120:, There was an "absence of legal discrimination" in Puerto Rico, further stating that "Children of all colors meet on equal terms in the public schools, though discrimination is prevalent in private schools, even those which receive government grants. There are no segregated housing areas. Whites, blacks and mulattoes sit side by side in theaters, churches and public vehicles, and lie side by side in the cemeteries." Williams noted how social discrimination increased prior to the passage of the 1943 civil rights and touted the law's benefits. Williams specified that the 1943 civil rights law "recognizes no differences based on race, color, creed, national origin or previous condition" and guarantees "the right of all persons irrespective of differences of race, creed or political affiliation to enjoy the facilities afforded by public places, businesses and any agency of the Insular Government." Williams even noted that "Lynchings are unheard of" in Puerto Rico. William further noted that "Legally, the Negro is on a footing of equality with the white man" and that while social level equality was still not yet realized, "social discrimination does not affect the large majority of colored people," noting how private employment discrimination was most obvious in "upper brackets."
124:
members of the faculty, in a special study of the Negro in Puerto Rico, have brought to light a number of sayings about the Negro common to university students. The saying, “God made the Negro so that the animal can rest," is an example." Williams noted that despite the notable decline in segregation in Puerto Rico following the enactment of the 1943 civil rights law, "colored people in Puerto Rico are very reluctant to visit certain hotels or night clubs," noting how segregation persisted in "first class nightclubs" and that these nightclubs were paying only light $ 25 fines which were "locally considered a joke." However, Williams attributed segregation in Puerto Rico at the time to "class, rather than race." He also noted how in recent time, even opponents of
1764:
166:, filed a cease-and-desist complaint against an 82-year old woman neighbor for alleged Black racial slurs, playing loud music 24x7 directed at their new home, and harassing them with the posting of homemade drawings that included degrading comments about Black people. The woman received a citation from the police for playing loud music and was summoned to Court to answer to the other complaints. People also protested in front of the governor's mansion in San Juan.
249:
1502:
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of West
Africans to Puerto Rico. Gold mines, ginger plantations and sugar plantations heavily relied on the slave work from the Taíno and West Africans. Since the majority of the European and African colonizers and enslaved laborers arrived without women, intermarriage often occurred with the remaining Taíno women. The offspring from these interracial relationships created a population of
105:. The one-drop rule stated that if you had just one drop of Black blood in you, you were Black, not white; that is, if you are not 100% white, then no matter what shade of lightness you are, you are Black. The white upper class made deals with U.S. industrialists and supported U.S. policies in Puerto Rico at the expense of Afro-Puerto Rican civil rights. Puerto Rico passed the
162:, people of the Municipality of Loíza joined in and Juan Dalmau Ramírez, a high-ranking member of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, put forth the need to educate Puerto Rico's children on human rights, and ending racism and xenophobia. The University of Puerto Rico held an online forum on racism and discrimination. During this time as well, a Black family in
1512:
76:
When the gold mines were declared depleted in 1570 and mining came to an end in Puerto Rico, the vast majority of the white
Spanish settlers left the island to seek their fortunes in the richer colonies, such as Mexico, and the island became a Spanish garrison. The majority of those who stayed behind
64:
natives "into slavery, exploiting their labor in the gold mines and on plantations." After nearly a century of exploitation, enslavement, murder, and decline of the Taíno people, Spanish colonizers looked to a new source of slave labor. In 1598 they signed their first contract to bring a large number
231:
Until 1950 the U.S. Bureau of the Census attempted to quantify the racial composition of the island's population, while experimenting with various racial taxonomies. In 1960 the Census dropped the racial identification question for Puerto Rico but included it again in the year 2000 census. The only
123:
Williams also touted the progress of the
University of Puerto Rico" noting that "In the University of Puerto Rico, colored students, the majority destined to be schoolteachers, are freely admitted," though he also noted some negative aspects of the University's environment, stating that "Yet two
88:
which also resulted in "whitening" Puerto Rico's population from its offering of land, agricultural, and labor incentives to non-Hispanic white
Europeans. The new arrivals continued to intermarry with the native islanders. "The Royal census of Puerto Rico in 1834 established that the island's
89:
population as 42,000 enslaved
Africans, 25,000 colored freemen, 189,000 people who identified themselves as whites and 101,000 who were described as being of mixed ethnicity." A number of slave uprisings in plantations took place between 1820 and 1868. Puerto Rico abolished slavery in 1873.
77:
were either black or mulatto. The next major wave of West
African slaves into Puerto Rico came after The Royal Decree of Graces of 1789, which allowed Spanish subjects in the Caribbean to participate in the business of slave trade and labor, particular importing slaves from the Gold Coast.
232:
category that remained constant over time was white, even as other racial labels shifted greatly—from "colored" to "Black," "mulatto," and "other". Regardless of the precise terminology, the Census reported that the bulk of the Puerto Rican population was white from 1899 to 2000. In the
101:", as well as that of "colored Puerto Rican", was coined by the United States Department of Defense in the first decade of the 20th century in order to handle their own North American problem with nonwhite people whom they were drafting and had its basis on the American
689:
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Puerto Ricans were asked to choose which racial category they self-identified with. The breakdown was follows: white (mostly
Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%.
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have given
Negroes a square deal and opened positions to them, especially in the teaching profession and the higher ranks of the police force, from which they were conventionally debarred."
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By the time Spain reestablished her commercial ties with Puerto Rico, the island had a large multi-ethnic population. Those demographics, though, changed during the 19th century when the
1969:
1293:
557:
504:
1445:
436:
637:
1245:
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In 2019, José Pichy Torres Zamora, a Puerto Rican politician was taken to task for making a racist comment regarding the
African-descended people of Loíza.
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1131:
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40:. The majority of Puerto Ricans are multi-ethnic, including people of European, African, Asian, Native American, and of mixed-ethnic descent.
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Leyes de la
Tercera Legislatura Ordinaria de la Décimoquinta Asamble Legislativa de Puerto Rico, 8 de Febrero a 15 de Abril de 1943
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612:"Para el 17 de junio vista contra vecina racista en Canóvanas [For June 17 hearing against racist neighbor in Canóvanas]"
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558:"Líder del PIP insiste en educar sobre derechos humanos, la erradicación del racismo y la xenofobia en las escuelas"
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Before the first major influx of West Africans into Puerto Rico in the 16th century, Spanish colonizers forced the
1810:
400:"La vida, moynihan, and other libels: migration, Social Science, and the making of the Puerto Rican welfare queen"
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505:"Exigen disculpa publica al Secretario General del PPD por hacer comentario racista y denigrante contra loiceños"
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Acts of the Third Regular Session of the Fifteenth Legislature of Puerto Rico, February 8 to April 15, 1943
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in the 1950s, fought to eliminate the "racial" discrimination heightened by U.S. imperialism and to place
55:
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In 2022, a flyer asking "do you want this BLACK man to be mayor of Guayama" circulated before elections.
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African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality by (the late) Dr. Robert A. Martinez, Baruch College.
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spearheaded by the Spanish government in the 19th century, with hundreds of immigrants arriving from
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638:"Puerto Rico Protesters Honor George Floyd, Denounce Island's Legacy of Racism"
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Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the U.S. mainland
244:
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The current Puerto Rican population reflects the former immigration policy of
415:
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1450:
1385:
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585:"UPR de Carolina presenta foro virtual sobre el racismo y la discriminación"
272:
Second Edition. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Callejon. 2016. pp. 17-18.
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357:
61:
1380:
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25:
758:
532:"Grupo de loiceños se unen a protestas en contra de violencia racial"
29:
410:(1, 2002). The City University of New York Estados Unidos: 75–101.
1395:
221:
1540:
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485:. Howard University History Department Faculty Publications. 23
318:. New York and London: New York University Press. p. 137.
298:. New York and London: New York University Press. p. 136.
727:
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474:
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665:"Racist Flyer Circulates Ahead of Puerto Rico Election"
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Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations
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Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations
483:"Race Relations In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands"
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974:
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1446:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
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743:
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8:
1970:Racism in insular areas of the United States
1886:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
335:"Afro-Puerto Ricans - Minority Rights Group"
1559:
1545:
1537:
750:
736:
728:
1416:Interminority racism in the United States
388:. Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 175.
375:. Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 175.
610:Hernández, José Rafael (11 June 2020).
261:
1488:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
583:Hernández, José Rafael (8 June 2020).
530:Hernández, José Rafael (2 June 2020).
28:of religiously and ethnically diverse
7:
1511:
329:
327:
325:
901:Discrimination based on nationality
451:Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
663:Alamo, Hector Luis (May 9, 2022).
50:African immigration to Puerto Rico
14:
156:worldwide protests against racism
143:in political positions of power.
135:Revolutionary leaders, including
20:, which is now an unincorporated
1762:
1729:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1520:
1510:
1501:
1500:
247:
1521:
702:"Puerto Rico's History on race"
107:Civil Rights Act of Puerto Rico
1406:Go back to where you came from
86:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
1:
511:(in Spanish). 26 January 2019
309:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
289:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
1955:Human rights in Puerto Rico
184:Demographics of Puerto Rico
1986:
564:(in Spanish). 13 June 2020
270:Los Chinos en Puerto Rico.
181:
53:
47:
24:, has been dominated by a
1904:
1871:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1760:
1496:
453:. 1943. pp. 404–411.
362:, Retrieved July 20, 2007
312:The Young Lords: A Reader
292:The Young Lords: A Reader
178:Contemporary demographics
1891:Turks and Caicos Islands
1965:Racism in Latin America
1960:Racism in the Caribbean
1436:Psychometrics of racism
886:Anti-miscegenation laws
481:Williams, Eric (1945).
154:In June 2020, amid the
128:"agree that he and his
1806:British Virgin Islands
1567:Racism in the Americas
1401:Ethnic plastic surgery
896:Biological determinism
444:
160:murder of George Floyd
56:History of Puerto Rico
1719:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1321:In Jewish communities
1299:Hispanic & Latino
339:Minority Rights Group
54:Further information:
22:territory of the U.S.
1411:Herrenvolk democracy
116:wrote that like the
38:Sub-Saharan Africans
1896:U.S. Virgin Islands
1739:Trinidad and Tobago
1584:Antigua and Barbuda
1431:Perpetual foreigner
616:Periódico Presencia
589:Periódico Presencia
562:Periódico Presencia
536:Periódico Presencia
509:Periódico Presencia
137:Pedro Albizu Campos
1649:Dominican Republic
1461:Racial integration
1441:Race and sexuality
1246:Japanese Americans
966:Racial segregation
956:Racial nationalism
255:Puerto Rico portal
141:Afro–Puerto Ricans
99:white Puerto Rican
1942:
1941:
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1282:African Americans
1229:Chinese Americans
926:Ethnic stereotype
384:Sidney W. Mintz.
371:Sidney W. Mintz.
268:Jose Lee-Borges.
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1821:Falkland Islands
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1358:Racial supremacy
1316:Jewish Americans
1294:Native Americans
1263:Zainichi Koreans
1251:Japanese Koreans
1234:Zainichi Chinese
1207:Racism by target
984:Global apartheid
976:Racism by region
961:Racial profiling
951:Racial hierarchy
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644:. 19 June 2020
642:Democracy Now!
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1353:Wine industry
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1181:South America
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1169:United States
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946:Racialization
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911:Ethnic hatred
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828:Laissez-faire
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816:
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813:Institutional
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714:on 2012-02-07
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669:Latino Rebels
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278:9781615051700
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147:Recent events
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127:
121:
119:
115:
114:Eric Williams
110:
108:
104:
103:one-drop rule
100:
92:
90:
87:
83:
82:Spanish Crown
78:
74:
72:
68:
63:
57:
51:
43:
41:
39:
36:descent, and
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1931:
1908:
1881:Sint Maarten
1866:Saint Martin
1850:
1773:Dependencies
1476:in Australia
1466:Racial quota
1110:Soviet Union
1053:Saudi Arabia
994:South Africa
921:Ethnic slurs
916:Ethnic jokes
818:Internalized
716:. Retrieved
709:the original
696:
685:
673:. Retrieved
671:(in Spanish)
668:
658:
646:. Retrieved
641:
632:
620:. Retrieved
618:(in Spanish)
615:
605:
593:. Retrieved
591:(in Spanish)
588:
578:
566:. Retrieved
561:
552:
540:. Retrieved
538:(in Spanish)
535:
525:
513:. Retrieved
508:
499:
487:. Retrieved
442:
437:
431:
419:. Retrieved
407:
403:
393:
385:
380:
372:
367:
358:
353:
342:. Retrieved
338:
311:
304:
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284:
269:
264:
230:
187:
168:
153:
150:
134:
122:
111:
96:
79:
75:
59:
15:
1851:Puerto Rico
1778:territories
1724:Saint Lucia
1659:El Salvador
1391:Anti-racism
1132:Middle East
1026:South Korea
1021:North Korea
936:Hate speech
858:Substantive
838:Neocolonial
421:28 November
126:Muñoz Marín
84:issued the
18:Puerto Rico
1949:Categories
1846:Montserrat
1841:Martinique
1836:Guadeloupe
1634:Costa Rica
1270:Vietnamese
1043:Arab world
941:Hate group
931:Hate crime
868:Xenophobia
848:Scientific
833:Linguistic
718:2010-01-14
344:2018-02-05
241:References
158:after the
109:in 1943.
97:The term "
1921:Caribbean
1831:Greenland
1754:Venezuela
1699:Nicaragua
1669:Guatemala
1589:Argentina
1574:Sovereign
1451:Race card
1386:Alt-right
1186:Argentina
1147:Palestine
1065:Australia
891:Apartheid
879:of racism
416:1538-6279
164:Canóvanas
112:In 1945,
30:Europeans
1786:Anguilla
1734:Suriname
1709:Paraguay
1684:Honduras
1644:Dominica
1629:Colombia
1599:Barbados
1506:Category
1421:Lynching
1396:Casteism
1241:Japanese
1100:Portugal
1031:Thailand
999:Zimbabwe
863:Symbolic
853:Societal
843:Romantic
808:Gendered
788:Cultural
778:Colorism
773:Aversive
218:Portugal
206:Scotland
71:Mestizos
67:Mulattos
1816:Curaçao
1801:Bonaire
1796:Bermuda
1749:Uruguay
1689:Jamaica
1664:Grenada
1654:Ecuador
1609:Bolivia
1594:Bahamas
1516:Commons
1426:Passing
1381:Ableism
1304:Mexican
1224:Chinese
1120:Ukraine
1085:Germany
1075:Denmark
1036:Vietnam
675:May 14,
648:20 June
622:14 June
595:14 June
568:14 June
542:14 June
515:14 June
489:May 26,
449:].
226:Lebanon
210:Germany
202:Ireland
194:Corsica
44:History
34:Spanish
1704:Panama
1694:Mexico
1674:Guyana
1619:Canada
1614:Brazil
1604:Belize
1576:states
1348:Slavic
1343:Romani
1338:Muslim
1311:Jewish
1258:Korean
1219:Asians
1191:Brazil
1174:Mexico
1164:Canada
1152:Turkey
1142:Israel
1105:Russia
1095:Poland
1080:France
1070:Europe
989:Africa
823:Patent
803:Formal
783:Covert
759:Racism
414:
276:
216:, and
198:France
173:Legacy
1791:Aruba
1679:Haiti
1624:Chile
1526:Index
1287:Women
1277:Black
1196:Chile
1115:Spain
1090:Italy
1058:Sudan
1048:Libya
1016:Japan
1011:China
793:Cyber
712:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
441:[
316:(PDF)
296:(PDF)
224:from
222:Arabs
214:Italy
130:party
62:Taíno
1856:Saba
1776:and
1714:Peru
1639:Cuba
1328:LGBT
1214:Arab
1137:Iran
1006:Asia
677:2022
650:2020
624:2020
597:2020
570:2020
544:2020
517:2020
491:2024
423:2019
412:ISSN
274:ISBN
190:1815
69:and
408:XIV
228:.
1951::
667:.
640:.
614:.
587:.
560:.
534:.
507:.
459:^
406:.
402:.
337:.
324:^
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
73:.
1560:e
1553:t
1546:v
751:e
744:t
737:v
721:.
679:.
652:.
626:.
599:.
572:.
546:.
519:.
493:.
425:.
347:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.