today
1359:0931-9085
1269:0362-4331
1236:0362-4331
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1008:144965055
431:Sri Lanka
413:Sri Lanka
405:USA Today
355:from the
351:In 1972,
149:epistemic
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3100:Loophole
3047:Advocacy
2752:Archived
2726:Archived
2699:Archived
2506:BBC News
2193:. London
2115:BBC News
1739:BBC News
1720:42705624
1611:Archived
1587:Archived
1558:Archived
1536:Archived
1498:Archived
1441:POLITICO
1415:BBC News
1293:BBC News
1209:Archived
1205:CTV News
1145:July 29,
653:See also
610:frisking
564:Hispanic
310:Ethiopia
267:Xinjiang
188:reserves
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2645:S2CID
2616:S2CID
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