147:
293:
28:
102:). He discussed the importance of avoiding "counterselective forces" such as war, inbreeding, free healthcare for the poor, alcohol and venereal disease. In its earliest incarnation it was more concerned by the declining birthrate of the German state and the increasing number of mentally-ill and disabled people in state-run institutions (and their costs to the state) than it was by the "
367:
vaccines or possible cures. Other experiments were used to further the
Germans' war strategy by putting prisoners in vacuum chambers to see what could happen to pilots' bodies if they were ejected at a high altitude or immerse prisoners in ice water to see how long they would survive and what materials could be used to prolong life if worn by German pilots shot down over the
20:
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The doctors who carried out experiments on the prisoners in concentration camps specialised in racial hygiene and used the supposed science to back their medical experiments. Some of the experiments were used for general medical research, for example by injecting prisoners with known diseases to test
351:
under the cover of deaths from strokes and illnesses. The methods and equipment that had been used in the murder of thousands of mentally ill persons were then transferred to concentration camps, because the materials and resources needed to efficiently murder large numbers of people existed and had
390:
was the concept of racial hygiene and it was elevated to the primary philosophy of the German medical community, first by activist physicians within the medical profession, particularly amongst psychiatrists. That was later codified and institutionalized during and after the Nazis' rise to power in
191:
Theories on racial hygiene led to an elaborate sterilization program, with the goal of eliminating what the Nazis regarded as diseases harmful to the human race. Sterilized individuals, reasoned the Nazis, would not pass on their diseases to their children. The
Sterilization Law, passed on July 14,
236:, genetic blindness, and 'severe alcoholism.'" The estimated number of citizens who were sterilized in Nazi Germany ranges from 350,000 to 400,000. As a result of the Sterilization Law, sterilization medicine and research soon became one of the largest medical industries.
188: – blood, limbs and other body parts – to be studied at the institutes. Harnessing racial hygiene as a justification, the scientists used prisoners from Auschwitz and other concentration camps as test subjects for their human experiments.
125:
During the last years of the 19th century, the German racial hygienists Alfred Ploetz and
Wilhelm Schallmayer regarded certain people as inferior, and they opposed their ability to procreate. These theorists believed that all human behaviors, including
352:
been proven successful. The nurses and the staff who had assisted and performed the killings were then moved along with the gas chambers to the concentration camps, which were being built in order to be able to replicate the mass murders repeatedly.
165:
studied genetics, created genetic registries and researched twins. Nazi scientists also studied blood, and developed theories on the supposed racial specificity of blood types, with the goal of distinguishing an "Aryan" from a
397:(literally, "coordination" or "unification"), which streamlined the medical and mental hygiene (mental health) profession into a rigid hierarchy with National Socialist-sanctioned leadership at the top.
193:
63:
and the related fear that "lower races" would "contaminate" a "higher" one. As with most eugenicists at the time, racial hygienists believed that the lack of eugenics would lead to rapid
196:, called for the sterilization of any person who had a genetically determined illness. The Sterilization Law was drafted by some of Germany's top racial hygienists, including:
146:
715:
Proctor, Robert N. (1982). "Nazi
Doctors, Racial Medicine, and the Human Experimentation", in Annas, George J. and Grodin, Michael A. editors,
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Proctor, Robert N. (1982) "Nazi
Doctors, Racial Medicine, and the Human Experimentation", in Annas, George J. and Grodin, Michael A. editors,
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880:
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Hitler's black victims: The historical experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and
African Americans in the Nazi era
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After World War II, the idea of "racial hygiene" was denounced as unscientific by many, but there continued to be supporters and
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of eugenics even after there was widespread awareness of the nature of Nazi eugenics. After 1945, eugenics proponents included
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283:, which legislated racial purity by forbidding sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and non-Aryans as
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ideology embraced this latter use of "racial hygiene", which demanded Aryan racial purity and condemned
271:. That belief in the importance of German racial purity often served as the theoretical backbone of
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Blood and
Homeland": Eugenics and Racial Nationalism In Central and Southeast Europe, 1900–1940
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Wentz S, Proctor RN, Weiss SF (1989). "Racial hygiene: the pseudo-science of Nazi medicine".
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216:. Robert N. Proctor has shown that the list of illnesses which the law targeted included "
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Efforts to avoid miscegenation, analogous to an animal breeder seeking purebred animals
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Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope
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657:. Translated by Robert, Edward (first ed.). Polonia Pub. House. p. 219.
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that was biologically superior to all other races. In the 1930s, under eugenicist
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436:, but they typically removed or downplayed the racial aspects of their theories.
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118:) which would come to dominate its philosophy in Germany from the 1920s to the
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The Nazi
Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation
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The Nazi
Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation
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medical experiments which German doctors performed on African prisoners of war
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in the early 20th century, which found its most extensive implementation in
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The Missing Gene: Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes
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67:, the decline of civilization by the spread of inferior characteristics.
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chained by German captors during the 1904 rebellion in South-west Africa
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279:. The policies began in 1935, when the National Socialists enacted the
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The blueprint for Nazism's attitude toward other races was written by
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animals. This was often motivated by the belief in the existence of a
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program, Hitler ordered the execution of mentally-ill patients by
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127:
26:
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317:, the German National Socialist effort to purge Europe of Jews,
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243:, the term "race" was often interchangeably used to mean the "
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New York: Algora. (2003 United Kingdom Edition by PCCS Books)
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Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century
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Alfred Ploetz introduced the term "racial hygiene" in 1895.
582:. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 1.
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Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring
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Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
651:Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961).
255:", which was said to represent an ideal and pure
866:Controlling Human Heredity, 1865 to the Present.
31:Poster for the Hygiene Congress in Hamburg, 1912
719:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26.
605:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 17–31.
184:), provided human remains that were taken from
371:. The precursors of this notion were earlier
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313:Racial hygienists played key roles in the
296:Young Rhinelander who was classified as a
161:During the 1930s and 1940s, institutes in
873:Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis.
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306:under the Nazi regime as a result of his
153:checking the facial characteristics of a
55:, analogous to an animal breeder seeking
414:Human Heredity Theory and Racial Hygiene
170:by examining their blood. In the 1940s,
817:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 244.
578:Turda, Marius; Weindling, Paul (2007).
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815:Marie Stopes and the Sexual Revolution
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157:woman, as part of her "racial studies"
82:introduced the term "racial hygiene" (
51:). It was marked by efforts to avoid
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39:was used to describe an approach to
626:. Oxford University Press. p.
273:Nazi policies of racial superiority
14:
654:Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe
765:. Berghahn Books. p. 167.
738:. Routledge. pp. 44, 217.
106:" and the "degeneration of the
98:Grundlinien einer Rassenhygiene
412:and published under the title
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868:New Jersey: Humanities Press
762:Sexuality and German Fascism
391:1933, during the process of
381:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
138:, were caused by genetics.
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375:in concentration camps in
788:Medical Humanities Review
871:Proctor, Robert (1988).
473:Compulsory sterilization
341:disabled people. In the
192:1933, also known as the
864:Paul, Diane B. (1995).
759:Herzog, Dagmar (2005).
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234:Huntington's chorea
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527:Outcrossing
502:Master race
379:during the
261:Ernst Rüdin
257:master race
206:Ernst Rudin
108:Nordic race
75:The German
71:Development
891:Categories
832:Glad, John
663:B0006BXJZ6
560:References
406:Fritz Lenz
402:Erwin Baur
349:euthanasia
335:physically
275:and later
198:Fritz Lenz
151:Eva Justin
132:alcoholism
114:Entnordung
77:eugenicist
696:ignored (
686:cite book
451:Apartheid
426:enforcers
344:Aktion T4
315:Holocaust
186:Auschwitz
35:The term
897:Eugenics
834:(2008).
800:11621731
732:(2002).
676:12 March
618:(2010).
532:Purebred
478:Endogamy
440:See also
416:(1936).
277:genocide
230:epilepsy
57:purebred
41:eugenics
377:Namibia
136:divorce
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551:
408:, and
360:Herero
333:, and
327:Blacks
155:Romani
565:Notes
468:Casta
323:Slavs
245:Aryan
128:crime
877:ISBN
796:PMID
767:ISBN
740:ISBN
698:help
678:2014
659:ASIN
632:ISBN
432:and
302:and
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337:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
